This article proposes a time-efficient and practical design method for determining appropriate skew structures for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). Various PMSMs use skew to suppress torque ripple, but 3-D finite element analysis (3-D-FEA) is required in order to accurately determine an appropriate structure for skewed PMSMs, resulting in a long analysis time. Therefore, this article constructs a hybrid analysis method that combines numerical calculations and minimal 3-D-FEA. The aim of this method is to be practical and easy to use, even for novice designers, and to accurately and quickly design skewed PMSMs. In this article, the effectiveness of the proposed method is clarified through several case studies, and then, a skewed PMSM designed using the proposed method is verified experimentally. It is also revealed that suppression of voltage harmonics contributes to improving the performance of PMSMs in experiments.
{"title":"Time-Efficient and Practical Design Method for Skewed PMSMs: Integrating Numerical Calculations With Limited 3-D-FEA","authors":"Ren Tsunata;Yu Ichimura;Masatsugu Takemoto;Jun Imai","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3599390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3599390","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a time-efficient and practical design method for determining appropriate skew structures for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). Various PMSMs use skew to suppress torque ripple, but 3-D finite element analysis (3-D-FEA) is required in order to accurately determine an appropriate structure for skewed PMSMs, resulting in a long analysis time. Therefore, this article constructs a hybrid analysis method that combines numerical calculations and minimal 3-D-FEA. The aim of this method is to be practical and easy to use, even for novice designers, and to accurately and quickly design skewed PMSMs. In this article, the effectiveness of the proposed method is clarified through several case studies, and then, a skewed PMSM designed using the proposed method is verified experimentally. It is also revealed that suppression of voltage harmonics contributes to improving the performance of PMSMs in experiments.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1370-1386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11126871","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-15DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3599409
Hadi Aghaei;Ebrahim Babaei;Mohammad Bagher Bannae Sharifian;Atif Iqbal
Dual three-phase drives offer significant advantages for medium and high-power applications, including reduced current ratings for power switches, lower torque ripple, and enhanced fault tolerance compared to conventional three-phase drives. However, traditional three-level inverters used to drive these motors often escalate system costs due to their large number of power switches. This article introduces a dual three-phase sparse inverter designed to address these limitations. The proposed inverter utilizes only 16 power switches, a substantial reduction compared to conventional three-level inverters. This article also propose a carrier-based pulsewidth modulation (PWM) scheme that uniquely imposes no computational burden on the microcontroller. This PWM strategy incorporates a 180° phase shift between carriers of two three-phase systems, effectively eliminating common-mode voltage and xy harmonics. A comprehensive comparative study was conducted, assessing the proposed inverter against both two-level and conventional three-level inverters based on total harmonic distortion and efficiency. To validate its performance, experimental results are provided for the proposed dual three-phase inverter driving a 746 W induction motor using a constant volt/Hz open-loop control method.
{"title":"Dual Three-Phase Sparse Inverter: Topology Analysis, PWM Scheme, and Common Mode Voltage Elimination","authors":"Hadi Aghaei;Ebrahim Babaei;Mohammad Bagher Bannae Sharifian;Atif Iqbal","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3599409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3599409","url":null,"abstract":"Dual three-phase drives offer significant advantages for medium and high-power applications, including reduced current ratings for power switches, lower torque ripple, and enhanced fault tolerance compared to conventional three-phase drives. However, traditional three-level inverters used to drive these motors often escalate system costs due to their large number of power switches. This article introduces a dual three-phase sparse inverter designed to address these limitations. The proposed inverter utilizes only 16 power switches, a substantial reduction compared to conventional three-level inverters. This article also propose a carrier-based pulsewidth modulation (PWM) scheme that uniquely imposes no computational burden on the microcontroller. This PWM strategy incorporates a 180° phase shift between carriers of two three-phase systems, effectively eliminating common-mode voltage and <italic>xy</i> harmonics. A comprehensive comparative study was conducted, assessing the proposed inverter against both two-level and conventional three-level inverters based on total harmonic distortion and efficiency. To validate its performance, experimental results are provided for the proposed dual three-phase inverter driving a 746 W induction motor using a constant volt/Hz open-loop control method.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1398-1422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11126430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space robotics poses unique challenges arising from the limitation of energy and computational resources, and the complexity of the environment and employed platforms. At the control center, offline motion planning is fundamental in the computation of optimized trajectories accounting for the system’s constraints. Smooth movements, collision and forbidden areas avoidance, target visibility (TV), and energy consumption are all important factors to consider to be able to generate feasible and optimal plans. When mobile manipulators (terrestrial and aerial) are employed, the base and the arm movements are often separately planned, ultimately resulting in suboptimal solutions. We propose an optimal whole body planner based on discrete dynamic programming and optimal interpolation. Kinematic redundancy is exploited for collision and forbidden areas avoidance, and to improve target illumination and visibility from onboard cameras. The planner, implemented in the Robot Operating System (ROS), interfaces the 3D Rover Operations Control Software (3DROCS), a mission planner used in several programs of the European Space Agency (ESA) to support planetary exploration surface missions and part of the ExoMars Rover’s planning software. The proposed approach is exercised on a simplified version of the Analog-1 Interact rover by ESA, a 7-degrees of freedom robotic arm mounted on a four wheels nonholonomic platform.
{"title":"Optimal Whole Body Trajectory Planning for Mobile Manipulators in Planetary Exploration and Construction","authors":"Federica Storiale;Enrico Ferrentino;Federico Salvioli;Konstantinos Kapellos;Pasquale Chiacchio","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3597747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3597747","url":null,"abstract":"Space robotics poses unique challenges arising from the limitation of energy and computational resources, and the complexity of the environment and employed platforms. At the control center, offline motion planning is fundamental in the computation of optimized trajectories accounting for the system’s constraints. Smooth movements, collision and forbidden areas avoidance, target visibility (TV), and energy consumption are all important factors to consider to be able to generate feasible and optimal plans. When mobile manipulators (terrestrial and aerial) are employed, the base and the arm movements are often separately planned, ultimately resulting in suboptimal solutions. We propose an optimal whole body planner based on discrete dynamic programming and optimal interpolation. Kinematic redundancy is exploited for collision and forbidden areas avoidance, and to improve target illumination and visibility from onboard cameras. The planner, implemented in the Robot Operating System (ROS), interfaces the 3D Rover Operations Control Software (3DROCS), a mission planner used in several programs of the European Space Agency (ESA) to support planetary exploration surface missions and part of the ExoMars Rover’s planning software. The proposed approach is exercised on a simplified version of the Analog-1 Interact rover by ESA, a 7-degrees of freedom robotic arm mounted on a four wheels nonholonomic platform.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1285-1297"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11122610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3597042
Muhammad Mohsin Naveed;Mian Sajawal Shah;Niek Moonen;Mark Gerber;Thiago Batista Soeiro
The transition toward aircraft electrification not only reduces the carbon footprint but also advances sustainable aviation, propelling the future of aviation with enhanced performance and system integration. In the realm of more electric aircraft (MEA), traditional hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical systems are being replaced by motor-driven electrical architectures. High-frequency inverters are essential for driving these motors at very high speeds ($>$100 kRPM). This article investigates the impact of the aviation environment on the design of high-frequency inverters, particularly considering the effects of low pressure, reduced air density, cosmic ray radiation, and a wide range of operating temperatures on semiconductor power devices and capacitive, resistive, and inductive components. The reduced air density at high altitudes makes cooling particularly challenging, highlighting the need for efficient thermal management systems. The study also explores electromagnetic interference, its generation and mitigation techniques while evaluating various pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technologies. Moreover, the article reviews the benefits and suitability of advanced multilevel inverter topologies for MEA applications. Finally, the article highlights the importance of innovative inverter topologies andPWM techniques that are better suited for MEA.
{"title":"Advancing High-Frequency Inverter Design in More Electric Aircraft: Challenges and Research Perspectives","authors":"Muhammad Mohsin Naveed;Mian Sajawal Shah;Niek Moonen;Mark Gerber;Thiago Batista Soeiro","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3597042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3597042","url":null,"abstract":"The transition toward aircraft electrification not only reduces the carbon footprint but also advances sustainable aviation, propelling the future of aviation with enhanced performance and system integration. In the realm of more electric aircraft (MEA), traditional hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical systems are being replaced by motor-driven electrical architectures. High-frequency inverters are essential for driving these motors at very high speeds (<inline-formula><tex-math>$>$</tex-math></inline-formula>100 kRPM). This article investigates the impact of the aviation environment on the design of high-frequency inverters, particularly considering the effects of low pressure, reduced air density, cosmic ray radiation, and a wide range of operating temperatures on semiconductor power devices and capacitive, resistive, and inductive components. The reduced air density at high altitudes makes cooling particularly challenging, highlighting the need for efficient thermal management systems. The study also explores electromagnetic interference, its generation and mitigation techniques while evaluating various pulsewidth modulation (PWM) technologies. Moreover, the article reviews the benefits and suitability of advanced multilevel inverter topologies for MEA applications. Finally, the article highlights the importance of innovative inverter topologies andPWM techniques that are better suited for MEA.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1423-1447"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11119827","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3596838
Thales Augusto Fagundes;Raphael Sauer de Castro;Márcio Von Rondow Campos;Bruno Meneghel Zilli;Lucas Jonys Ribeiro Silva;Josep M. Guerrero;Ricardo Quadros Machado
The article presents a secondary voltage control design for an Energy Management System (EMS) in a redundancy-based dc microgrid (MG) through a fuzzy-based approach, suitable for vehicles, aircraft, and medical centers with sensitive loads. Two battery energy storage system (BESS) units serve as common inputs for the redundancy-based dc MG, comprising a cascaded bidirectional Cuk converter (CBC) connected to an auxiliary cascaded bidirectional Boost converter (CBB). The CBC acts as the primary electronic solution, while the CBB enhances reliability by maintaining operation in case of a CBC failure. Furthermore, a Fuel Cell (FC) is linked to the main dc-link of the CBC by a Boost converter. The key contribution lies in the fuzzy-based voltage restoration for the EMS, integrating SoC equalization via S-shaped functions, even during BESS, FC, or CBC maintenance. As the EMS operates as a current source-based system, voltage variations on the dc-link are expected. However, after fuzzy-based restoration, the voltage deviation remains below 2% and the operational efficiency exceeds 90%. Stability analysis is conducted using Lyapunov’s indirect method, and the proposed approach is supported by experimental results obtained through SpeedGoat and dSPACE platform interactions.
{"title":"A Design Approach for SoC Integration With Voltage Restoration Capability for Redundancy-Based DC Microgrids","authors":"Thales Augusto Fagundes;Raphael Sauer de Castro;Márcio Von Rondow Campos;Bruno Meneghel Zilli;Lucas Jonys Ribeiro Silva;Josep M. Guerrero;Ricardo Quadros Machado","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3596838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3596838","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a secondary voltage control design for an Energy Management System (EMS) in a redundancy-based dc microgrid (MG) through a fuzzy-based approach, suitable for vehicles, aircraft, and medical centers with sensitive loads. Two battery energy storage system (BESS) units serve as common inputs for the redundancy-based dc MG, comprising a cascaded bidirectional Cuk converter (CBC) connected to an auxiliary cascaded bidirectional Boost converter (CBB). The CBC acts as the primary electronic solution, while the CBB enhances reliability by maintaining operation in case of a CBC failure. Furthermore, a Fuel Cell (FC) is linked to the main dc-link of the CBC by a Boost converter. The key contribution lies in the fuzzy-based voltage restoration for the EMS, integrating SoC equalization via S-shaped functions, even during BESS, FC, or CBC maintenance. As the EMS operates as a current source-based system, voltage variations on the dc-link are expected. However, after fuzzy-based restoration, the voltage deviation remains below 2% and the operational efficiency exceeds 90%. Stability analysis is conducted using Lyapunov’s indirect method, and the proposed approach is supported by experimental results obtained through SpeedGoat and dSPACE platform interactions.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1248-1268"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11119412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3595491
Björn Oliver Winter;Kenan Torunoglu;Waqas Hussain;Armin Vielhauer;Bernd Engel
Large photovoltaic (PV) parks usually span several voltage levels, separated by stationary transformers. In such parks, inverters face restrictions and losses that originate from varying voltage levels on the ac and dc side. In this article, the option to equip park transformers with on-load tap changers (OLTCs) and control them with the aim of regulating voltage levels on the ac output side of the inverters to increase their effectiveness across several operation points and to lift restrictions in inverter power feed-in is explored. Based on a model of a 105 MVA-park, the operation principle is explained and possible annual increases in energy yield are explored based on a simulation of a specific park setup. Subsequently, requirements for reactive power provision on the park are introduced and varied to study the effects on the results. Next, it is investigated whether the OLTC operation enables a different design choice for a larger inverter capacity for new PV parks to achieve a similar output with fewer units. A concluding economic analysis gives insight into whether the expenses for additional tap-changers can be economically justified for a PV park operator for this setup. Finally, we discuss the implications and potential for implementation of OLTC-based control strategies in utility-scale PV systems.
{"title":"Increasing Annual Energy Yield of PV Parks With Inverter Focused Control of On-Load Tap Changers to Enhance AC Power Output and DC Voltage Range","authors":"Björn Oliver Winter;Kenan Torunoglu;Waqas Hussain;Armin Vielhauer;Bernd Engel","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3595491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3595491","url":null,"abstract":"Large photovoltaic (PV) parks usually span several voltage levels, separated by stationary transformers. In such parks, inverters face restrictions and losses that originate from varying voltage levels on the ac and dc side. In this article, the option to equip park transformers with on-load tap changers (OLTCs) and control them with the aim of regulating voltage levels on the ac output side of the inverters to increase their effectiveness across several operation points and to lift restrictions in inverter power feed-in is explored. Based on a model of a 105 MVA-park, the operation principle is explained and possible annual increases in energy yield are explored based on a simulation of a specific park setup. Subsequently, requirements for reactive power provision on the park are introduced and varied to study the effects on the results. Next, it is investigated whether the OLTC operation enables a different design choice for a larger inverter capacity for new PV parks to achieve a similar output with fewer units. A concluding economic analysis gives insight into whether the expenses for additional tap-changers can be economically justified for a PV park operator for this setup. Finally, we discuss the implications and potential for implementation of OLTC-based control strategies in utility-scale PV systems.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1335-1350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11108256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3594618
Ahmad N. Alkuwari;Abdullatif Albaseer;Saif Al-Kuwari;Marwa Qaraqe
The advent of modern electricity distribution systems, comprising digital communication technologies and principles, has triggered a new era of smart grids, in which advanced metering infrastructure plays a crucial role in functions, such as digital monitoring and billing. However, this advancement gave rise to vulnerabilities, mainly in the form of energy theft and adversarial attacks to falsify energy consumption data. In response, anomaly detection models have been tested and evaluated against machine-generated adversarial attacks, such as the fast gradient sign method (FGSM) and Carlini and Wagner (C&W). However, these types of attacks are mainly designed to prevent anomaly detection without considering a possible reduction in the reported energy consumption, thus overlooking the energy theft problem. Furthermore, the lack of generalization of adversarial attacks evaluated to other models remains a concern. In fact, conventional anomaly detection methods do not detect new adversarial attacks generated by artificial intelligence. Thus, this article introduces a state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning (DRL) through a deep deterministic policy gradient, which produces novel adversarial samples that dramatically reduce reported energy consumption while evading the anomaly detection mechanism. The ConvLSTM uses the adversarial data to evaluate and enhance its resilience against such adversarial attacks. Experimental results show that conventional models experience substantial degradation in detecting such advanced attacks, achieving 17% accuracy under the evaluated adversarial attacks. In benchmarking, the proposed DRL framework against adversarial attacks generated through functions, such as FGSM and C&W. As a defensive strategy, the ConvLSTM trained with DRL-generated adversarial samples increases the model robustness against AI-driven threats in smart grids by improving its detection capabilities, achieving a 95.12% detection rate on adversarial samples. This work showcases adaptive anomaly detection methodologies and the implementation of AI-driven approaches to enhance cybersecurity in modern digital power systems.
包含数字通信技术和原理的现代配电系统的出现，开启了智能电网的新时代，其中先进的计量基础设施在数字监控和计费等功能中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，这一进步带来了漏洞，主要以能源盗窃和对抗性攻击的形式伪造能源消耗数据。作为回应，异常检测模型已经针对机器生成的对抗性攻击进行了测试和评估，例如快速梯度符号方法（FGSM）和Carlini and Wagner （C&W）。然而，这些类型的攻击主要是为了防止异常检测，而没有考虑可能减少报告的能源消耗，从而忽略了能源盗窃问题。此外，缺乏对其他模型进行评估的对抗性攻击的泛化仍然是一个问题。事实上，传统的异常检测方法并不能检测到人工智能产生的新的对抗性攻击。因此，本文通过深度确定性策略梯度引入了最先进的深度强化学习（DRL），该方法产生了新的对抗性样本，在避开异常检测机制的同时显着减少了报告的能量消耗。ConvLSTM使用对抗性数据来评估和增强其对这种对抗性攻击的弹性。实验结果表明，传统模型在检测这种高级攻击时出现了明显的下降，在评估的对抗性攻击下，准确率仅为17%。在基准测试中，提出了针对FGSM和C&W等功能产生的对抗性攻击的DRL框架。作为一种防御策略，使用drl生成的对抗样本训练的ConvLSTM通过提高其检测能力，提高了模型对智能电网中ai驱动威胁的鲁棒性，在对抗样本上实现了95.12%的检测率。这项工作展示了自适应异常检测方法和人工智能驱动方法的实施，以增强现代数字电力系统的网络安全。
{"title":"Robust ConvLSTM Model With Deep Reinforcement Learning for Stealth Attack Detection in Smart Grids","authors":"Ahmad N. Alkuwari;Abdullatif Albaseer;Saif Al-Kuwari;Marwa Qaraqe","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3594618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3594618","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of modern electricity distribution systems, comprising digital communication technologies and principles, has triggered a new era of smart grids, in which advanced metering infrastructure plays a crucial role in functions, such as digital monitoring and billing. However, this advancement gave rise to vulnerabilities, mainly in the form of energy theft and adversarial attacks to falsify energy consumption data. In response, anomaly detection models have been tested and evaluated against machine-generated adversarial attacks, such as the fast gradient sign method (FGSM) and Carlini and Wagner (C&W). However, these types of attacks are mainly designed to prevent anomaly detection without considering a possible reduction in the reported energy consumption, thus overlooking the energy theft problem. Furthermore, the lack of generalization of adversarial attacks evaluated to other models remains a concern. In fact, conventional anomaly detection methods do not detect new adversarial attacks generated by artificial intelligence. Thus, this article introduces a state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning (DRL) through a deep deterministic policy gradient, which produces novel adversarial samples that dramatically reduce reported energy consumption while evading the anomaly detection mechanism. The ConvLSTM uses the adversarial data to evaluate and enhance its resilience against such adversarial attacks. Experimental results show that conventional models experience substantial degradation in detecting such advanced attacks, achieving 17% accuracy under the evaluated adversarial attacks. In benchmarking, the proposed DRL framework against adversarial attacks generated through functions, such as FGSM and C&W. As a defensive strategy, the ConvLSTM trained with DRL-generated adversarial samples increases the model robustness against AI-driven threats in smart grids by improving its detection capabilities, achieving a 95.12% detection rate on adversarial samples. This work showcases adaptive anomaly detection methodologies and the implementation of AI-driven approaches to enhance cybersecurity in modern digital power systems.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1298-1311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11105704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exponential advancements in distributed control and communication architectures have significantly transformed industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPSs). Among the critical enablers of ICPSs, security has emerged as a key focus due to growing concerns about safeguarding industrial assets from both physical and cyber damage. However, security is not the sole enabler of ICPSs; advancements in field instrumentation, sensor technologies, interoperability, and resilient control strategies also play pivotal roles. In recent years, the evolution of wireless embedded devices has particularly modified the operational behavior of critical infrastructures, such as power grids, nuclear plants, oil and gas facilities, water treatment systems, and petrochemical plants. These infrastructures, exemplified by the power grid sector’s heightened awareness after the 2015 Ukraine power grid attacks, face complex challenges in addressing both cyber and physical vulnerabilities. Despite increasing academic and industrial attention, there remains a gap in systematically addressing these challenges across various critical sectors. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive perspective on ICPSs, fostering collaboration between academia and industry to better prepare against cyber threats and enhance the robustness of critical infrastructures.
{"title":"Realigning Academic Cybersecurity Research With Industrial Needs in Cyber-Physical Systems","authors":"Anant Kumar Verma;Alex Navas-Fonseca;Claudio Burgos-Mellado;Tomislav Dragičević","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3593689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3593689","url":null,"abstract":"The exponential advancements in distributed control and communication architectures have significantly transformed industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPSs). Among the critical enablers of ICPSs, security has emerged as a key focus due to growing concerns about safeguarding industrial assets from both physical and cyber damage. However, security is not the sole enabler of ICPSs; advancements in field instrumentation, sensor technologies, interoperability, and resilient control strategies also play pivotal roles. In recent years, the evolution of wireless embedded devices has particularly modified the operational behavior of critical infrastructures, such as power grids, nuclear plants, oil and gas facilities, water treatment systems, and petrochemical plants. These infrastructures, exemplified by the power grid sector’s heightened awareness after the 2015 Ukraine power grid attacks, face complex challenges in addressing both cyber and physical vulnerabilities. Despite increasing academic and industrial attention, there remains a gap in systematically addressing these challenges across various critical sectors. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive perspective on ICPSs, fostering collaboration between academia and industry to better prepare against cyber threats and enhance the robustness of critical infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1210-1247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11098952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3593281
Maryam Masoumi;Estela Carmona-Cejudo;Ignacio de Miguel;Claudia Torres-Pérez;Ramón J. Durán Barroso
Extreme-edge computing is an emerging paradigm that utilizes the computational capabilities of end devices to perform localized data processing, thus enabling responsive and adaptive operations in industrial settings. This article addresses the challenge of dynamic scheduling and workload distribution in multiautomated guided vehicle (AGV) systems, where tasks include both movement (e.g., navigation, loading and unloading) and data processing (e.g., onboard computation). To capture realistic conditions, a dynamic service request model is adopted, in which each request consists of a set of movement and/or data processing operations. We first present a mathematical formulation to formally define the constraints associated with resource assignment and movement operations. Building on this, we propose a novel heuristic, queue-aware scheduling and deadlock mitigation strategy (QASDMS), for assigning operations to AGVs. QASDMS considers factors, such as AGV locations, resource availability, execution queues, and potential deadlocks, while supporting the arrival of dynamic unpredictable requests. The objective is to minimize the total time required to complete the operations described in the service requests. To evaluate system performance, the resource intensity index (RII) is introduced, which measures CPU and RAM usage relative to the number of completed operations. Simulation results in both medium and large-scale scenarios show that QASDMS improves the total number of completed operations by over 190% compared to a baseline case, while keeping CPU and RAM usage below 21% . Furthermore, QASDMS achieves significantly lower RII values (over 60% reduction), indicating more efficient resource utilization. These results highlight the potential of QASDMS to improve performance in multi-AGV extreme-edge environments.
{"title":"Dynamic Joint Scheduling of Movement and Data Processing Tasks Using Extreme-Edge Computing in Multi-AGV Scenarios","authors":"Maryam Masoumi;Estela Carmona-Cejudo;Ignacio de Miguel;Claudia Torres-Pérez;Ramón J. Durán Barroso","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3593281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3593281","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme-edge computing is an emerging paradigm that utilizes the computational capabilities of end devices to perform localized data processing, thus enabling responsive and adaptive operations in industrial settings. This article addresses the challenge of dynamic scheduling and workload distribution in multiautomated guided vehicle (AGV) systems, where tasks include both movement (e.g., navigation, loading and unloading) and data processing (e.g., onboard computation). To capture realistic conditions, a dynamic service request model is adopted, in which each request consists of a set of movement and/or data processing operations. We first present a mathematical formulation to formally define the constraints associated with resource assignment and movement operations. Building on this, we propose a novel heuristic, queue-aware scheduling and deadlock mitigation strategy (QASDMS), for assigning operations to AGVs. QASDMS considers factors, such as AGV locations, resource availability, execution queues, and potential deadlocks, while supporting the arrival of dynamic unpredictable requests. The objective is to minimize the total time required to complete the operations described in the service requests. To evaluate system performance, the resource intensity index (RII) is introduced, which measures CPU and RAM usage relative to the number of completed operations. Simulation results in both medium and large-scale scenarios show that QASDMS improves the total number of completed operations by over 190% compared to a baseline case, while keeping CPU and RAM usage below 21% . Furthermore, QASDMS achieves significantly lower RII values (over 60% reduction), indicating more efficient resource utilization. These results highlight the potential of QASDMS to improve performance in multi-AGV extreme-edge environments.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1312-1334"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11098675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a novel digital design methodology for modeling cochlea–neuron interactions, tailored for applications within the scope of industrial electronics, such as real-time biosensing, smart health interfaces, and resource-aware neural signal processing. The proposed model employs a simplified 2-D cochlear structure based on the Hopf oscillator, optimized using linear shift-adder (ADD)-based functions and look-up table-based sampling to eliminate complex multipliers and achieve hardware-friendly, high-speed performance. This hybrid multiplierless architecture aligns with the journal’s focus on efficient digital realization of intelligent systems and field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based electronic designs. The resulting cochlea–neuron interaction circuit, when implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-II FPGA, demonstrates 1.33× speed-up and supports up to 87 parallel cochlear modules, while maintaining high signal fidelity and neural activation accuracy. Simulation and hardware validation confirm that the proposed system provides a scalable, low-resource solution suitable for emerging industrial biosensing systems, smart auditory devices, and embedded neural interfaces. The methodology contributes to advancing the real-time digital implementation of biologically inspired systems in industrial and biomedical electronics.
{"title":"FPGA-Efficient Digital Implementation of a Multiplierless Cochlea–Neuron Interaction Model for Industrial-Scale Neural Systems","authors":"Songjie Xiang;Ru Chen;Die Yu;Hailing Liu;Mohammad Sh. Daoud;Guodao Zhang;Yanling Chu;Abdulilah Mohammad Mayet;Yideng Huang","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3592720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3592720","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel digital design methodology for modeling cochlea–neuron interactions, tailored for applications within the scope of industrial electronics, such as real-time biosensing, smart health interfaces, and resource-aware neural signal processing. The proposed model employs a simplified 2-D cochlear structure based on the Hopf oscillator, optimized using linear shift-adder (ADD)-based functions and look-up table-based sampling to eliminate complex multipliers and achieve hardware-friendly, high-speed performance. This hybrid multiplierless architecture aligns with the journal’s focus on efficient digital realization of intelligent systems and field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based electronic designs. The resulting cochlea–neuron interaction circuit, when implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-II FPGA, demonstrates 1.33× speed-up and supports up to 87 parallel cochlear modules, while maintaining high signal fidelity and neural activation accuracy. Simulation and hardware validation confirm that the proposed system provides a scalable, low-resource solution suitable for emerging industrial biosensing systems, smart auditory devices, and embedded neural interfaces. The methodology contributes to advancing the real-time digital implementation of biologically inspired systems in industrial and biomedical electronics.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1269-1284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11097201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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