Geography and Sustainability最新文献_第7页

Ecological industrialization and rural revitalization for global sustainable development 生态工业化和乡村振兴促进全球可持续发展

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100307

Yansui Liu , Xuhong Li , Sixin Su , Yuanzhi Guo

Global sustainable development cannot be achieved by neglecting rural areas. These regions represent vast territorial spaces beyond urban built-up areas, possessing comparative advantages through their distinctive ecological resources. The transformation of ecological resources into economic value, commonly referred to as ecological industrialization, enhances rural economic vitality and developmental potential. Comprehensive rural revitalization strengthens regional functionality and development resilience, thereby promoting sustainable rural development. Based on human–earth system science, we theorize ecological industrialization as the PGR model, manifesting the transformation path from “poor mountain” to “green mountain” and then to “rich mountain”. It is noteworthy that in regions endowed with beautiful ecological landscapes, the PGR model prioritizes the transformation of “green mountain” to “rich mountain”. The essence of rural revitalization manifests through areal transformations driven by tripartite forces: the rural internal force, urban peripheral force, and urban–rural interaction force. There is a mutually reinforcing relationship between ecological industrialization and rural revitalization, and the implementation of the two can realize the coordinated development of rural functions. In this process, rural areas have realized the transformation from degraded land system to human–earth coupling system. Furthermore, through the examination of Fuping, Liuba, and Sanming as exemplary case studies, we have distilled three distinct modes of ecological industrialization: the circular industry mode, the ecological tourism mode, and the carbon sink trading mode. It is recommended that rural areas prioritize the coordinated implementation of ecological industrialization and rural revitalization in accordance with regional characteristics, so as to better foster rural sustainable development.

忽视农村地区是无法实现全球可持续发展的。这些区域是城市建成区之外广阔的国土空间，通过其独特的生态资源具有比较优势。将生态资源转化为经济价值，即通常所说的生态工业化，增强了农村经济活力和发展潜力。乡村综合振兴增强区域功能性和发展韧性，促进乡村可持续发展。基于人地系统科学，我们将生态工业化理论化为PGR模式，体现了从“贫山”到“绿山”再到“富山”的转变路径。值得注意的是，在生态景观优美的地区，PGR模式优先考虑“绿山”向“富山”的转变。乡村振兴的本质体现在乡村内力、城市外围力和城乡互动力三方驱动下的地域转型。生态工业化与乡村振兴是相辅相成的关系，两者的实施可以实现乡村功能的协调发展。在此过程中，农村实现了从退化土地系统向人地耦合系统的转变。通过对富平、六坝、三明三个城市的实证分析，总结出三种不同的生态工业化模式：循环产业模式、生态旅游模式和碳汇交易模式。建议农村根据区域特色，优先协调实施生态工业化和乡村振兴，更好地促进农村可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Revitalising terraced landscapes: Co-production of ecosystem services for sustainable futures 振兴梯田景观：为可持续未来共同生产生态系统服务

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100306

Christos Zoumides, Adriana Bruggeman, Hakan Djuma

The interplay between human and ecological systems has evolved from traditional conservation approaches to integrated socio-ecological frameworks that emphasise the co-production of ecosystem services. This paper aims to inspire new research pathways to advance the Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP) perspective by focusing on terraced agroecosystems as emblematic landscapes that exemplify this co-production. Informed by recent studies in sustainability science, and drawing on our experience in Mediterranean environments, we explore the transformative potential of these frameworks for understanding and managing terraced landscapes. Addressing their multifunctionality, the challenges they face, and their socio-cultural and ecological significance, we highlight the importance of bridging scientific insights with local knowledge and participatory practices. We examine the use of advanced biophysical assessments, mapping tools, and stakeholder-driven approaches to enhance field assessment, monitoring capabilities and tackle management challenges under changing socio-economic conditions. We stress the urgent need for education and capacity-building initiatives to counteract indigenous knowledge loss and sustain traditional practices. Looking to the future, we propose potential avenues for research and practice that integrate ecological, cultural, and governance dimensions, contributing to the long-term sustainability of terraced landscapes and informing broader efforts for sustainable land management in an era of rapid environmental change.

人类与生态系统之间的相互作用已经从传统的保护方法演变为强调生态系统服务共同生产的综合社会生态框架。本文旨在通过将梯田农业生态系统作为这种合作生产的象征性景观，激发新的研究途径，以推进自然对人类的贡献（NCP）观点。根据可持续发展科学的最新研究，并借鉴我们在地中海环境中的经验，我们探索了这些框架在理解和管理梯田景观方面的变革潜力。针对它们的多功能性、面临的挑战以及它们的社会文化和生态意义，我们强调了将科学见解与当地知识和参与性实践相结合的重要性。我们研究了先进的生物物理评估、测绘工具和利益相关者驱动方法的使用，以加强现场评估、监测能力，并在不断变化的社会经济条件下应对管理挑战。我们强调迫切需要开展教育和能力建设倡议，以抵消土著知识的流失和维持传统习俗。展望未来，我们提出了整合生态、文化和治理维度的潜在研究和实践途径，为梯田景观的长期可持续性做出贡献，并为快速环境变化时代的可持续土地管理提供更广泛的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Immediate remote sensing of sudden earth’s surface anomalies and its geographical significance 地表突发性异常的即时遥感及其地理意义

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100305

Qiao Wang, Haishuo Wei

Sudden earth’s surface anomalies caused by natural and anthropogenic factors pose significant threats to ecological sustainability and the safety of human life and property, highlighting the urgent need for their immediate monitoring and early warning. Satellite remote sensing is the most effective means for large-scale earth’s surface anomaly detection. However, constrained by traditional observation paradigms, satellite payload limitations, and other physical factors, current remote sensing detection faces two major challenges: “inability to observe quickly” and “inability to observe effectively”. To solve these problems, we have researched immediate remote sensing detection of sudden earth’s surface anomalies. Its core concept is to deploy the entire detection process on satellites, enabling on-orbit immediate detection of earth’s surface anomalies based on a single image through the integrated “positioning, navigation, timing, remote sensing, communication (PNTRC)” intelligent constellation and edge computing technologies. Subsequently, the detection results are transmitted directly to the subscriber mobile terminal through the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). The immediate remote sensing of sudden earth’s surface anomalies emphasizes the continuous capture and immediate feedback of geographic processes, overcoming the longstanding reliance of traditional geography on “slow variables”. Its significance lies not only in the improvement of data acquisition efficiency but also in promoting the transformation of geography from a “descriptive science” to a “predictive science”.

由自然和人为因素引起的地表突发性异常对生态可持续性和人类生命财产安全构成重大威胁，迫切需要对其进行及时监测和预警。卫星遥感是大规模地表异常探测最有效的手段。然而，受传统观测模式、卫星有效载荷限制等物理因素的制约，当前遥感探测面临“无法快速观测”和“无法有效观测”两大挑战。为了解决这些问题，我们对地表突发性异常的即时遥感探测进行了研究。其核心理念是将整个探测过程部署在卫星上，通过综合“定位、导航、授时、遥感、通信（PNTRC）”智能星座和边缘计算技术，实现基于单幅图像的地球表面异常在轨即时探测。随后，检测结果通过北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）直接传输到用户移动终端。地表突发性异常的即时遥感强调对地理过程的连续捕捉和即时反馈，克服了传统地理学对“慢变量”的长期依赖。其意义不仅在于数据采集效率的提高，还在于促进地理学从“描述性科学”向“预测性科学”的转变。

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引用次数: 0

Climate aridification and intensified human interference undermined water storage in the Lower Yellow River region 气候干旱化和人为干扰加剧使黄河下游地区的蓄水量减少

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100303

Xilin Wu , Xiaoming Feng , Bojie Fu

Understanding the relationships between human activities and hydrological processes is critical for sustainable water resources management, especially under the threat of increasing climate extremes. China’s Lower Yellow River (LYR) region is one of the world’s most water-scarce and human-impacted areas, yet comprehensive information on its water resources is lacking. This study adopted a water resources system (WRS) analytical framework to investigate the water crisis facing the region. The findings reveal that over the last decade, the system’s resilience has been undermined by the combined impacts of climate aridification and intensified human interference. Specifically, a delicate balance between natural groundwater depletion and irrigation replenishment has been disrupted by a series of drought events since 2012. Increased groundwater extraction during droughts, coupled with an imbalanced allocation of surface water resources, has led to a persistent decline in water storage that has continued even after the droughts have ended. To mitigate future climate risks in the LYR, we recommend implementing more adaptive strategies, such as flexible water regulation policies and combined surface-groundwater management. Lessons from the LYR have important implications for other regions facing water resource challenges.

了解人类活动与水文过程之间的关系对于可持续水资源管理至关重要，特别是在极端气候日益增加的威胁下。中国黄河下游地区（LYR）是世界上最缺水和受人类影响最严重的地区之一，但有关其水资源的全面信息缺乏。本研究采用水资源系统（WRS）分析框架对该地区面临的水危机进行研究。研究结果表明，在过去十年中，气候干旱化和人类干预加剧的综合影响削弱了该系统的复原力。具体来说，自2012年以来，一系列干旱事件破坏了天然地下水枯竭和灌溉补充之间的微妙平衡。干旱期间地下水开采增加，加上地表水资源分配不平衡，导致储水量持续下降，甚至在干旱结束后仍在继续。为了减轻未来LYR地区的气候风险，我们建议实施更具适应性的战略，如灵活的水调节政策和地表水-地下水联合管理。从水资源评估中吸取的经验教训对面临水资源挑战的其他地区具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Food provision responses to changes in mountainous terraced and sloping cropland: Implications for land management based on land dynamics and terrain gradient 粮食供应对山地梯田和坡耕地变化的响应：基于土地动态和地形梯度的土地管理启示

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100302

Yu Shi , Wei Wei , Wendi Wang , Paolo Tarolli , Liding Chen

Agricultural terraces are significant for food provision, environmental stability and sustainable resource management. However, the spatiotemporal evolution of terraces and their influence on food productivity in mountainous landscapes remain poorly understood. Taking the Chinese Loess Plateau (LP) as an example, this study conducted multitemporal mapping of terraces and sloping croplands over three decades (1990–2020), systematically assessing their impacts on food output through terrain gradient analysis. The results indicated that: (1) the terraced area expanded in the past 30 years, particularly across steeper terrain gradients (third to fifth gradients); (2) sloping croplands predominantly occupied gentle slopes (first to second gradients), exhibiting area reduction correlating with urbanization processes; (3) the food provision increased extensively, with yield decreasing from southeast to northwest and regions of high yielding mainly in terraced fields; (4) over time, the variation of food provision correlated positively with the area of sloping cropland at low gradients, while at higher gradients, the expansion of terraces dominated the increase in food provision; (5) spatial clustering analysis revealed significant food productivity associated with high-density terrace distribution across steeper slope gradients. Low yields could be attributed to improper terrace management. This study clarified the impact of long-term terrace patterns on food provision and offered large-scale perspectives for terrace-based agriculture to enhance food security. Furthermore, the findings underscore the imperative of integrated land management in topographically complex regions, informing evidence-based policymaking for rational allocation and optimal utilization of terrace resources.

农业梯田对粮食供应、环境稳定和可持续资源管理具有重要意义。然而，山地梯田的时空演变及其对粮食生产力的影响仍然知之甚少。本研究以中国黄土高原（LP）为例，对坡耕地和梯田进行了1990-2020年30年的多时相制图，通过地形梯度分析系统评估其对粮食产量的影响。结果表明：①近30 a来，坡地面积呈扩大趋势，特别是在坡度较大的坡地（第3 ~ 5级）；(2)坡耕地以缓坡为主（第一至第二梯度），呈现出与城市化进程相关的面积减少；(3)粮食供给普遍增加，产量由东南向西北递减，高产区以梯田为主；(4)随着时间的推移，低梯度坡耕地面积与粮食供给的变化呈显著正相关，高梯度坡耕地面积的增加以梯田面积的扩大为主；(5)空间聚类分析表明，高密度阶地在陡坡上的分布与显著的粮食生产力相关。产量低可归因于梯田管理不当。本研究阐明了长期梯田格局对粮食供应的影响，为梯田农业提高粮食安全提供了大规模视角。此外，研究结果强调了地形复杂地区综合土地管理的必要性，为合理配置和优化利用阶地资源提供了循证决策依据。

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引用次数: 0

How urban land expansion alters terrain in mountainous and hilly areas: An empirical study in China 城市用地扩张如何改变山地丘陵地形：中国的实证研究

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100304

Zihao Zhou, Yimin Chen

Large-scale urban land expansion in mountainous and hilly areas (UEMH) has significantly altered the terrain in many Chinese cities, leading to various environmental and urban challenges. Despite its importance, there is limited nation-scale research that reveals the amount and the spatial variations of UEMH-induced terrain alteration. This research integrates the Global Annual Urban Dynamics dataset, the Global Basic Landform Unit dataset, the TanDEM-X DEM Change Map (DCM) dataset, Baidu Points-of-Interest (POI), and other auxiliary datasets to conduct a comprehensive analysis of terrain alteration induced by UEMH in China from 2012 to 2020. The results indicate that the country-wide UEMH-induced terrain alteration reached approximately 13 billion m³, which is about 100 times the volume of Hangzhou West Lake, and terrain alteration volume in over 300 counties exceeded 10 million m³. The Southwest and Southeast regions, which are ecologically sensitive and critical, feature the greatest alteration in terms of area and volume. The most significant terrain alteration in terms of intensity is observed in the Southwest and Hengduan Mountain Area. Additionally, there are significant spatial variations in the contributions of different urban functional zones to terrain alteration. Our findings indicate that urban land expansion in mountains and hills has significantly altered terrain in some regions of China, necessitating customized urban planning strategies for better managing mountainous urban land expansion and governance policies to address the geological, ecological, and urban development challenges.

山地丘陵地区的大规模城市用地扩张极大地改变了中国许多城市的地形，导致了各种环境和城市挑战。尽管它很重要，但揭示uemh引起的地形变化的数量和空间变化的国家尺度研究有限。本研究整合全球年度城市动态数据集、全球基本地貌单元数据集、TanDEM-X DEM变化图（DCM）数据集、百度兴趣点（POI）等辅助数据集，对2012 - 2020年中国UEMH引起的地形变化进行了综合分析。结果表明：uemh引起的全国地形变化量约为130亿m³，约为杭州西湖的100倍，其中300多个县的地形变化量超过1000万m³。西南和东南地区是生态敏感和关键区域，其面积和体量变化最大。地形变化强度最大的是西南和横断山区。此外，不同城市功能区对地形变化的贡献存在显著的空间差异。我们的研究结果表明，在中国的一些地区，山地和丘陵地区的城市用地扩张已经显著改变了地形，需要定制的城市规划策略来更好地管理山地城市用地扩张和治理政策，以应对地质、生态和城市发展挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Climate change and climate smart conservation in protected areas 气候变化与保护区气候智慧型保护

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100301

Regis Musavengane , Walter Musakwa

引用次数: 0

Optimizing cropland expansion for minimizing ecosystem service loss in China 中国优化耕地扩展以减少生态系统服务损失

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100299

Siyan Zeng , Junna Liu , Jing Ma , Yongjun Yang , Gang-Jun Liu , Fu Chen

Global population growth and rising standards of living are the driving factors for the cropland expansion to meet increasing demands. However, there is no clear assessment of the specific losses on ecosystem services caused by China’s expansion of cropland to ensure food security at the cost of losing ecological land such as forests and grasslands. This study employed the ArcGIS platform and integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model to explore the cropland expansion in China from 2000 to 2020 and its impact on ecosystem services, so as to predict the priority areas of future cropland expansion in different scenarios. The results indicated that in the past 20 years, the total area of cropland expansion in China was 17.04 million hm² with 70.79 % conversion from forests and grasslands. Cropland expansion has contributed to an overall improvement in the food supply services with the Northern Arid and Semi-Arid Region exhibiting an increase of 18.76 × 10⁶ tons, while concurrently leading to a decline in habitat quality services. The priority areas for future cropland expansion without ecological loss were found to be 1.42 million hm², which only account for 9.44 % of the total reclaimable land. To minimize the loss of ecosystem services, there is a need to adjust the cropland replenishment policies and provide an operational solution for global food security and ecological protection.

全球人口增长和生活水平的提高是农田扩张以满足日益增长的需求的驱动因素。然而，对于中国为保障粮食安全而以森林、草原等生态用地的损失为代价而扩大耕地所造成的生态系统服务的具体损失，目前尚无明确的评估。本研究利用ArcGIS平台和生态系统服务与权衡综合评价（InVEST）模型，对2000 - 2020年中国耕地扩展及其对生态系统服务的影响进行了研究，从而预测了不同情景下中国未来耕地扩展的优先区域。结果表明：近20年来，中国新增耕地面积为1704万hm2，森林和草地转化率为70.79%；耕地的扩大促进了粮食供应服务的全面改善，北部干旱和半干旱地区的粮食供应增加了18.76 × 106吨，同时导致生境质量服务的下降。无生态损失的未来耕地优先扩展面积为142万hm²，仅占可开垦土地总面积的9.44%。为了最大限度地减少生态系统服务的损失，有必要调整耕地补充政策，为全球粮食安全和生态保护提供可操作的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Land structure change and ecological effects under future development scenarios in Tarim River Basin, Central Asia 未来发展情景下塔里木河流域土地结构变化及其生态效应

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100300

Yifeng Hou, Yaning Chen, Zhi Li, Yupeng Li, Fan Sun

Soil and water matching in a land basin is important for securing land demand, alleviating human-land conflicts, and promoting sustainable development in the region. The Tarim River Basin (TRB) is the largest inland river basin in China and primarily sustains an agricultural economy centered around oases. This study employs the Patch-generating Land-Use Simulation (PLUS) model to forecast the changing patterns of land use across various future scenarios. The connection between land development and the ecological environment is examined through the lens of relative ecological value and ecological impact. The results indicate that: (1) From 1992 to 2020, the ecology of the basin showed an improving trend, with the area of new cropland increasing by 18,850.51 km² at a growth rate of 56.13 %. Grassland area increased by 10,235.29 km² and barren land area decreased by 20,597.29 km². (2) Under the four tested scenarios of Natural Development, Cropland Conservation, Ecological Protection, and Urban Expansion (scenarios I–Ⅳ, respectively), the PLUS results for the year 2050 show an increase in cropland area of 12.69 % under Scenario Ⅱ, an increase in grassland area of 20,374.82 km² under Scenario Ⅳ, and an increase in built-up land area of 1,105.57 km² under Scenario Ⅲ. (3) A simulation of the basin’s ecology in 2050 shows a significant improvement trend under Scenario Ⅳ. Specifically, the development of a large amount of barren land into grassland and woodland has significant ecological benefits, with a contribution rate of 61.88 % to 70.18 %. This study provides a strong scientific foundation for future land management and ecological sustainable development in the TRB.

土地流域的水土匹配对于保障土地需求、缓解人地冲突、促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。塔里木河流域（TRB）是中国最大的内陆河流域，主要维持着以绿洲为中心的农业经济。本研究采用斑块生成土地利用模拟（PLUS）模型对未来不同情景下的土地利用变化模式进行预测。土地开发与生态环境之间的联系是通过相对生态价值和生态影响的镜头来检查的。结果表明：(1)1992 - 2020年，流域生态呈现改善趋势，新增耕地面积增加18850.51 km2，增长率为56.13%；草地面积增加10235.29 km2，荒地面积减少20597.29 km2。(2)在自然发展、耕地保护、生态保护和城市扩张4个情景（情景1 ~Ⅳ）下，2050年的PLUS结果显示，情景Ⅱ下耕地面积增加12.69%，情景Ⅳ下草地面积增加20374.82 km2，情景Ⅲ下建成区面积增加1105.57 km2。(3) 2050年流域生态模拟结果显示，Ⅳ情景下流域生态有明显改善趋势。其中，将大量荒地开发成草地和林地具有显著的生态效益，贡献率为61.88% ~ 70.18%。该研究为未来藏区土地管理和生态可持续发展提供了有力的科学依据。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring regional variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: Insights from Bangladesh’s districts 探讨农业温室气体排放的地区差异：来自孟加拉国各区的见解

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geography and Sustainability

Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100298

Shaikh Shamim Hasan , Zhihui Li , Fan Zhang

Agriculture is part of the food production that feeds the expanding population though it produces considerable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It’s crucial to balancing food security and emission reduction for a win-win scenario. However, the lack of sufficient comprehensive district-level assessments makes it difficult to determine the specific mitigation potential for agriculture emissions. In this study, we deployed the IPCC Tier 1 approach and estimated GHG at district/division level in Bangladesh from the year 2010 to 2021. We computed three primary GHG (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄) from five sources of agriculture, namely, rice-growing CH₄, other crops-growing N₂O, enteric fermentation, urea fertilizer-induced N₂O, and energy-related CO₂ emissions in the 64 districts, and aggregated them into eight divisions. We observed from this study that GHG emissions in Bangladesh gradually increased from 2010 to 2021 and reached the peak (34.3 MtCO₂e) in 2021. Rangpur division emitted the highest amount of GHG (6.03 MtCO₂e in 2021) during this period. We also observed significant variations in the sources and structure of emissions within each division. Moreover, regional differences were observed in overall emissions and per capita emissions after additional spatial analysis, with per capita GHG emissions declining from 2010 (1.97 tCO₂e) to 2021 (1.90 tCO₂e). Findings of this regional (district/division) estimation will help stakeholders of the country to develop suitable mitigation approaches which targets particular emission sources and geographic areas.

农业是养活不断增长的人口的粮食生产的一部分，尽管它产生了大量的温室气体（GHG）排放。平衡粮食安全和减排对实现双赢至关重要。然而，由于缺乏充分全面的地区一级评估，因此难以确定农业排放的具体缓解潜力。在本研究中，我们部署了IPCC第一级方法，并在2010年至2021年期间估算了孟加拉国地区/部门层面的温室气体。我们计算了64个地区5个农业来源的3种主要温室气体（CO2、N2O和CH4），即水稻种植的CH4、其他作物种植的N2O、肠道发酵、尿素肥料诱导的N2O和能源相关的CO2排放，并将其汇总为8个分区。从本研究中我们观察到，孟加拉国的温室气体排放量从2010年到2021年逐渐增加，并在2021年达到峰值（3430 MtCO2e）。在此期间，Rangpur地区的温室气体排放量最高（2021年为603 MtCO2e）。我们还观察到，在每个分区内，排放源和结构都有显著差异。总体排放量和人均排放量存在区域差异，人均温室气体排放量从2010年（1.97 tCO2e）下降到2021年（1.90 tCO2e）。这一区域（地区/司）估计的结果将有助于该国利益攸关方制定针对特定排放源和地理区域的适当缓解办法。

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引用次数: 0