Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3360073
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3360073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3360073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10843091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-08DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3527585
Mukund Bhole;Thilo Sauter;Wolfgang Kastner
In recent years, concepts and components of information technology (IT) have made their way into the shop floor, today better known as operational technology (OT). The increasing interconnection and convergence of IT and OT have exposed industrial infrastructures to cyber attacks. In addition, they have become vulnerable to advanced persistent threats. This article examines real-world incidents, looking at the complex landscape of threat groups targeting OT environments and the tactic, technique, and procedures employed by these threat groups. Consequently, it highlights the need for increased vigilance in protecting OT environments, which can be done by using a variety of open-source threat intelligence platforms and databases, including Thai computer emergency response team (ThaiCERT), Malpedia by Fraunhofer-Institut für Kommunikation, Informationsverarbeitung und Ergonomie (Malpedia by FKIE), adversarial tactics, techniques, and common knowledge by massachusetts institute of technology research and engineering (MITRE ATT&CK), and Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team. We aim to provide relevant stakeholders (manufacturers, asset owners and system integrators), including Chief Information Security Officers, with information on emerging threat groups, attack victims and their locations, the origins of attacks, the tools and types of tools used, and the motivations behind these attacks. This understanding is crucial to improving defensive strategies based on relevant standards and frameworks and protecting OT environments against evolving cyber threats.
{"title":"Enhancing Industrial Cybersecurity: Insights From Analyzing Threat Groups and Strategies in Operational Technology Environments","authors":"Mukund Bhole;Thilo Sauter;Wolfgang Kastner","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3527585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3527585","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, concepts and components of information technology (IT) have made their way into the shop floor, today better known as operational technology (OT). The increasing interconnection and convergence of IT and OT have exposed industrial infrastructures to cyber attacks. In addition, they have become vulnerable to advanced persistent threats. This article examines real-world incidents, looking at the complex landscape of threat groups targeting OT environments and the tactic, technique, and procedures employed by these threat groups. Consequently, it highlights the need for increased vigilance in protecting OT environments, which can be done by using a variety of open-source threat intelligence platforms and databases, including Thai computer emergency response team (ThaiCERT), Malpedia by Fraunhofer-Institut für Kommunikation, Informationsverarbeitung und Ergonomie (Malpedia by FKIE), adversarial tactics, techniques, and common knowledge by massachusetts institute of technology research and engineering (MITRE ATT&CK), and Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team. We aim to provide relevant stakeholders (manufacturers, asset owners and system integrators), including Chief Information Security Officers, with information on emerging threat groups, attack victims and their locations, the origins of attacks, the tools and types of tools used, and the motivations behind these attacks. This understanding is crucial to improving defensive strategies based on relevant standards and frameworks and protecting OT environments against evolving cyber threats.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"145-157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10834594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3525262
Gabriel Garcia-Rojas;Sergio Busquets-Monge;Àlber Filbà-Martínez;Turev Sarikurt;Salvador Alepuz;Josep Bordonau
The battery is at the heart of the electric vehicle and determines many of its key performance features. Therefore, an optimized design of the battery is critical. On the one hand, the design of batteries based on a single battery cell leads in many cases to oversized batteries in terms of energy or power, due to the diversity of requirements of the different electric vehicles. On the other hand, the use of a custom cell for each vehicle, optimized for its particular requirements, is not economically viable. Instead, hybrid batteries, combining only two battery cell chemistries, with distinct particular strengths, such as high specific energy or high specific power, offer an opportunity to cover a wide range of vehicle battery specifications while avoiding oversizing and dispersion in the cells to be employed. This work introduces a novel hybrid battery configuration, where the interfacing between the two sets of cells is accomplished through a bidirectional multilevel neutral-point-clamped dc–dc converter. The novel topology is presented, and a suitable power converter modulation and control strategy is developed. The feasibility and benefits of such configuration are demonstrated and illustrated. Particularly, the proposed battery system allows the balancing of the State-of-Charge (SoC) of the battery modules within both the sets of battery banks, which is achieved without introducing additional power losses. The SoC balancing is simply accomplished through the regulation of the power to be extracted/delivered from/to each battery module by the power converter during regular battery discharging and charging operations. The converter features enough regulation margin to correct substantial SoC imbalances. Overall, the proposed approach enables a modular and scalable design of the energy storage system for a wide range of electric vehicles, from only two different standard battery modules and a standard power semiconductor device, while optimizing the battery size for any given battery power and energy specification. Simulation and experimental results are provided in the case of a three-level internal battery interfacing to verify the good performance of the proposed novel hybrid battery configuration, modulation, and control.
{"title":"EV Hybrid Battery With Integrated Multilevel Neutral-Point-Clamped Interfacing and Lossless Intermodule State-of-Charge Balancing","authors":"Gabriel Garcia-Rojas;Sergio Busquets-Monge;Àlber Filbà-Martínez;Turev Sarikurt;Salvador Alepuz;Josep Bordonau","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3525262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3525262","url":null,"abstract":"The battery is at the heart of the electric vehicle and determines many of its key performance features. Therefore, an optimized design of the battery is critical. On the one hand, the design of batteries based on a single battery cell leads in many cases to oversized batteries in terms of energy or power, due to the diversity of requirements of the different electric vehicles. On the other hand, the use of a custom cell for each vehicle, optimized for its particular requirements, is not economically viable. Instead, hybrid batteries, combining only two battery cell chemistries, with distinct particular strengths, such as high specific energy or high specific power, offer an opportunity to cover a wide range of vehicle battery specifications while avoiding oversizing and dispersion in the cells to be employed. This work introduces a novel hybrid battery configuration, where the interfacing between the two sets of cells is accomplished through a bidirectional multilevel neutral-point-clamped dc–dc converter. The novel topology is presented, and a suitable power converter modulation and control strategy is developed. The feasibility and benefits of such configuration are demonstrated and illustrated. Particularly, the proposed battery system allows the balancing of the State-of-Charge (SoC) of the battery modules within both the sets of battery banks, which is achieved without introducing additional power losses. The SoC balancing is simply accomplished through the regulation of the power to be extracted/delivered from/to each battery module by the power converter during regular battery discharging and charging operations. The converter features enough regulation margin to correct substantial SoC imbalances. Overall, the proposed approach enables a modular and scalable design of the energy storage system for a wide range of electric vehicles, from only two different standard battery modules and a standard power semiconductor device, while optimizing the battery size for any given battery power and energy specification. Simulation and experimental results are provided in the case of a three-level internal battery interfacing to verify the good performance of the proposed novel hybrid battery configuration, modulation, and control.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"130-144"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10820976","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3524007
Florian Reißner;George Weiss
In recent years, grid forming (GFM) inverters have become an increasingly active research interest, due to their ability to form autonomous grids and to maintain synchronism also in purely power electronics-based environments. The main building blocks of these machines are several pulsewidth modulation (PWM) controlled switches, receiving energy from the dc side, followed by $LC$ or $LCL$ output filters to produce nearly sinusoidal currents injected into the power grid. The filter inductances are usually small, to avoid high costs, such that tiny voltage measurement-, delay-, or PWM timing-errors can cause large deviations in the output currents. This is mitigated by employing fast output current controllers (OCCs), which allow us to correct the effect of measurement errors and delays and accurately track the reference currents. These controllers can be implemented as proportional integral (PI) controllers in a rotating reference frame or proportional resonant controllers or even more complex structures. GFM inverters usually employ virtual impedances to obtain the reference currents for the OCCs. While very efficient in strong grids, such control architectures face stability problems if the grid short-circuit ratio becomes low. While for grid following (GFL) inverters, this problem has been well researched in the past years, and various solutions have been proposed, for GFM inverters, the adequate tuning of the virtual impedances and the current controller parameters has yet to be fully understood. In this paper we investigate the influence of the grid impedance, and various control parameters of a GFM inverter with PI current controllers and virtual impedances, and give recommendations for the tuning of all the parameters to achieve stability in a wide range of grid conditions. We further suggest an updated procedure to select $LCL$ filter values and demonstrate the suggested tuning in an experimental setup. To enable automatic tuning online, we employ a method for measuring the grid impedance by injecting a small probing current into the grid, at a frequency that is close but different from the grid frequency.
{"title":"Robust and Adaptive Tuning of PI Current Controllers for Grid-Forming Inverters","authors":"Florian Reißner;George Weiss","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3524007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3524007","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, grid forming (GFM) inverters have become an increasingly active research interest, due to their ability to form autonomous grids and to maintain synchronism also in purely power electronics-based environments. The main building blocks of these machines are several pulsewidth modulation (PWM) controlled switches, receiving energy from the dc side, followed by <inline-formula><tex-math>$LC$</tex-math></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><tex-math>$LCL$</tex-math></inline-formula> output filters to produce nearly sinusoidal currents injected into the power grid. The filter inductances are usually small, to avoid high costs, such that tiny voltage measurement-, delay-, or PWM timing-errors can cause large deviations in the output currents. This is mitigated by employing fast output current controllers (OCCs), which allow us to correct the effect of measurement errors and delays and accurately track the reference currents. These controllers can be implemented as proportional integral (PI) controllers in a rotating reference frame or proportional resonant controllers or even more complex structures. GFM inverters usually employ virtual impedances to obtain the reference currents for the OCCs. While very efficient in strong grids, such control architectures face stability problems if the grid short-circuit ratio becomes low. While for grid following (GFL) inverters, this problem has been well researched in the past years, and various solutions have been proposed, for GFM inverters, the adequate tuning of the virtual impedances and the current controller parameters has yet to be fully understood. In this paper we investigate the influence of the grid impedance, and various control parameters of a GFM inverter with PI current controllers and virtual impedances, and give recommendations for the tuning of all the parameters to achieve stability in a wide range of grid conditions. We further suggest an updated procedure to select <inline-formula><tex-math>$LCL$</tex-math></inline-formula> filter values and demonstrate the suggested tuning in an experimental setup. To enable automatic tuning online, we employ a method for measuring the grid impedance by injecting a small probing current into the grid, at a frequency that is close but different from the grid frequency.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"115-129"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10818587","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-24DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3521972
Daniel Heredero-Peris;Macià Capó-Lliteras;Daniel Montesinos-Miracle;Joaquim Melendez-Frigola
This article presents the design and implementation of a complex-order fractional proportional–resonant (COFPR) controller. The proposed COFPR controller is an evolution of the fractional proportional–resonant (FPR) controller suitable for high-frequency tracking. The best performance of the COFPR controller is obtained by reducing the excitation region promoted by FPR controllers and proportional–resonant (PR) controllers. The COFPR controller is analyzed in the frequency domain. For comparison purposes, proportional–resonant with harmonic compensator, FPR, and COFPR controllers are designed for the current regulation of a voltage-source converter. They are compared considering the same controller gain tuning criteria and the same phase margin. A set of simulations and experimental results on a 3.6-kVA gallium nitride inverter is discussed. The proposed COFPR controller performs superiorly at high frequencies when the same gains for the controllers are used. The COFPR controller can reduce excitation regions in PR controllers tuned with a similar phase margin without losing close tracking capability. This advantage promotes the COFPR controller as a proper alternative regarding program memory and execution time required, as it can be properly implemented within a specific frequency range by an approximation of third or fourth order.
{"title":"Complex-Order Fractional Proportional–Resonant Controller for High-Frequency Applications","authors":"Daniel Heredero-Peris;Macià Capó-Lliteras;Daniel Montesinos-Miracle;Joaquim Melendez-Frigola","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3521972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3521972","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and implementation of a complex-order fractional proportional–resonant (COFPR) controller. The proposed COFPR controller is an evolution of the fractional proportional–resonant (FPR) controller suitable for high-frequency tracking. The best performance of the COFPR controller is obtained by reducing the excitation region promoted by FPR controllers and proportional–resonant (PR) controllers. The COFPR controller is analyzed in the frequency domain. For comparison purposes, proportional–resonant with harmonic compensator, FPR, and COFPR controllers are designed for the current regulation of a voltage-source converter. They are compared considering the same controller gain tuning criteria and the same phase margin. A set of simulations and experimental results on a 3.6-kVA gallium nitride inverter is discussed. The proposed COFPR controller performs superiorly at high frequencies when the same gains for the controllers are used. The COFPR controller can reduce excitation regions in PR controllers tuned with a similar phase margin without losing close tracking capability. This advantage promotes the COFPR controller as a proper alternative regarding program memory and execution time required, as it can be properly implemented within a specific frequency range by an approximation of third or fourth order.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"43-61"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10815065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To enhance the voltage-handling capability of a switch, the series connection of switching devices is a cost-effective method that preserves many advantages of mature low-voltage devices. Dynamic voltage imbalance and electrical isolation for the devices at the high voltage (HV) side are two important challenges associated with series connection topology. Transformer-coupled gate drivers are excellent for providing both dynamic voltage balance and high galvanic isolation. However, they can only provide the switching function at the transformer pulse frequency. To generate complex waveforms of future power-electronics-dominated grids, a switch with user-defined turn- on/off timing is required for testing grid assets under high-voltage conditions. This article presents a simple, cost-effective open-loop gate driver that overcomes this limitation by introducing two sets of complementary pulse transformers to initialize programmable frequency and duty cycle. Successful experimental verification of the series-connected SiC mosfet s prototype is performed at 3.2 kV at various frequencies and duty cycles. The article also demonstrates that the measurement probes placed across series-connected mosfet s significantly affect the voltage distribution and validate a compensation mechanism.
{"title":"A Scalable Isolated Gate Driver With Programmable Frequency and Duty Cycle for Series-Connected SiC MOSFETs","authors":"Sohrab Ghafoor;Mahesh Kulkarni;Reza Mirzadarani;Peter Vaessen;Mohamad Ghaffarian Niasar","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3521325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3521325","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the voltage-handling capability of a switch, the series connection of switching devices is a cost-effective method that preserves many advantages of mature low-voltage devices. Dynamic voltage imbalance and electrical isolation for the devices at the high voltage (HV) side are two important challenges associated with series connection topology. Transformer-coupled gate drivers are excellent for providing both dynamic voltage balance and high galvanic isolation. However, they can only provide the switching function at the transformer pulse frequency. To generate complex waveforms of future power-electronics-dominated grids, a switch with user-defined turn-\u0000<sc>on/off</small>\u0000 timing is required for testing grid assets under high-voltage conditions. This article presents a simple, cost-effective open-loop gate driver that overcomes this limitation by introducing two sets of complementary pulse transformers to initialize programmable frequency and duty cycle. Successful experimental verification of the series-connected SiC \u0000<sc>mosfet</small>\u0000s prototype is performed at 3.2 kV at various frequencies and duty cycles. The article also demonstrates that the measurement probes placed across series-connected \u0000<sc>mosfet</small>\u0000s significantly affect the voltage distribution and validate a compensation mechanism.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"95-114"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10812009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3520410
Salman Javed;Jan van Deventer;Cristina Paniagua;Jerker Delsing
Industry 4.0 has revolutionized industrial automation, with models, such as Industry 4.0 Reference Architectural Model (RAMI 4.0), providing a structured framework for optimizing value chains and processes. However, the complexity and abstract nature of RAMI 4.0 have limited its practical application, especially due to the lack of clear visualization methods to understand industrial ecosystems. Effective visualization is essential to translate this framework into actionable insights, enabling stakeholders to grasp system interactions, dependencies, and value-creation processes. This article proposes a multidimensional visualization approach, illustrated through a smart heat pump example, to map information and operational technologies, their interactions, and value chains. Combining 3-D visualizations for integrated system overviews with 2-D visualizations for task-specific analysis, the approach provides a comprehensive understanding of RAMI 4.0 value chains, enabling stakeholders to address their analytical needs with clarity. It facilitates run-time value chain analysis, offering real-time insights for decision-making during operations. The approach maps industrial systems across RAMI 4.0 axes and aligns them with engineering processes and lifecycle phases, enabling the exploration of system interactions, dependencies, and stakeholder contributions. This supports the analysis of engineering and business processes, optimizes infrastructure, and facilitates smooth technological transitions. It enhances RAMI 4.0’s utility for real-time decision-making and operational efficiency, boosting competitiveness in industrial ecosystems.
{"title":"Visualization Approach for RAMI 4.0 Value Chain Analysis","authors":"Salman Javed;Jan van Deventer;Cristina Paniagua;Jerker Delsing","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3520410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3520410","url":null,"abstract":"Industry 4.0 has revolutionized industrial automation, with models, such as Industry 4.0 Reference Architectural Model (RAMI 4.0), providing a structured framework for optimizing value chains and processes. However, the complexity and abstract nature of RAMI 4.0 have limited its practical application, especially due to the lack of clear visualization methods to understand industrial ecosystems. Effective visualization is essential to translate this framework into actionable insights, enabling stakeholders to grasp system interactions, dependencies, and value-creation processes. This article proposes a multidimensional visualization approach, illustrated through a smart heat pump example, to map information and operational technologies, their interactions, and value chains. Combining 3-D visualizations for integrated system overviews with 2-D visualizations for task-specific analysis, the approach provides a comprehensive understanding of RAMI 4.0 value chains, enabling stakeholders to address their analytical needs with clarity. It facilitates run-time value chain analysis, offering real-time insights for decision-making during operations. The approach maps industrial systems across RAMI 4.0 axes and aligns them with engineering processes and lifecycle phases, enabling the exploration of system interactions, dependencies, and stakeholder contributions. This supports the analysis of engineering and business processes, optimizes infrastructure, and facilitates smooth technological transitions. It enhances RAMI 4.0’s utility for real-time decision-making and operational efficiency, boosting competitiveness in industrial ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10807841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519665
Ignacio J. Torres;Ricardo P. Aguilera;Quang P. Ha
This study presents the design of a nonlinear model-predictive controller (NMPC) for a fixed-wing uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) to circumnavigate a ground target. First, a nonlinear 3-D target tracking system model is presented. Subsequently, an NMPC is designed and formulated as a nonconvex optimal problem. To derive sufficient stability conditions for a nonlinear closed loop, a linear controller with bounded disturbance is analyzed in a specific terminal region. The controlled trajectory is attracted to the terminal region in the vicinity of the system reference, thereby enabling the use of convex model-predictive control tools for the proposed NMPC. Consequently, the NMPC closed-loop system is proven to reach the terminal region in a fixed prediction horizon, and consequently, the UAV can track the ground target. During the course, an initialization technique is used for optimization to prevent stability compromise by suboptimality. System stability is met for three different speed references with variations in the weighting factors. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed approach. Experimental results are included, providing insights into the field tests and verifying the control development. The results show that the UAV system is successfully steered to the target reference while effectively remaining within its confines.
{"title":"Design and Performance Evaluation of Nonlinear Model-Predictive Control for 3-D Ground Target Tracking With Fixed-Wing UAVs","authors":"Ignacio J. Torres;Ricardo P. Aguilera;Quang P. Ha","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519665","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the design of a nonlinear model-predictive controller (NMPC) for a fixed-wing uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) to circumnavigate a ground target. First, a nonlinear 3-D target tracking system model is presented. Subsequently, an NMPC is designed and formulated as a nonconvex optimal problem. To derive sufficient stability conditions for a nonlinear closed loop, a linear controller with bounded disturbance is analyzed in a specific terminal region. The controlled trajectory is attracted to the terminal region in the vicinity of the system reference, thereby enabling the use of convex model-predictive control tools for the proposed NMPC. Consequently, the NMPC closed-loop system is proven to reach the terminal region in a fixed prediction horizon, and consequently, the UAV can track the ground target. During the course, an initialization technique is used for optimization to prevent stability compromise by suboptimality. System stability is met for three different speed references with variations in the weighting factors. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed approach. Experimental results are included, providing insights into the field tests and verifying the control development. The results show that the UAV system is successfully steered to the target reference while effectively remaining within its confines.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"76-94"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10806664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519809
Ronald Musona;Ioan Serban
Virtual oscillator control (VOC) has emerged as an alternative solution for controlling parallel connected inverters in microgrids (MGs) due to its self-synchronization and advanced control capabilities. To enhance the operations of VOC-based inverters, this article implements a power limitation controller that dispatches power according to the operating conditions and the primary source availability. Therefore, this mechanism allows the inverter to adapt to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the operational constraints of batteries. The controller can limit both active and reactive power to specified setpoints. When an inverter reaches its power limit, the others that are not restricted by the power limitation take on the extra load. On top of VOC, a robust distributed secondary control was developed to restore the MG voltage and frequency. The controller uses the local frequency and voltage and the powers from the neighboring nodes obtained through a sparse communication network. Last, as part of a single-phase MG configuration, single-phase inverters generate a second-order current component in their dc-link that needs to be restricted from flowing to the dc source. To address this issue, this article implements a minimalist active power decoupling method adapted to the VOC inverter. Extensive simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the operation of the proposed system.
{"title":"Control of a Single-Phase Islanded Microgrid Based on Virtual Oscillator Control Enhanced With Power Limitation and Robust Distributed Secondary Control","authors":"Ronald Musona;Ioan Serban","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519809","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual oscillator control (VOC) has emerged as an alternative solution for controlling parallel connected inverters in microgrids (MGs) due to its self-synchronization and advanced control capabilities. To enhance the operations of VOC-based inverters, this article implements a power limitation controller that dispatches power according to the operating conditions and the primary source availability. Therefore, this mechanism allows the inverter to adapt to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the operational constraints of batteries. The controller can limit both active and reactive power to specified setpoints. When an inverter reaches its power limit, the others that are not restricted by the power limitation take on the extra load. On top of VOC, a robust distributed secondary control was developed to restore the MG voltage and frequency. The controller uses the local frequency and voltage and the powers from the neighboring nodes obtained through a sparse communication network. Last, as part of a single-phase MG configuration, single-phase inverters generate a second-order current component in their dc-link that needs to be restricted from flowing to the dc source. To address this issue, this article implements a minimalist active power decoupling method adapted to the VOC inverter. Extensive simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the operation of the proposed system.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"25-42"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10806632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high penetration of voltage-source converter (VSC) based resources poses stability challenges to modern power systems due to introducing new dynamics with broad time-scale and frequency-coupling. The so-called impedance-based modeling (IBM) is widely used for the dynamic characterization and stability analysis of grid-connected VSCs. In this article, it is first shown that using IBM, the analytical aggregation of interconnected VSC-based systems results in very high-order transfer matrices, which are not conducive to stability analysis. As an alternative, a numerical recursive aggregation technique is proposed for interconnected VSC-based power systems. Using the proposed method, the individual multi-input multi-output transfer matrices of the IBM of VSCs can be readily used for aggregation across a range of discrete frequencies. Moreover, an algorithm is proposed to automate the aggregation of multiconverter-based systems. The proposed technique is illustrated on a VSC-based power system with multiple converters considering the interconnecting line impedances. The time-domain simulations and frequency analysis verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating that it is over 990 times computationally more efficient than the small-signal injection method for calculating the aggregated load admittance while also offering almost 80 times higher frequency resolution.
{"title":"Numerical Recursive Aggregation of VSC-Based Systems Using Impedance Modeling for Stability Analysis","authors":"Taleb Vahabzadeh;Seyyedmilad Ebrahimi;Juri Jatskevich","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3519196","url":null,"abstract":"The high penetration of voltage-source converter (VSC) based resources poses stability challenges to modern power systems due to introducing new dynamics with broad time-scale and frequency-coupling. The so-called impedance-based modeling (IBM) is widely used for the dynamic characterization and stability analysis of grid-connected VSCs. In this article, it is first shown that using IBM, the analytical aggregation of interconnected VSC-based systems results in very high-order transfer matrices, which are not conducive to stability analysis. As an alternative, a numerical recursive aggregation technique is proposed for interconnected VSC-based power systems. Using the proposed method, the individual multi-input multi-output transfer matrices of the IBM of VSCs can be readily used for aggregation across a range of discrete frequencies. Moreover, an algorithm is proposed to automate the aggregation of multiconverter-based systems. The proposed technique is illustrated on a VSC-based power system with multiple converters considering the interconnecting line impedances. The time-domain simulations and frequency analysis verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating that it is over 990 times computationally more efficient than the small-signal injection method for calculating the aggregated load admittance while also offering almost 80 times higher frequency resolution.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"62-75"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10806748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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