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Styling Authenticity in Country Music 乡村音乐的真实风格
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050168
Valentin Werner, Anna Ledermann
Country music has become commercially successful both in the US and worldwide. It is perceived as a genre that values authenticity, which may be reflected in the choice of linguistic features, with (White) Southern American English (SAE) serving as the “default” variety. Given the recent diversification of the genre, the question arises whether the use of SAE features is still considered obligatory as a kind of “supralocal norm”. This study compared the lyrics of 600 highly successful songs by male and female artists from White Southern, Black Southern, and White non-Southern backgrounds. The aim was to test (i) whether morphosyntactic SAE features are used to index authenticity in the sense of having become enregistered for this music genre and (ii) whether non-Southerners engage in the styling of relevant markers. It emerged that non-Southerners use more of these features than their Southern counterparts, providing preliminary evidence for “genre fitting” as a means of indexing authenticity. However, there is only one marker that qualifies as a core Country feature used across all artist groups, namely negative concord. As this item arguably is better categorized as vernacular universal, SAE morphosyntax appears to have largely lost its indexical function in Country, while accent features are still vital to establishing cultural authenticity.
乡村音乐在美国和全世界都取得了商业上的成功。它被认为是一种重视真实性的音乐流派,这可能反映在语言特点的选择上,(白人)美国南方英语(SAE)是 "默认 "的语言种类。鉴于该流派近年来的多样化发展,人们不禁要问,作为一种 "超地方规范",使用南美英语的特点是否仍被认为是强制性的。本研究比较了来自南方白人、南方黑人和非南方白人背景的男女艺术家创作的 600 首非常成功的歌曲的歌词。研究的目的是检验:(i) 形态句法 SAE 特征是否被用来标示该音乐流派的真实性,即是否已被注册为该音乐流派;(ii) 非南方人是否参与相关标记的造型。结果表明,非南方人比南方人使用更多的这些特征,这为 "流派适应 "作为真实性指标的一种手段提供了初步证据。然而,只有一个标记被认为是所有艺术家群体都使用的核心 "乡村 "特征,即负和声。由于这一项可以说更适合归类为乡土通用语,SAE 形态句法似乎在很大程度上失去了其在乡村语中的索引功能,而口音特征对于建立文化真实性仍然至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
A Feature Alignment Approach to Plural Realization in Eastern Andalusian Spanish 东安达卢西亚西班牙语中复数实现的特征对齐方法
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050166
Stuart Davis, Matt Pollock
Using an optimality theoretic analysis, this study offers a conception of the problem of plural realization in Eastern Andalusian Spanish (EAS) where plural suffix /s/ was deleted diachronically that differs from other accounts that assign the EAS plural an underlying suffixal /s/ synchronically. Using alignment constraints, we argue that plural /s/ does not appear in the underlying form synchronically in EAS, but that instead the plural morpheme is represented by a floating [–ATR]PL feature that aligns to the right edge of the word and spreads left. The [–ATR] feature, represented phonetically as a laxing or opening of vowels, applies to all mid vowels, low vowels in word final position, and combines with vowel epenthesis to explain Eastern Andalusian pluralization tendencies in words with final consonants. We discuss the behavior of high vowels, which can be transparent to harmony, and focus in particular on the plural of words that end in a final stressed vowel that have been rarely discussed in the EAS literature. We develop an optimality-theoretic analysis on the Granada variety and extend that analysis to other varieties with somewhat different patterns.
在东安达卢西亚西班牙语(EAS)中,复数后缀 /s/ 是被非同步删除的,本研究通过最优化理论分析,提出了东安达卢西亚西班牙语复数实现问题的概念,该概念不同于其他同步赋予东安达卢西亚西班牙语复数底层后缀 /s/ 的说法。利用对齐限制,我们认为复数 /s/ 在 EAS 中并没有同步出现在底层形式中,相反,复数词素是由浮动的 [-ATR]PL 特征表示的,该特征与单词右边对齐并向左扩散。-ATR]特征在语音上表现为元音的松弛或开放,适用于所有中元音和词尾位置的低元音,并与元音附点相结合,解释了东安达卢西亚语中带有词尾辅音的复数化倾向。我们讨论了高元音的行为,高元音对和谐是透明的,并特别关注以词尾重读元音结尾的单词的复数化问题,这些问题在东安达卢西亚语文献中鲜有讨论。我们对格拉纳达变体进行了最优化理论分析,并将该分析扩展到了具有某种不同模式的其他变体。
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引用次数: 0
Prosodic Rephrasing and Violations of the Phase Impenetrability Condition 拟声重述与相位不可渗透性条件的违反
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050162
Güliz Güneş
According to the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC), phasal domains are opaque to further syntactic operations. Some researchers claim that the PIC applies in the phonological component of grammar (i.e., at PF). Others, however, claim that there is no PIC at PF. I use data from Turkish to provide new arguments against the PIC-at-PF view and conclude that the PIC can only possibly hold in syntax. I show that the PIC-at-PF view is too restrictive, as it makes incorrect predictions about variable prosodic domain formation and optional prosodic variation in Turkish.
根据相位不可渗透条件(PIC),相位域对进一步的句法操作是不透明的。一些研究者声称,相位不可渗透条件适用于语法的语音部分(即 PF)。而另一些人则认为在 PF 中不存在 PIC。我利用土耳其语的数据提供了新的论据来反对 PIC-at-PF 观点,并得出结论认为 PIC 只可能在句法中成立。我的研究表明,PIC-at-PF 观点限制性太强,因为它对土耳其语中可变的前语域形成和可选的前语变化做出了错误的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Nonverbal Communication in Classroom Interaction and Its Role in Italian Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 课堂互动中的非语言交流及其在意大利语外语教学中的作用
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050164
Pierangela Diadori
The purpose of this study is to present the state of the art of recent research on nonverbal communication in L2 classroom interaction, in particular on teachers’ and students’ gestures, and then focus on a case of gestures in an L2 Italian classroom. A corpus of video-recorded interactions (CLODIS) were analyzed to answer the following research question: How do L2 Italian native teachers behave when addressing international students? Are there differences with what has been observed in other foreign language (L2) teaching contexts? Both previous data-based research on multimodality in L2 classes and the analysis on CLODIS show that teachers select and coordinate multiple semiotic modes as interactional resources to complete various teaching tasks. Furthermore, Italian native teachers use not only the typical pedagogical gestures (both iconic and metaphorical), but also culturally specific emblems that may cause misunderstandings or inappropriate mirroring effects. For these reasons, it is important that L2 teachers develop a good multimodal awareness, especially if they teach their mother tongue to foreign students and if they belong to a “contact culture”, as is the case observed in L2 Italian classes.
本研究的目的是介绍最近关于 L2 课堂互动中的非语言交际,特别是教师和学生的手势的研究现状,然后重点研究意大利语 L2 课堂中的一个手势案例。为了回答以下研究问题,我们对录制的互动视频语料库(CLODIS)进行了分析:母语为 L2 意大利语的教师在对国际学生讲话时是如何表现的?与在其他外语(L2)教学环境中观察到的情况是否存在差异?以往基于数据的 L2 课堂多模态研究和对 CLODIS 的分析都表明,教师选择并协调多种符号模式作为互动资源,以完成各种教学任务。此外,意大利母语教师不仅使用典型的教学手势(包括标志性和隐喻性手势),而且还使用可能造成误解或不恰当镜像效果的特定文化标志。出于这些原因,后进生教师必须培养良好的多模态意识,特别是如果他们向外国学生教授自己的母语,如果他们属于 "接触文化",就像在意大利语后进生课堂上观察到的情况那样。
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引用次数: 0
Metaphorical Personal Names in Mabia Languages of West Africa 西非马比亚语言中的隐喻人名
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050163
H. Abubakari, S. Issah
Cultural philosophies, belief systems and experiences serve as superordinate cultural concepts that are reconceptualised and expressed using metaphorical personal names in Mabia languages. Metaphorical personal names are ‘vehicles’ that transport the worldviews of speakers of Mabia languages to the target audiences. Every metaphorical personal name shares properties of a superordinate umbrella concept such that even newly created metaphorical names fall within an already existing cultural philosophy. This study argues that there is a corresponding relationship between a metaphorical personal name, the source domain, and its superordinate umbrella philosophical concept, the target domain. The study uses data from four Mabia ‘sister’ languages of West Africa: Dagbani, Kusaal, Likpakpaln, and Sisaali. The findings show that the source domains of these names include the name-bearer and the personal name itself, and the name-giver, whilst the target domains include flora and fauna terms, belief systems, innuendos and proverbs, experiences of name-givers, ‘death prevention’ labels, among others. The article also establishes that both sociocultural and ethnolinguistic factors influence the use of metaphorical personal names in the cultures under study. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is employed for the analysis of data in this research. The work uses the qualitative method and data are sourced from semi-structured interviews, from school registers and other previous studies on personal names in the selected languages.
文化哲学、信仰体系和经验作为上位文化概念,在马比亚语言中被重新概念化,并使用隐喻人名进行表达。隐喻人名是将马比亚语言使用者的世界观传递给目标受众的 "载体"。每个隐喻性人名都具有上位伞状概念的属性,因此即使是新创建的隐喻性人名也属于已有的文化哲学范畴。本研究认为,隐喻性人名(源领域)与其上位伞状哲学概念(目标领域)之间存在着相应的关系。本研究使用了西非四种马比亚 "姊妹 "语言的数据:这些语言是:达格巴尼语、库萨尔语、利克帕克帕尔恩语和西萨阿利语。研究结果表明,这些名字的源域包括名字的使用者和名字本身,以及名字的给予者,而目标域包括动植物术语、信仰体系、暗示和谚语、名字给予者的经历、"预防死亡 "标签等。文章还指出,在所研究的文化中,社会文化和民族语言因素都会影响隐喻性人名的使用。本研究采用概念隐喻理论(CMT)进行数据分析。本研究采用定性方法,数据来源于半结构式访谈、学校登记册和以往对所选语言中人名的其他研究。
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引用次数: 0
Is the Suppliance of L2 Inflectional Morphology Subject to Covert Contrasts? An Analysis of the Production of L2 English Third Person Singular Agreement by L1 Bengali Speakers 第二语言屈折词词形的依从性受制于隐性对比吗?对孟加拉语第一语言者产生英语第二语言第三人称单数一致的分析
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050165
Jacqueline Ingham
The cause(s) of missing inflectional morphology in obligatory contexts by adult speakers of second language (L2) English is subject to ongoing discussion. Whatever the specific theory, however, the apparent asymmetrical production of the morpheme ‘-s’ in the marking of number on plural nouns versus that on third person singular agreement has to be accounted for. This study adopts the theoretical approach put forward by the Prosodic Transfer Hypothesis, whereby the prosodic representation of inflectional morphology in the first language (L1) can, to some extent, account for differences in the suppliance of inflectional morphology in L2 English within and across L1s. It is in this context that the production of third person singular agreement, and, for contrastive purposes, number on plural nouns, by L1 Bengali speakers of L2 English, is are considered in relation to available prosodic representation in the L1, as well as against phonological processes attested in L1 acquisition. More specifically, covert contrasts. An inspection of spectrograms from instances of the omission of inflection by L1 Bengali speakers of L2 English at Beginner to Intermediate proficiency levels does not, however, indicate that learners are covertly supplying agreement on the third person singular (or plural number on nouns). This finding does not necessarily rule out the occurrence of covert contrasts in L2 production of inflectional morphology; alternative techniques may detect a systematic difference between bare verbs and non-audible (to the listener) inflection.
以第二语言(L2)为母语的成人英语学习者在强制性语境中缺少词形变化的原因一直在讨论之中。然而,无论具体理论如何,都必须解释在复数名词和第三人称单数一致时,语素"-s "在标记数上明显不对称的现象。本研究采用了 "前音转移假说"(Prosodic Transfer Hypothesis)提出的理论方法。根据该假说,第一语言(L1)中屈折词形态的前音表征可以在一定程度上解释 L2 英语中屈折词形态在 L1 和 L1 之间的遵从差异。正是在这种背景下,我们根据第一语言中可用的拟声表征,以及第一语言习得过程中的语音过程,研究了讲第一语言孟加拉语的人在讲第二语言英语时第三人称单数一致的产生,以及复数名词上的数。更具体地说,是隐蔽对比。然而,对初级到中级水平的 L1 孟加拉语学习者在 L2 英语中省略转折词的频谱图进行的检查并没有表明学习者在暗中提供第三人称单数(或名词复数)的一致。这一发现并不一定排除了在 L2 语态生成中出现隐蔽对比的可能性;替代技术可能会检测到裸动词和不可听(听者)语态之间的系统性差异。
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引用次数: 0
Use of Embedded Clauses in Heritage and Monolingual Russian 传统俄语和单语俄语中嵌入式分句的使用
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050157
Maria Martynova, Yulia Zuban, Natalia Gagarina, Luka Szucsich
This study investigates the production of clausal embeddings by 195 Russian speakers (67 monolingually raised speakers, 68 heritage speakers in the US, and 60 heritage speakers in Germany) in different communicative situations varying by formality (formal vs. informal) and mode (spoken vs. written). Semi-spontaneous data were manually annotated for clause type and analyzed using a binomial generalized mixed-effects model. Our results show that heritage speakers of both groups and monolingually raised speakers behave alike regarding their use of embedded clauses. Specifically, all speaker groups produce embedded clauses more frequently in formal situations compared to informal situations. Mode was not found to influence the production of embedded clauses. This behavior suggests an underlying register awareness in heritage speakers of Russian. Such register awareness might be a result of the high involvement of heritage speakers with Russian. This study contributes to our understanding of linguistic outcomes of heritage speakers and highlights the influence of communicative situations on language production.
本研究调查了 195 位俄语使用者(67 位单语抚养长大的使用者、68 位在美国使用传统语言的使用者和 60 位在德国使用传统语言的使用者)在不同交际情境中(正式与非正式)和模式(口语与书面语)下的分句嵌入语生成情况。半自发数据由人工标注句子类型,并使用二项式广义混合效应模型进行分析。我们的研究结果表明,在嵌入式分句的使用方面,两个群体中的传承讲者和单语养育讲者的表现相似。具体来说,与非正式情况相比,所有说话人群体在正式情况下都更频繁地使用嵌入式分句。模式并不影响嵌入式从句的产生。这种行为表明,讲俄语的传承者具有潜在的语域意识。这种语域意识可能是讲传统俄语的人高度参与俄语活动的结果。这项研究有助于我们了解讲俄语的传承人的语言成果,并强调了交际情景对语言生成的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Language Processing Units Are Not Equivalent to Sentences: Evidence from Writing Tasks in Typical and Dyslexic Children 语言处理单元不等同于句子:来自典型和阅读障碍儿童写作任务的证据
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050155
Georgeta Cislaru, Quentin Feltgen, E. Khoury, Richard Delorme, Maria Pia Bucci
Despite recent research on the building blocks of language processing, the nature of the units involved in the production of written texts remains elusive: intonation units, which are evidenced by empirical results across a growing body of work, are not suitable for writing, where the sentence remains the common reference. Drawing on the analysis of the writing product and process, our study explores how children with and without dyslexia handle sentences. The children were asked to write a short story and the writing process was recorded using keystroke logging software (Inputlog 7 & 8). We measured the number of pauses, the nature of the language sequences segmented by pauses, and the revision operations performed throughout the process. We analyzed sentences both in product and process. Our results showed that both the written product and the writing process reflect the establishment of a syntactic schema during language processing in typical children, in line with the first functional step in processing. This was not clearly evidenced in the case of dyslexic children, due to their limited production: beyond spelling, syntactic elaboration was also affected. In contrast, it appeared that the units of language processing cannot be equated with sentences in writing: the information flow is produced through usually smaller bursts that each carry part of the meaning or correspond to a specific operation of text crafting and revision.
尽管最近对语言处理的构件进行了研究,但书面文本制作所涉及的单元的性质仍然难以捉摸:越来越多的研究成果证明,语调单元并不适合写作,因为在写作中,句子仍然是共同的参照物。我们的研究通过对写作产品和过程的分析,探讨了有阅读障碍和无阅读障碍的儿童是如何处理句子的。我们要求孩子们写一个小故事,并使用按键记录软件(Inputlog 7 和 8)记录写作过程。我们测量了停顿的次数、停顿所分割的语言序列的性质以及整个过程中进行的修改操作。我们分析了产品和过程中的句子。我们的结果表明,在典型儿童的语言处理过程中,书面成果和写作过程都反映了句法模式的建立,这与处理过程中的第一个功能步骤是一致的。这一点在阅读障碍儿童身上体现得并不明显,因为他们的写作能力有限:除了拼写之外,句法阐述也受到了影响。相反,语言处理的单位似乎不能等同于书写中的句子:信息流通常是通过较小的片段产生的,每个片段都包含部分意义或对应于文本制作和修改的特定操作。
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引用次数: 0
Radio-Lect: Spanish/English Code-Switching in On-Air Advertisements 广播讲座:广播广告中的西班牙语/英语代码转换
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050156
Roshawnda A. Derrick
The 2020 census reports that 61.2 million Latinxs live in the US, totaling around 19% of all residents, forming the country’s largest minority population. With the growing number of Latinxs, there has been a higher level of contact between Spanish and English leading to language mixing or code-switching (CS) in mainstream American culture. This paper examines the Spanish/English CS in radio advertisements on Los Angeles’s 96.3 La Mega, a bilingual radio station geared towards today’s youth. Using Derrick’ 2015 sentential framework for the linguistic analysis of multilingual sentences, I carry out a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the linguistic nature of the on-air bilingual advertisements. I explore both national advertisements, as well as DJ-endorsed advertisements, to discern whether they follow the patterns previously pointed out in the literature for positive consumer evaluations of Spanish/English bilingual advertisements. Furthermore, I am interested in if these advertisements are in line with the ethos of 96.3 La Mega, which prides itself on being fully bilingual. This research will shed light on the linguistic nature of contemporary strategies being used in bilingual advertisements for the US Latinx community and marketing tactics designed to encourage their consumerism.
2020 年人口普查报告显示,美国有 6120 万拉美裔居民,约占居民总数的 19%,是美国最大的少数民族人口。随着拉美裔人数的不断增加,西班牙语和英语之间的接触也越来越多,从而导致了美国主流文化中的语言混合或代码转换(CS)。本文研究了洛杉矶 96.3 La Mega 双语广播电台广告中的西班牙语/英语转换(CS),这是一个面向当代年轻人的双语广播电台。利用 Derrick 2015 年的多语言句子语言分析句式框架,我对广播双语广告的语言性质进行了逐句分析。我探讨了全国性广告以及DJ认可的广告,以辨别它们是否遵循了之前文献中指出的消费者对西班牙语/英语双语广告积极评价的模式。此外,我还想了解这些广告是否符合 96.3 La Mega 的精神,该电台以完全双语为荣。这项研究将揭示针对美国拉美裔社区的双语广告中使用的当代策略的语言性质,以及旨在鼓励他们消费的营销策略。
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引用次数: 0
Visual Cues to Speakers’ Religious Affiliation and Listeners’ Understanding of Second Language French Speech 发言者宗教信仰的视觉线索与听者对第二语言法语语音的理解
IF 0.9 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.3390/languages9050154
Sara Kennedy, P. Trofimovich, Rachael Lindberg, Oğuzhan Tekin
Previous research has shown that speakers’ visual appearance influences listeners’ perception of second language (L2) speech. In Québec, Canada, the context of this study, pandemic mask mandates and a provincial secularism law elicited strong societal reactions. We therefore examined how images of speakers wearing religious and nonreligious coverings such as medical masks and headscarves influenced the comprehensibility (listeners’ ease of understanding) and intelligibility of L2 French speech. Four L2 French women from first language (L1) Arabic backgrounds wore surgical masks while recording 40 sentences from a standardized French-language speech perception test. A total of 104 L1 French listeners transcribed and rated the comprehensibility of the sentences, paired with images of women in four visual conditions: uncovered face, medical mask, hijab (headscarf), and niqab (religious face covering). Listeners also completed a questionnaire on attitudes toward immigrants, cultural values, and secularism. Although intelligibility was high, sentences in the medical mask condition were significantly more intelligible and more comprehensible than those in the niqab condition. Several attitudinal measures showed weak correlations with intelligibility or comprehensibility in several visual conditions. The results suggest that listeners’ understanding of L2 sentences was negatively affected by images showing speakers’ religious affiliation, but more extensive follow-up studies are recommended.
以往的研究表明,说话者的视觉外观会影响听众对第二语言(L2)语音的感知。在本研究的背景地--加拿大魁北克省,大流行病面具规定和省世俗主义法引起了强烈的社会反响。因此,我们研究了说话者戴着宗教和非宗教面具(如医用口罩和头巾)的形象如何影响 L2 法语语音的可理解性(听者容易理解)和可懂性。四名来自第一语言(L1)阿拉伯语背景的 L2 法语女性戴着外科口罩,录制了标准化法语语感测试中的 40 个句子。共有 104 名第一语言为法语的听者抄录了这些句子,并对句子的可理解性进行了评分,这些句子与四种视觉条件下的女性图像配对:无遮盖面部、医用口罩、头巾(hijab)和面纱(niqab)。听众还填写了一份关于对移民、文化价值观和世俗主义态度的问卷。虽然可懂度很高,但医用面罩条件下的句子明显比面纱条件下的句子更可懂、更易理解。在几种视觉条件下,几种态度测量与可懂度或可理解度的相关性较弱。结果表明,听者对 L2 句子的理解会受到显示说话者宗教信仰的图像的负面影响,但建议进行更广泛的后续研究。
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引用次数: 0
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