Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.3390/languages8040275
Aidah Aljuran, Jarred Brewster
This paper examines discourses around the religious and social practice of taqiyya among members of the Sulaymani Isma‘ili community in Saudi Arabia. Isma‘ilism, in the context of 1200 years of anti-Shi‘a discrimination, cultivated the practice known as taqiyya (Arabic, ‘circumscription’) as a tool for self-preservation, which was then further rationalized and reinforced by the sect’s esoteric theology. Taqiyya consists of concealing religious identity, public avoidance of certain rituals, and, in some instances, claiming to be a member of the unmarked Sunni majority. Sweeping changes in Saudi society in the last several years have meant a growing ambivalence about taqiyya and its continued utility. This is significant since taqiyya for many of our interlocutors in this study is not merely a survival tactic. Instead, it is better understood as an embodied disposition cultivated against the backdrop of household privacy. This disposition intimately links everyday comportment to the esoteric cosmology of Isma‘ilism, which is the distinctive and iconic feature of the faith. Our interlocutors’ narratives demonstrated how the invocation of different spatial and temporal frameworks provides a basic heuristic by which to interpret these individuals’ accounts of taqiyya. For some of these individuals, taqiyya is an essential and timeless practice, while for others, the meaning has been reshaped by the recent socio-political reforms.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.3390/languages8040273
Charleine Saad
Film remakes represent a form of cinematic translation that reconstructs various elements of the original text. This article relies on the translation strategies of domestication and foreignization to analyze “Āṣḥāb Wālā Āʿāz”, the Arabic remake of the Italian film “Perfetti Sconosciuti” or “Perfect Strangers”. This study shows that the Arabic remake, which sparked controversy across the Middle East, replicates many of the syntactic elements of the original film, such as the narrative and the plot structure, as well as cinematographic and paralinguistic elements. Still, it attempts to adopt a transformative approach in order to generate a cultural production. The result shows that the use of domestication in film remakes alters the rhetorical effect of the original version and that, although foreignization may promote an audience’s interest in foreign cultures, it may contribute to the reproduction of otherness due to the dissatisfaction of the targeted audiences.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.3390/languages8040274
Juan José Arias
The present study explores the exclamative use of the feminine definite article la in structures such as ‘¡La de chicos que besé en la fiesta!’ (How many guys I kissed at the party!). First, a morphosyntactic description of the pattern is offered so as to show that the data under analysis are pseudopartitive constructions which display all the characteristics of primary and partial exclamatives. Building on research on nominal exclamatives, we conclude that these examples are not CPs but indefinite DPs with an exclamative flavor which contain a semi-relative clause introduced by que. Within the framework of Distributed Morphology, we schematize a set of syntactic structures which capture the ‘chimeric’ and hybrid nature of the data, these being halfway between DPs and exclamative clauses. In order to do so, it will be necessary to split the DP into smaller projections (FocP, FinP), since la must move to Spec-FocP to be interpreted as an exclamative operator.
本研究探讨了 "¡La de chicos que besé en la fiesta!"（我在派对上吻了多少男生！）等结构中女性定语 la 的感叹词用法。首先，我们对这一模式进行了形态句法描述，以说明所分析的数据是假言结构，显示了主要感叹词和部分感叹词的所有特征。根据对名词性感叹词的研究，我们得出结论：这些例子不是 CP，而是带有感叹语气的不定 DP，其中包含一个由 que 引出的半关系从句。在分布式形态学的框架内，我们描绘了一组句法结构，它们捕捉到了数据的 "嵌合 "和混合性质，介于 DP 和感叹句之间。为此，有必要将 DP 分割成更小的投影（FocP、FinP），因为 la 必须移动到 Spec-FocP 才能被解释为叹词操作符。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-19DOI: 10.3390/languages8040272
Elisabeth Baker Martínez, Naomi Shin
The current study investigated overregularization of Spanish irregular past participles (e.g., dicho ‘said’, regularized as decido) among 20 child heritage speakers of Spanish in New Mexico, ages 5;1–11;9. Overregularization occurs when a child produces an irregular form analogously to its regular counterpart (e.g., eated instead of ate). Typically, children first produce the irregular form and then, after they have learned a morphological pattern, they overapply it to the irregular form. Ultimately, children retreat from overregularization and once again produce the target irregular form. While there has been a wealth of studies on monolingual children’s overregularizations, very few have investigated this phenomenon in child heritage speakers, who may develop their grammars diversely due to their exposure to the heritage language. This study analyzed the impact of age, Spanish language experience, Spanish morphosyntax proficiency, and lexical frequency on overregularization among the 13/20 children who produced past participles (n = 233) in response to an elicited production task. Participles were overregularized at high rates (74%), resulting in forms like ponido (‘put’, cf: puesto). Results from a regression analysis indicate that overregularization was more likely among the younger children, the children with lower morphosyntax scores, and with lower-frequency participles. Further, an interaction between morphosyntax score and lexical frequency indicated that children with higher scores overregularized with lower frequency participles, but not higher frequency ones, whereas children with low scores overregularized with both low- and high-frequency forms. In summary, child heritage speakers overregularize Spanish past participles at high rates, and the retreat from overregularization is tied to overall grammatical development and lexical frequency, suggesting that the acquisition of irregular participles is dependent on experiencing multiple instances of the irregular verb form.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-18DOI: 10.3390/languages8040271
Jamelyn Wheeler, Matt Pollock, Manuel Díaz-Campos
The current study examines variation in copula selection in Spanish by looking at the written productions of three groups of language learners in the United States, including heritage learners, those with English as an L1, and international students with English as an L2. Research on copula variation in Spanish has pinpointed several key linguistic and social factors that influence selection; this study aims to apply these findings to heritage learners in order to determine how their acquisition differs from that of non-native language learners. This analysis used the COWS-L2H corpus of Spanish from the University of California, Davis. Examining over 8000 tokens of [adjective + copula] constructions in variable contexts where both ser and estar were used, the study tracks how linguistic and extralinguistic factors condition copula selection within the three learner groups and how these results compare to previous findings. Seven factors were predictive of copula selection: resultant state, frame of reference, adjective class, experience with study abroad, essay prompt, student age, and course level. Heritage learner copula use was found to be governed by a different set of predictors than that of learners, hinting at the variable motivations and backgrounds that influence use and reflect the identity goals of these speakers.
本研究通过观察美国三类语言学习者（包括传统学习者、以英语为第一语言的学习者和以英语为第二语言的留学生）的书面表达，研究了西班牙语中助词选择的变化。关于西班牙语中助词变化的研究已经指出了影响助词选择的几个关键语言和社会因素；本研究旨在将这些发现应用于传统语言学习者，以确定他们的习得与非母语学习者的习得有何不同。本分析使用了加州大学戴维斯分校的 COWS-L2H 西班牙语语料库。研究考察了 8000 多个同时使用 ser 和 estar 的不同语境中的[形容词 + 副词]结构，追踪了语言和语言外因素如何影响三个学习者群体的副词选择，以及这些结果与之前研究结果的比较。有七个因素可预测助词的选择：结果状态、参照系、形容词类别、留学经历、论文提示、学生年龄和课程水平。研究发现，与学习者相比，遗产学习者的连词使用受一系列不同预测因素的制约，这表明影响连词使用的动机和背景各不相同，也反映了这些说话者的身份目标。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.3390/languages8040270
Sara Gómez Seibane
Clitic doubling (CD) is the co-appearance in the same sentence of the clitic and a correlative syntagma in the canonical position of the object. Apart from obligatory contexts, CD of the indirect object (IO) is found with variable frequency in Romance languages and even in different varieties of the same language, most likely because it is a phenomenon of internal/external language interface. The objective of this work is to determine the frequency of CD in non-obligatory contexts of recipient and location IO in peninsular Spanish, and to analyse its features according to the referential hierarchy used for the diachronic evolution of the phenomenon. For this purpose, we extracted data from two open access corpora of interviews (COREC and PRESEEA) from different regions that are (or are not) areas of historical contact with other languages. The results show a significant extension of doubling in contexts where this is optional and the neutralisation of features that previously predicted CD of IOs. Nevertheless, there are geographical differences in peninsular Spanish in terms of frequency, definiteness, specificity, the influence of the cliticization of the direct object, and the accessibility of the IO referents in the minds of the speakers.
连接词加倍（CD）是指在同一个句子中，连接词和相关句法同时出现在宾语的规范位置上。除了强制性语境外，间接宾语（IO）的 CD 在罗曼语甚至同一语言的不同变体中出现的频率也不尽相同，这很可能是因为它是一种内部/外部语言接口现象。这项工作的目的是确定在半岛西班牙语中，非强制性语境中受词和位置 IO 的 CD 频率，并根据该现象的非同步演变所使用的指代层次结构分析其特征。为此，我们从两个开放存取的访谈语料库（COREC 和 PRESEEA）中提取了数据，这两个语料库来自与其他语言有（或没有）历史接触的不同地区。结果表明，在可选择加倍的语境中，加倍的范围有了很大的扩展，而且以前预测 IO 的 CD 的特征被中和了。尽管如此，半岛西班牙语在频率、定义、特异性、直接宾语词缀化的影响以及 IO 指代在说话者心目中的可及性等方面仍存在地域差异。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.3390/languages8040269
Iban Mañas Navarrete, Pedro Guijarro Fuentes, Iria Bello Viruega
Spanish copula choice ser/estar and the semantic and pragmatic distinctions that derive from their alternation in predicate adjective constructions have been discussed in several studies focused on the features of Spanish as a heritage language, usually focusing on the lack of equivalence between English and Spanish. The aim of this study is to determine the competence of a group of heritage speakers of Spanish that were born and raised in Russia in adjective copula selection for ser and estar and to what extent it differs from that of L2 speakers. A group of second-generation heritage Spanish-Russian speakers (n = 29) and a group of L1 Russian learners of Spanish as foreign language (n = 23) performed a translation recognition task in Spanish based on extracts from contemporary Spanish literary works. From a crosslinguistic perspective, a partial correspondence can be established between long forms of the Russian adjective with ser, and short forms of the Russian adjective with estar. Taking this cross-language relationship into account, we considered congruent and non-congruent cross-language scenarios. The results confirm that the heritage speakers outperformed the L2 Spanish speakers. This suggests a possible benefit of earlier exposure and use of Spanish. The facilitative effect of L1 can be traced in the ser-preferred scenarios but it fades away in the estar-preferred contexts for both groups.
西班牙语的ser/estar副词选择以及它们在谓词形容词结构中交替使用所产生的语义和语用区别，已经在一些侧重于西班牙语作为遗产语言的特点的研究中进行了讨论，这些研究通常侧重于英语和西班牙语之间缺乏等效性的问题。本研究的目的是确定一群在俄罗斯出生和长大的西班牙语传承人在 ser 和 estar 的形容词副词选择方面的能力，以及他们与第二语言使用者的能力有多大差异。一组讲西班牙-俄罗斯语的第二代传承人（29 人）和一组以西班牙语为外语的俄罗斯第一语言学习者（23 人）根据当代西班牙文学作品的摘录完成了西班牙语翻译识别任务。从跨语言的角度来看，俄语形容词ser的长形和俄语形容词estar的短形之间可以建立部分对应关系。考虑到这种跨语言关系，我们考虑了同义和非同义的跨语言情景。结果证实，说传统语言的人的表现优于说第二语言西班牙语的人。这表明，较早地接触和使用西班牙语可能会带来好处。在 "ser "优先的情景中，可以看到 L1 的促进作用，但在 "estar "优先的情景中，两组人的这种作用都会消失。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.3390/languages8040267
Gabriela Alboiu, Virginia Hill
This paper aims to (i) establish the micro-parametric variation in the development of the subjunctive CP in Romanian languages (Daco-Romanian/DR; Aromanian/AR; Megleno-Romanian/MR; Istro-Romanian/IR) and (ii) account for derivations in which the subjunctive is integrated into the formation of the periphrastic future in these languages. Briefly, the analysis points out that the subjunctive CP in Romanian languages can display a split Fin (unlike in other Balkan languages) and that the remerging of the split Fin finds itself at different stages: complete in DR, but incomplete at different degrees in AR, MR, and IR. The compatibility of the subjunctive morphology with the derivation of the periphrastic future follows from the semantic bleaching and grammaticization of the volitional ‘will’ and ‘have’ verbs, together with the Balkan Sprachbund subjunctive mood marking, which combine in a monoclausal construction via a serial verb derivation to compositionally check a Fin marked [+finite, modal].
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Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.3390/languages8040266
Brendan Regan, Jazmyn L. Martinez
This study examines how implied speaker nationality, which serves as a proxy for bilingual/monolingual status, influences social perception and linguistic evaluation. A modified matched-guise experiment was created with the speech of eight bilingual U.S. Spanish speakers from Texas talking about family traditions; the speech stimuli remained the same, but the social information provided about the speakers–whether they were said to be from Mexico (implied monolingual) or from Texas (implied bilingual)–varied. Based on 140 listeners’ responses (77 L2 Spanish listeners, 63 heritage Spanish listeners), quantitative analyses found that overall listeners evaluated ‘Mexico’ voices as more able to teach Spanish than ‘Texas’ voices. However, only heritage listeners perceived ‘Mexico’ voices as being of higher socioeconomic status and of more positive social affect than ‘Texas’ voices. Qualitative comments similarly found that heritage listeners evaluated ‘Mexico’ voices more favorably in speech quality and confidence than ‘Texas’ voices. The implications are twofold: (i) the social information of implied monolingualism/bilingualism influences listeners’ social perceptions of a speaker, reflecting monoglossic language ideologies; and (ii) there exists indeterminacy between language and social meaning that varies based on differences in lived experiences between L2 and heritage Spanish listeners. Extending on previous findings of indeterminacy between linguistic variants and meaning, the current study shows this also applies to (implied) language varieties, demonstrating the role of language ideologies in mediating social perception.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.3390/languages8040268
Julio Villa-García
This paper investigates the lexicalization of the complementizer that/que in English and Spanish varieties in different contexts along the left edge of the clause. This is performed through discussion of a range of constructions traditionally attributed to the CP domain/left periphery, primarily (but not only) in certain embedded clauses. The ubiquity of that/que, that is, the lexical realization of that/que in subordinating environments, exclamative clauses, interrogative contexts, and subjunctive clauses, amongst others, sheds light not only on the characterization of the relevant constructions but also on the make-up of the left edge of the clause. The fact that such realizations can be obligatory, optional, or, on occasion, impossible, sometimes depending on the variety in question, furthers our understanding of head lexicalizations while contributing to macro and microvariation studies in syntactic theory. In so doing, this paper paves the way for holistic investigations devoted to complementizer realization in the head position of different left-edge-related constructions and in different linguistic varieties.
{"title":"Cº realizations along the left edge across English and Spanish","authors":"Julio Villa-García","doi":"10.3390/languages8040268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/languages8040268","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the lexicalization of the complementizer that/que in English and Spanish varieties in different contexts along the left edge of the clause. This is performed through discussion of a range of constructions traditionally attributed to the CP domain/left periphery, primarily (but not only) in certain embedded clauses. The ubiquity of that/que, that is, the lexical realization of that/que in subordinating environments, exclamative clauses, interrogative contexts, and subjunctive clauses, amongst others, sheds light not only on the characterization of the relevant constructions but also on the make-up of the left edge of the clause. The fact that such realizations can be obligatory, optional, or, on occasion, impossible, sometimes depending on the variety in question, furthers our understanding of head lexicalizations while contributing to macro and microvariation studies in syntactic theory. In so doing, this paper paves the way for holistic investigations devoted to complementizer realization in the head position of different left-edge-related constructions and in different linguistic varieties.","PeriodicalId":52329,"journal":{"name":"Languages","volume":"27 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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