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Exploring Grammatical Gender Agreement in Russian Learners of Greek: An Eye-Tracking Study 俄语希腊语学习者语法性别一致性研究:一项眼动追踪研究
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040265
Alexandros Tantos, Nikolaos Amvrazis, Konstantinos Angelou, Kosmas Kosmidis
This study investigates the acquisition of grammatical gender in Russian learners of Greek. Agreement in Determiner-Noun (Det-N) and Adjective-Noun (Adj-N) dependencies is explored through eye-tracking registration in a reading-based design. Twenty-four intermediate learners read short texts embedded with agreement violations, and then responded to a comprehension task. The study implemented a two-level triangulation by drawing its stimuli from the Greek Learner Corpus II (GLCII) and contrasting, at a first level, the findings with comparable offline data that were previously obtained from the same corpus. The second level entailed a contrast between the online evidence and the offline data that were collected through a post-reading questionnaire right after the online eye-tracking session. This questionnaire explored whether longer fixations on agreement violations are associated with explicit awareness of the study’s focus. To anticipate the outcome of the study, the gender agreement data suggests that the abstract gender feature is present in the developing grammar of Russian learners of Greek. Moreover, the participants seem to effectively deal with the syntactic computations underlying nominal agreement, though efficacy varies across the structures that have been examined. Apart from this, certain suggestions are made considering the research paradigm followed.
本研究探讨了俄语希腊语学习者的语法性别习得情况。在基于阅读的设计中,通过眼动追踪配准,探讨限定词-名词(Det-N)和形容词-名词(adjn)依赖关系的一致性。24名中级学习者阅读含有违反协议内容的短文,然后对一项理解任务做出反应。该研究通过从希腊语学习者语料库II (GLCII)中提取刺激,并在第一级将研究结果与先前从同一语料库中获得的可比较的离线数据进行对比,实现了两级三角测量。第二阶段是在线证据和离线数据的对比,这些数据是在在线眼球追踪课程结束后通过阅读后问卷收集的。这个问卷调查探讨了是否更长时间的关注违反协议与研究重点的明确意识有关。为了预测研究结果,性别认同数据表明俄语希腊语学习者的语法发展中存在抽象的性别特征。此外,参与者似乎有效地处理了名义协议背后的句法计算,尽管效率在不同的结构中有所不同。除此之外,还考虑到所遵循的研究范式,提出了一些建议。
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引用次数: 0
Abstract Priming and the Lexical Boost Effect across Development in a Structurally Biased Language 结构偏见语言的启动和词汇促进效应
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040264
Alina Kholodova, Michelle Peter, Caroline F. Rowland, Gunnar Jacob, Shanley E. M. Allen
The present study investigates the developmental trajectory of abstract representations for syntactic structures in children. In a structural priming experiment on the dative alternation in German, we primed children from three different age groups (3–4 years, 5–6 years, 7–8 years) and adults with double object datives (Dora sent Boots the rabbit) or prepositional object datives (Dora sent the rabbit to Boots). Importantly, the prepositional object structure in German is dispreferred and only rarely encountered by young children. While immediate as well as cumulative structural priming effects occurred across all age groups, these effects were strongest in the 3- to 4-year-old group and gradually decreased with increasing age. These results suggest that representations in young children are less stable than in adults and, therefore, more susceptible to adaptation both immediately and across time, presumably due to stronger surprisal. Lexical boost effects, in contrast, were not present in 3- to 4-year-olds but gradually emerged with increasing age, possibly due to limited working-memory capacity in the younger child groups.
本研究探讨了儿童句法结构抽象表征的发展轨迹。在一项关于德语替代替代的结构启动实验中,我们对3-4岁、5-6岁、7-8岁三个不同年龄组的儿童和成人分别使用双宾格(Dora送给Boots兔子)或介词宾格(Dora送给Boots兔子)启动。重要的是,德语中的介词宾语结构是幼儿不喜欢的,很少遇到。虽然立即和累积的结构启动效应在所有年龄组中都存在,但这些效应在3至4岁组中最强,并随着年龄的增长逐渐减弱。这些结果表明,与成年人相比,幼儿的表征更不稳定,因此更容易受到即时和长期适应的影响,可能是由于更强的惊喜。相比之下,词汇增强效应在3到4岁的儿童中并不存在,但随着年龄的增长逐渐显现出来,这可能是由于年龄较小的儿童群体的工作记忆能力有限。
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引用次数: 0
Family Language Policies of Multilingual Families during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Israel, and Sweden 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间多语种家庭的家庭语言政策:来自塞浦路斯、爱沙尼亚、德国、以色列和瑞典的证据
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040263
Anastassia Zabrodskaja, Natalia Meir, Sviatlana Karpava, Natalia Ringblom, Anna Ritter
This study explored the language and literacy practices of multilingual families in Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Israel, and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on the different roles of family members in language transmission in order to understand whether these practices might have been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to answer two key research questions: RQ1, whether and how the pandemic conditions affected the heritage language, societal language acquisition, and heritage language literacy learning environments in the five countries examined (Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Israel, and Sweden); and RQ2, what is the nature of child and parental agency in facilitation of the possible changes in the corresponding five countries? Fifty semi-structured interviews (ten in each country) were conducted. The data highlighted the factors that triggered changes in family language policy during the pandemic and the role of the child’s agency, parents, extended family, and social network during this period. Based on our findings, we argue that the pandemic conditions gave the children new opportunities for agency when it comes to language and literacy choice and communication with extended family members. This even facilitated new sources of input and suggested the active role of a child as an agent in shaping family language policy in the family.
本研究探讨了2019冠状病毒病大流行期间塞浦路斯、爱沙尼亚、德国、以色列和瑞典多语种家庭的语言和扫盲实践。该研究侧重于家庭成员在语言传播中的不同角色,以了解这些做法是否可能受到COVID-19大流行的影响。我们的目标是回答两个关键的研究问题:RQ1,大流行条件是否以及如何影响所研究的五个国家(塞浦路斯、爱沙尼亚、德国、以色列和瑞典)的传统语言、社会语言习得和传统语言扫盲学习环境;RQ2,在促进相应的五个国家可能发生的变化方面,儿童和父母机构的性质是什么?进行了50次半结构化访谈(每个国家10次)。这些数据强调了在大流行期间引发家庭语言政策变化的因素,以及在此期间儿童机构、父母、大家庭和社会网络的作用。根据我们的研究结果,我们认为,在语言和识字选择以及与大家庭成员沟通方面,大流行的情况为儿童提供了新的代理机会。这甚至促进了新的投入来源,并建议儿童在形成家庭语言政策方面发挥积极作用。
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引用次数: 0
Phonetic Tonal Manifestations and Trends in Tone Change: A Case Study of the Yong-Deng Dialect in Northwest China 声调变化的音调表现与趋势——以西北永登方言为例
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040262
Li Yi
This study takes the Yong-deng dialect as a case study to investigate the phenomenon of tonal merging observed in Northwest Chinese dialects. It begins by examining the various monosyllabic tone patterns of the Yong-deng dialect, then supplements this with a review of the relevant literature, comparisons with the tone patterns of the neighbouring dialects, and an analysis of its tone sandhi in disyllabic and trisyllabic combinations. Each step of the dialect’s tonal variation is scrutinised, allowing for the identification of pertinent phonetic biases and the derivation of associated phonological rules. The central argument advanced here is that both synchronic tonal variation and diachronic tone change are governed by specific phonological rules. Despite the ostensibly variable phonetic manifestations, these rules can enable the prediction of the trajectory of tone change. The paper contributes to the understanding of tone merger and highlights its systemic and rule-bound nature.
本研究以永登方言为例,探讨西北汉语方言中声调合并的现象。本文首先考察了永登方言的各种单音节声调模式,然后对相关文献进行了回顾,与邻近方言的声调模式进行了比较,并分析了其双音节和三音节组合的变调。方言的音调变化的每一步都被仔细检查,允许识别相关的语音偏差和相关语音规则的推导。这里提出的中心论点是共时音调变化和历时音调变化都受特定的语音规则支配。尽管表面上的语音表现是可变的,但这些规则可以预测声调变化的轨迹。本文有助于对声调合并的认识,突出了声调合并的系统性和规律性。
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引用次数: 0
ɬwa:n⁵ as a Marker of the Degree of Expressiveness in the Kam Language 作为卡姆语表达程度的标志
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040261
Hui He
This paper presents an analysis of syntactic collocations that include the constraints on an adjective phrase (AP) and adverbs or final particles (X) in the ɬwa:n⁵ + AP + X construction, as well as its pragmatic features and grammatical functions in the Kam language. ɬwa:n⁵ functions as an exclamative marker (EM) that conveys the expressive meaning of the speaker’s attitude. The primary lexical meaning of ɬwa:n⁵ is ‘to calculate’ or ‘to regard as’, and the word is borrowed from Chinese (算 suàn, ‘to count’, ‘to calculate’, ‘to regard as’). The role of ɬwa:n⁵ in the construction ɬwa:n⁵ + AP + X will mainly be discussed in this paper. In addition, the adjectives that can collocate with ɬwa:n⁵ are subject to a gradeability restriction, that is, only gradable adjectives can collocate with ɬwa:n⁵. In general, the ɬwa:n⁵ construction is used to express that the speaker expected an existing situation with a gradable property; in reality, the degree follows a particular scalar and surpasses the expectation.
本文分析了坎语中形容词短语(AP)与副词或终助词(X)的句法搭配约束,以及它的语用特征和语法功能。n用作感叹号(EM),传达说话者态度的表达意义。n的主要词义是“计算”或“视为”,这个词是从汉语借来的(suàn,“计算”,“计算”,“视为”)。本文将主要讨论wa:n在wa:n + AP + X中的作用。此外,可以与wa:n搭配的形容词受到可分级性的限制,即只有可分级的形容词才能与wa:n搭配。一般来说,这个构式用来表示说话人期待一种具有可分级性质的现有情况;在现实中,度遵循特定的标量并超过预期。
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引用次数: 0
The Metaphorical and Metonymical Conceptualizations of the Term Sea (Hai) in the Four-Character Chinese Idioms 中国四字成语中“海”一词的隐喻和转喻概念
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040260
Yali Zhao, Nor Fariza Mohd Nor, Imran Ho Abdullah
This paper investigates the term “sea” (hai) in the four-character Chinese idioms according to conceptual metaphor and metonymy theory, attempting to illustrate their conceptualization, determine their possible underlying motivations, and explore Chinese maritime thought and culture. Based on idiomatic expressions, three types of conceptual metaphors are identified: abstract qualities of concrete entities are the sea, abstract entity is sea, and a certain aspect of a human being is sea. Moreover, the four types of conceptual metonymies are the part for the whole, the whole for the part, the place for the product, and the place for the responsible deities or goddesses. They are motivated by a culture of worship of and accordance with nature, the pursuit of achievements in traditional Chinese literature, “man paid, nature made” as the attitude towards the ups and downs of life, and a self-centered conceptualization of the world. The maritime culture represented in these conceptualizations comprises fear of and respect for the sea, harmony between humans and the sea, and static–dynamic integrations of river, land, and sea. The findings show that the motivations of these conceptualizations do not only originate from the embodiment and Chinese philosophy of the unity of heaven and humanity but are also constrained by the most influential talent selection mechanism, the Imperial Examination System, as well as by agriculture, the foundation of the economy in ancient China.
本文运用概念隐喻和转喻理论对汉语四字成语中的“海”一词进行了研究,试图说明其概念化,确定其可能的潜在动机,并探索中国海洋思想和文化。基于习惯表达,概念隐喻分为三类:具体实体的抽象性质是海,抽象实体是海,人的某一方面是海。此外,这四种类型的概念转喻是部分为整体、整体为部分、场所为产品、场所为负责任的神或女神。对自然的崇拜和顺应,对中国传统文学成就的追求,对人生跌宕起伏的“人付出,自然创造”的态度,以及以自我为中心的世界观,都是他们创作的动力。这些概念所代表的海洋文化包括对海洋的敬畏和尊重,人与海洋的和谐,河流、陆地和海洋的静态-动态整合。研究结果表明,这些观念产生的动机不仅源于天人合一的体现和中国哲学,而且受到最具影响力的人才选拔机制科举制度以及中国古代经济基础农业的制约。
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引用次数: 0
A Study of a Specialised American Police Discourse Genre: Probable Cause Affidavits 一种特殊的美国警察话语类型:可能原因誓章研究
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040259
Audrey Cartron
This paper focuses on the analysis of a specialised American police discourse genre and is based on a corpus of 115 probable cause affidavits. A probable cause affidavit is a sworn statement written by American police officers to state that there is probable cause to believe the defendant has committed (or is committing) a criminal offence and that legal action is required. After briefly presenting the methodological framework for this study, the paper intends to show how the police use specific linguistic, discursive and rhetorical strategies to serve a specialised purpose, which is to present the existence of probable cause to the relevant legal authorities. The findings indicate that officers use various discursive devices to inform but also—and perhaps more importantly—to convince their audience by means of a chronological and structured narrative of events that follows a prototypical three-fold internal organisation (exposition, investigation, resolution) signalled by specific linguistic markers. Finally, the paper intends to go beyond the objective description of events in order to highlight the assertive nature of this discourse genre and the additional rhetorical strategies used by PCA writers. It studies the emphasis placed on the expertise of the author, as well as the police classification of the offence and the progressive elaboration of the burden of proof.
本文以115份可能原因宣誓书为基础,着重分析了一种特殊的美国警察话语类型。可能原因宣誓书是美国警察写的一份宣誓声明,声明有可能的理由相信被告已经犯下(或正在犯下)刑事犯罪,需要采取法律行动。在简要介绍了本研究的方法框架之后,本文打算展示警察如何使用特定的语言,话语和修辞策略来服务于专门目的,即向相关法律当局展示可能原因的存在。研究结果表明,官员们使用各种话语手段来传达信息,但也许更重要的是,通过按时间顺序和结构化的事件叙述来说服他们的听众,这种叙述遵循了一个典型的三层内部组织(阐述,调查,解决),这些组织由特定的语言标记发出信号。最后,本文打算超越对事件的客观描述,以突出这种话语类型的自信性质和主成分分析作者使用的额外修辞策略。它研究了对作者专业知识的重视,以及警察对犯罪的分类和对举证责任的逐步阐述。
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引用次数: 0
A Fork in the Road: Grammatical Gender Assignment to Nouns in Spanish Dialects 岔路口:西班牙方言中名词的语法性别分配
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040257
Florencio Del Barrio de la Rosa
Spanish nouns are classified as either feminine or masculine. Although some nouns vary depending on their denotation (such as niño ‘male child’ vs. niña ‘female child’), in most cases a fixed gender is assigned. When lacking an inflectional cue, nouns could variably admit both genders. While alternating gender may be present in standard Spanish (e.g., azúcar moreno ‘brown.m sugar’ vs. azúcar blanquilla ‘white.f sugar’), it predominantly depends on social or geographical factors (e.g., la vinagre ‘the.f vinegar’, el sal ‘the.m salt’ unlike standard el vinagre ‘the.m vinegar’, la sal ‘the.f salt’). Thus, Spanish binary system represents a fork in the road of gender assignment to nouns. Focused on European Spanish, the present study addresses the sociogeographical influences conditioning gender values in Spanish nouns. To the best of my knowledge, no previous research has been systematically conducted on gender assignment in modern Spanish dialects, so my findings shall shed light on how gender values are determined and diffused across rural and urban varieties. Data are retrieved mainly from the Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural and the Proyecto para el estudio sociolingüístico del español de España y América), as well as other bibliographical and dialectal sources.
西班牙语名词分为阴性和阳性两类。虽然有些名词根据其外延而有所不同(例如niño ' male child ' vs. niña ' female child '),但在大多数情况下,指定的性别是固定的。在缺乏词形变化提示的情况下,名词可以同时承认两种性别。虽然在标准西班牙语中可能会出现交替的性别(例如azúcar moreno ' brown)。M sugar ' vs. azúcar blanquilla ' white。对于“糖”,它主要取决于社会或地理因素(例如,“醋”)。“醋”,“盐”。M盐“不像标准的醋醋”。M醋',la sal '。f盐”)。因此,西班牙语的二元系统代表了名词性别分配的一个岔路口。本研究以欧洲西班牙语为研究对象,探讨影响西班牙语名词性别价值的社会地理因素。据我所知,之前还没有对现代西班牙方言的性别分配进行过系统的研究,所以我的研究结果将阐明性别价值观是如何在农村和城市方言中确定和传播的。数据主要取自《Español农村口语和声音语料》和《sociolingüístico (español) España (amacacia)研究计划》,以及其他书目和方言来源。
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引用次数: 0
Production of Acoustic Correlates of Stress by L2 Spanish-Speaking Immigrants to Spain 到西班牙的第二语言西班牙语移民的重音相关的产生
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040258
Timothy L. Face
Little work has examined the L2 acquisition of Spanish stress, and especially the production of its acoustic correlates, and the work that has is largely limited to inexperienced learners. This study examines the production of stress by L1 English/L2 Spanish speakers who are highly experienced with their L2, having lived much of their adult lives as immigrants in Spain. Data were collected from the reading of a short story, an extended reading with a plot was provided so that participants would not be focused on their pronunciation, thus producing speech closer to spontaneous speech while still allowing for control over what they produced. Intensity, duration, pitch and deaccenting were examined and the results from the L2 learners were compared to a control group of native speakers from Spain who performed the same task. While only one L2 learner’s stress production could be classified as completely native-like, as a group, their stress production approximated native speaker norms to a greater degree than has been found for most other aspects of L2 Spanish pronunciation in previous research. Nonetheless, L2 learners seemed to transfer duration patterns from their L1 into their L2 Spanish and also deaccented stressed syllables nearly twice as often as native speakers.
很少有研究研究第二语言习得西班牙语重音,特别是其声学关联的产生,而且这些研究主要局限于没有经验的学习者。本研究考察了母语为英语/第二语言为西班牙语的人的重音产生情况,这些人的第二语言经验丰富,成年后大部分时间都是作为移民生活在西班牙。研究人员从阅读一个短篇故事中收集数据,并提供了一个带情节的扩展阅读,这样参与者就不会把注意力集中在他们的发音上,从而产生更接近于自发的语音,同时仍然允许他们控制自己的发音。研究人员检查了强度、持续时间、音高和降音,并将第二语言学习者的结果与西班牙母语者的对照组进行了比较。虽然只有一个二语学习者的重音产生可以被归类为完全像母语人士,但作为一个群体,他们的重音产生比以往研究中发现的大多数其他二语西班牙语发音方面的重音产生更接近母语人士的标准。尽管如此,第二语言学习者似乎将母语的持续时间模式转移到第二语言西班牙语中,而且重读音节的去音率几乎是母语人士的两倍。
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引用次数: 0
The Functions of Prosody in Action Formation in Australian Greek Talk-in-Interaction 韵律在澳大利亚希腊语互动对话中动作形成中的作用
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.3390/languages8040256
Angeliki Alvanoudi
This study takes us to the Greek diasporic community in Cairns, Far North Queensland, Australia. The data analyzed derive from audio-recorded conversations with first-generation Greek immigrants collected during fieldwork in 2013. Drawing on interactional linguistics and contact linguistics, this paper analyzes the prosody of bilingual discourse markers and bilingual repetition in Australian Greek talk-in-interaction. It is shown that the prosodic features of code switches, namely pitch, intensity and duration, shape action formation and ascription. In the case of bilingual discourse markers, pitch serves as a contextualization cue that conveys the speaker’s stance and frames the different functions of the code-switched items. In bilingual repetition, speakers mobilize duration and intensity to prosodically differentiate the first iteration delivered in English from the second iteration delivered in Greek and, thus, frame the interpretation of the code switch as participant-related. This study sheds light on the pragmatic aspects of the phonetics of the Greek variety spoken in Cairns, and demonstrates that prosody shapes the functions of language contact-induced speech behavior in specific interactional contexts.
这项研究将我们带到了澳大利亚昆士兰州远北凯恩斯的希腊侨民社区。分析的数据来自于2013年实地调查期间收集的与第一代希腊移民的录音对话。本文运用互动语言学和接触语言学的方法,分析了澳大利亚希腊语互动对话中双语话语标记和双语重复的韵律。分析了语码转换的音高、强度、持续时间、形状、动作形成和归属等韵律特征。在双语语篇标记中,音高作为语境化线索,传达说话人的立场,构建语码转换项目的不同功能。在双语重复中,说话者调动持续时间和强度,在韵律上区分用英语传递的第一次迭代和用希腊语传递的第二次迭代,因此,将代码转换的解释框架为与参与者相关的。本研究揭示了凯恩斯地区希腊语语音学的语用方面,并证明了韵律在特定的互动环境中塑造了语言接触诱发的言语行为的功能。
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引用次数: 0
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