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The Emergence of Tab in Najdi Arabic Najdi阿拉伯语中Tab的出现
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040245
Amereh Ibrahim Almossa
This study empirically investigates functional and social variation in the use of TAYYIB (‘okay, well, right’) in light of grammaticalisation. Thirty naturally occurring conversations of 60 Najdi Arabic speakers were recorded in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The analysis demonstrates that TAYYIB has two realisations: full Tayyib [tˁajjib] and reduced Tab [tˁab]. Drawing on the conversation analytic approach within a variationist framework, TAYYIB was used to perform multiple discourse-pragmatic functions: interpersonal, textual and interpersonal–textual. The statistical analysis reveals that variant choice is significantly conditioned by the pragmatic functions. While Tayyib is employed to perform all three functions, Tab is only used for textual and interpersonal–textual meanings. As for social factors, Tab is significantly more likely to be used by younger speakers than adults and also more likely to be used by females than males. This can be interpreted as an indication of ongoing change driven by young people, primarily females, towards the greater use of the innovative Tab. Given the evidence of linguistic change in Tab including semantic bleaching, pragmatic strengthening and phonological reduction, the study suggests that Tab has undergone advanced grammaticalisation.
本研究从语法化的角度实证调查了TAYYIB(“好的,好的,正确的”)在使用中的功能和社会差异。在沙特阿拉伯的利雅得录下了60名纳吉迪阿拉伯语使用者的30段自然对话。分析表明,TAYYIB有两种实现:全TAYYIB [t]和减TAYYIB [t]。利用变分主义框架下的会话分析方法,TAYYIB被用来执行多重话语语用功能:人际语篇、语篇和人际语篇。统计分析表明,变体选择在很大程度上受语用功能的制约。Tayyib用于执行这三个功能,Tab仅用于文本和人际文本含义。至于社会因素,Tab明显更容易被年轻人使用,女性也比男性更容易使用。这可以解释为年轻人(主要是女性)对创新Tab的更多使用所推动的持续变化的迹象。鉴于Tab的语言变化包括语义漂白、语用强化和语音减少的证据,研究表明Tab经历了高级语法化。
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引用次数: 0
The Birth and Death of Affixes and Other Morphological Processes in English Derivation 英语衍生词缀的生灭及其他形态过程
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040244
Laurie Bauer
Linguistic change in morphology is usually discussed mainly in relation to change in inflectional morphology. In this paper, the focus is shifted to derivational morphology, where the issues are not entirely the same. In particular, the origins (or birth) of affixes and the loss (death) of affixes are central to the present discussion, with formal, semantic and pragmatic factors all having a role to play. The question is also raised as to whether it is, in principle, possible to tell that any affix is completely dead.
语言形态的变化通常主要与屈折形态的变化联系在一起讨论。在本文中,重点转移到衍生形态,其中的问题并不完全相同。特别是,词缀的起源(或诞生)和词缀的丧失(死亡)是当前讨论的中心,形式、语义和语用因素都起着作用。还有一个问题是,原则上是否有可能判断任何词缀都是完全死亡的。
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引用次数: 0
Automatic Speech Recognition in L2 Learning: A Review Based on PRISMA Methodology 第二语言学习中的自动语音识别:基于PRISMA方法的综述
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040242
Mireia Farrús
The language learning field is not exempt from benefiting from the most recent techniques that have revolutionised the field of speech technologies. L2 learning, especially when it comes to learning some of the most spoken languages in the world, is increasingly including more and more automated methods to assess linguistics aspects and provide feedback to learners, especially on pronunciation issues. On the one hand, only a few of these systems integrate automatic speech recognition as a helping tool for pronunciation assessment. On the other hand, most of the computer-assisted language pronunciation tools focus on the segmental level of the language, providing feedback on specific phonetic pronunciation, and disregarding the suprasegmental features based on intonation, among others. The current review, based on the PRISMA methodology for systematic reviews, overviews the existing tools for L2 learning, classifying them in terms of the assessment level, (grammatical, lexical, phonetic, and prosodic), and trying the explain why so few tools are nowadays dedicated to evaluate the intonational aspect. Moreover, the review also addresses the existing commercial systems, as well as the existing gap between those tools and the research developed in this area. Finally, the manuscript finishes with a discussion of the main findings and foresees future lines of research.
语言学习领域也不能免于受益于最近的技术,这些技术已经彻底改变了语音技术领域。第二语言学习,特别是在学习世界上使用最广泛的语言时,越来越多的自动化方法被用于语言学方面的评估,并向学习者提供反馈,尤其是在发音问题上。一方面,这些系统中只有少数集成了自动语音识别作为语音评估的辅助工具。另一方面,大多数计算机辅助语言发音工具都侧重于语言的音段层面,对特定的语音发音提供反馈,而忽略了基于语调等的超音段特征。本文基于PRISMA的系统回顾方法,概述了现有的二语学习工具,根据评估水平(语法、词汇、语音和韵律)对它们进行了分类,并试图解释为什么现在专门用于评估语调方面的工具如此之少。此外,该评论还涉及现有的商业系统,以及这些工具与该领域开发的研究之间的现有差距。最后,手稿结束了对主要发现的讨论,并展望未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 1
Evidential Adverbs and Polarity: A Study from Spanish 证据副词与极性:来自西班牙语的研究
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040243
Teresa María Rodríguez Ramalle
This paper addresses the analysis of variations in structures that are projected in discourse. Starting with the relationship between evidential adverbs and the affirmative Spanish adverb sí, I review the occurrence of the conjunction que “that” with evidential adverbs, such as naturalmente “naturally”, ciertamente “certainly”, obviamente “obviously”, and evidentemente “evidently” as a Hispanic phenomenon, as well as its value and development in different varieties of Spanish. Although it appears that Latin American Spanish varieties lack an overt que in certain situations, such as sí que contexts or recomplementation, studies of the construction with evidential adverbs in language varieties different from European Spanish remain limited. I use examples extracted from CREA and CORPES XXI. My main objectives are to review the presence of the construction with evidential adverb + que (“that”) in Spanish by paying particular attention to its distribution in Latin American countries and to study the basic uses of the construction in countries in which it is documented.
本文对语篇中投射的结构变化进行了分析。本文从证据副词与西班牙语肯定副词sí的关系入手,回顾了连接词que“that”与证据副词(如naturalmente“自然”、ciertamente“当然”、obviamente“显然”、eventemente“显然”)作为西班牙语现象的出现,以及它在不同西班牙语变体中的价值和发展。虽然拉丁美洲的西班牙语变体似乎在某些情况下缺乏明显的que,例如sí que上下文或再补语,但对不同于欧洲西班牙语的语言变体中证据副词结构的研究仍然有限。我使用从CREA和CORPES XXI中提取的例子。我的主要目标是通过特别关注其在拉丁美洲国家的分布,回顾西班牙语中带有证据副词+ que(“that”)的结构的存在,并研究该结构在有记录的国家的基本用法。
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引用次数: 0
Demystifying Translanguaging 揭开跨语言教学的神秘面纱
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040240
Leala Holcomb, Gloshanda Lawyer, Hannah M. Dostal
From the inception of this Special Issue on translanguaging in deaf communities, we noted that translanguaging is a rapidly evolving field with a broad focus [...]
从本期聋人社区的跨语言特刊开始,我们就注意到跨语言是一个快速发展的领域,具有广泛的关注[…]
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引用次数: 0
Subordination in Turkish Heritage Children with and without Developmental Language Impairment 有和没有发育性语言障碍的土耳其传统儿童的从属关系
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040239
Nebiye Hilal Șan
A large body of cross-linguistic research has shown that complex constructions, such as subordinate constructions, are vulnerable in bilingual DLD children, whereas they are robust in bilingual children with typical language development; therefore, they are argued to constitute a potential clinical marker for identifying DLD in bilingual contexts, especially when the majority language is assessed. However, it is not clear whether this also applies to heritage contexts, particularly in contexts in which the heritage language is affected by L2 contact-induced phenomena, as in the case of Heritage Turkish in Germany. In this study, we compare subordination using data obtained from 13 Turkish heritage children with and without DLD (age range 5; 1–11; 6) to 10 late successive (lL2) BiTDs (age range 7; 2–12; 2) and 10 Turkish adult heritage bilinguals (age range 20; 3–25; 10) by analyzing subordinate constructions using both Standard and Heritage Turkish as reference varieties. We further investigate which background factors predict performance in subordinate constructions. Speech samples were elicited using the sentence repetition task (SRT) from the TODİL standardized test battery and the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). A systematic analysis of a corpus of subordinate clauses constructed with respect to SRT and MAIN narrative production comprehension tasks shows that heritage children with TD and DLD may not be differentiated through these tasks, especially when their utterances are scored using the Standard Turkish variety as a baseline; however, they may be differentiated if the Heritage Turkish is considered as the baseline. The age of onset in the second language (AoO_L2) was the leading performance predictor in subordinate clause production in SRT and in both tasks of MAIN regardless of using Standard Turkish or Heritage Turkish as reference varieties in scoring.
大量的跨语言研究表明,复杂结构,如从属结构,在双语儿童中是脆弱的,而在典型语言发展的双语儿童中是强大的;因此,它们被认为是在双语环境中识别DLD的潜在临床标志,特别是在评估多数语言时。然而,尚不清楚这是否也适用于遗产语境,特别是在遗产语言受到第二语言接触诱发现象影响的语境中,如德国的遗产土耳其语。在这项研究中,我们比较了13名有和没有DLD的土耳其传统儿童的从属关系(年龄范围5;1 - 11;6)至10个晚期连续(lL2) bitd(年龄范围7;- 12;2) 10名土耳其成年传统双语者(年龄范围20岁;3-25;10)通过分析标准土耳其语和传统土耳其语作为参考变体的从属结构。我们进一步研究哪些背景因素会影响下属结构的表现。使用句子重复任务(SRT)从TODİL标准化测试单元和多语言叙事评估工具(MAIN)中抽取语音样本。对基于SRT和主要叙事生产理解任务构建的从句语料库的系统分析表明,通过这些任务可能无法区分患有TD和DLD的传统儿童,特别是当他们的话语以标准土耳其语变体为基准进行评分时;然而,如果传统土耳其人被认为是基线,他们可能会被区分。无论使用标准土耳其语还是传统土耳其语作为评分参考,第二语言的发病年龄(AoO_L2)都是SRT和MAIN任务中从句生成的主要预测因素。
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引用次数: 0
On Expletive mismo 关于脏话错误
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040241
Luis Eguren, Cristina Sánchez López
This paper deals with the so-called ‘expletive’ mismo ‘same’, a non-comparative emphatic use of the prenominal adjective in appositions, which is currently attested in many varieties of American Spanish (e.g., Finalmente, Laura se sentó y aceptó el cigarrillo, mismo que nunca encendió ‘lit. Laura finally sat down and accepted the cigarette, same that she never lighted up’). On the basis of corpus data, the geographical distribution of this form is precisely specified, and a novel analysis of its interpretive and combinatorial properties is provided. It is argued, in particular, that expletive mismo functions as an anaphoric reinforcer that is preceded by a null definite determiner and combines with an empty noun that takes a restrictive relative clause as its complement.
本文讨论了所谓的“诅咒”mismo“相同”,即名前形容词在并列中的非比较强调用法,目前在许多美洲西班牙语变体(如:Finalmente, Laura se sentó y aceptó el cigarillo, mismo que nunca encendió ' lit)中得到证实。劳拉终于坐了下来,接过了香烟,就像她从来没有点过一样。在语料库数据的基础上,精确地指定了这种形式的地理分布,并对其解释和组合特性进行了新的分析。本文特别指出,咒骂式mismo作为回指强化语,其前接一个无效的限定词,并与一个以限制性定语从句作为补语的空名词相结合。
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引用次数: 0
Empowering Chinese Language Learners from Low-Income Families to Improve Their Chinese Writing with ChatGPT’s Assistance Afterschool 帮助低收入家庭的汉语学习者在课后提高他们的汉语写作能力
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040238
Xiaying Li, Belle Li, Su-Je Cho
ChatGPT is a state-of-the-art generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot released by OpenAI in 2022. It simulates human conversation and has the capability to generate different texts at various levels of sophistication in near real time depending upon the user’s skill in creating prompts. While concerns have been raised about academic dishonesty and cheating among students, ChatGPT has significant academic potential for education, particularly in the field of language learning. This research explores the potential of ChatGPT in supporting and empowering Chinese language learners (CLLs) whose first language is English to enhance their writing skills, mainly focusing on the research question: Is there a functional relation between Chinese language learners from low‐income families using ChatGPT after school twice a week and improvements in their Chinese writing? Four participants with varying language proficiency levels were recruited, and their data were analyzed using an ABA design. Over three weeks, they utilized ChatGPT twice a week for approximately 20 min each after school. The students’ writing scores, writing samples, and learning reflections were used to triangulate the data and enhance the data’s trustworthiness. The findings indicate that (1) each participant made a noticeable improvement in their Chinese writing scores during the intervention and reversal phases; (2) ChatGPT played a crucial role in correcting errors and facilitating the development of complete sentence structures; and (3) the students expressed a sense of empowerment through their interactions with ChatGPT. These findings highlight that ChatGPT shows promise as a supportive tool for CLLs from low-income families, reducing educational inequality and promoting equitable access to language learning opportunities.
ChatGPT是OpenAI于2022年推出的最先进的生成式人工智能(AI)聊天机器人。它模拟人类对话,并能够根据用户创建提示的技能,近乎实时地生成不同复杂程度的不同文本。尽管人们对学生的学术不诚实和作弊行为表示担忧,但聊天语言测试在教育领域,特别是在语言学习领域,具有巨大的学术潜力。本研究探讨了ChatGPT在支持和增强母语为英语的汉语学习者提高写作技能方面的潜力,主要关注研究问题:低收入家庭的汉语学习者在放学后每周使用两次ChatGPT与汉语写作的提高之间是否存在功能关系?招募了四名不同语言水平的参与者,并使用ABA设计对他们的数据进行分析。在三周的时间里,他们每周使用两次ChatGPT,每次放学后大约20分钟。使用学生的写作分数、写作样本和学习反思来三角化数据,增强数据的可信度。结果表明:(1)在干预和逆转阶段,每位被试的中文写作成绩均有显著提高;(2) ChatGPT在纠错和促进完整句子结构发展方面发挥了至关重要的作用;(3)学生通过与ChatGPT的互动表达了一种赋权感。这些研究结果表明,ChatGPT有望成为低收入家庭cll的支持工具,减少教育不平等,促进公平获得语言学习机会。
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引用次数: 0
Accommodation Patterns in the Speech of Arabic-Speaking Children and Adolescents: A Variationist Analysis 阿拉伯语儿童和青少年语言中的适应模式:一个变异分析
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040236
Ourooba Shetewi
This paper presents a variationist analysis of patterns of speech accommodation by 40 Arabic-speaking children and adolescents (aged 3–17) experiencing dialect contact in a Bedouin speech community near Damascus, Syria. It examines participants’ use of the phonological variables (θ), (ð), and (q), and the morphophonological feminine suffix (-a) in recorded sociolinguistic interviews and play sessions with two female fieldworkers, a local and an urban speaker, in order to investigate accommodation patterns across different interlocutors. Accommodation patterns were influenced by age, gender, and the linguistic variable under examination. Convergence to the urban interviewer was most evident in the realization of (q), whereas little convergence, and indeed variation, occurred in the realization of (-a), and more convergence occurred in the speech of girls and speakers younger than 15. Divergence and maintenance emerged in the speech of 15–17-year-old male speakers. These patterns are analysed in light of Accommodation Communication Theory and issues of identity and linguistic prestige in Arabic. Accommodative behaviour in the speech of participants exhibits their awareness of the social value of the phonological variables under investigation and demonstrates a high level of sociolinguistic awareness and competence.
本文对叙利亚大马士革附近贝都因语社区中40名讲阿拉伯语的儿童和青少年(3-17岁)进行了方言接触的语言适应模式的变异分析。为了调查不同对话者之间的适应模式,研究了参与者在社会语言学访谈和游戏会话中对音位变量(θ)、(ð)和(q)以及词形音素后缀(-a)的使用情况。这些访谈和游戏会话包括两名女性实地工作者,一名是当地的,一名是城市的。适应模式受年龄、性别和语言变量的影响。与城市采访者的趋同在(q)的实现中最为明显,而在(a)的实现中几乎没有趋同,甚至发生了变化,而女孩和15岁以下的演讲者的演讲更趋同。在15 - 17岁的男性演讲者的演讲中出现了分歧和维持。这些模式是根据适应交际理论和阿拉伯语的身份和语言威望问题进行分析的。参与者在言语中的适应性行为表现出他们对所研究的语音变量的社会价值的意识,并表现出高水平的社会语言学意识和能力。
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引用次数: 0
Non-Standard Grammatical Features in Castile-La Mancha 卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰语的非标准语法特征
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040237
Bruno Camus Bergareche
The Spanish spoken in contemporary Castile-La Mancha has been traditionally considered as a mere transitional variety between Northern Castilian and Southern Spanish of the Andalusian type. In the few works devoted to its description, local phonetics attracted a good part of the attention, and the characterisation of its grammar was limited to a heterogeneous list of morphological and syntactic features. Amonag them, there was the presence of leísmo and laísmo in some areas of the region, the considerable extension of sub-standard trends, commonly found in other peninsular varieties (dequeísmo, deísmo, non-standard clitic sequences me se or te se …) and other less-extended features such as the transitive use of the verbs entrar, caer or quedar. In this work, we will address the description of the local manifestations of three grammatical features (third-person clitic pronoun systems, deísmo and reduction in second-person plural desinences) that are widely distributed in Castile-La Mancha and may be considered as general specific traits. By doing so we aim to offer a better definition of the Spanish spoken in this region, beyond the transitional cliché. A temptative approach to determine internal boundaries will also be made in order to illuminate some of the historical components that lie beyond the constitution of this Southern Spanish variety.
在现代卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼查所说的西班牙语传统上被认为是北部卡斯蒂利亚语和安达卢西亚类型的南部西班牙语之间的过渡品种。在为数不多的对其进行描述的著作中,地方语音学吸引了很大一部分注意力,其语法特征仅限于形态学和句法特征的异质列表。其中,在该地区的一些地区存在leísmo和laísmo,在其他半岛品种(dequeísmo, deísmo,不标准的气候序列me se或the se…)中常见的不标准趋势的大量扩展,以及其他较少扩展的特征,如动词entrar, caer或quedar的及物用法。在这项工作中,我们将讨论在卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼查语中广泛分布的三种语法特征的局部表现(第三人称clitic代词系统,deísmo和第二人称复数谓语的减少),这些特征可以被认为是一般的特定特征。通过这样做,我们的目标是提供一个更好的定义西班牙语在这个地区,超越过渡的陈词滥调。确定内部边界的一种诱人的方法也将被提出,以阐明一些历史成分,这些成分超越了这个西班牙南部品种的构成。
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引用次数: 0
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