This article presents a new high step-up quasi- Z -source-based dc–dc converter with switched boost techniques and voltage multiplier cells. Compared with the conventional Z -source-based converters, this converter not only can achieve high voltage gain but also has good efficiency at high output voltage and higher output power conditions. Most of the Z -source-based converters suffer from high current stress across the power mosfet s and the operation in lower power. However, the other important advantages include very low input current ripple, low voltage and current stress across the power switches, no duty ratio limitation, and leakage current elimination by providing the common grounded feature. So, in this topology, the null of the output is connected to the negative terminal of the input dc source directly. Therefore, the leakage current can be eliminated completely. As a result, the proposed converter is suitable for renewable energy sources (RESs)’ applications, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. The mathematical analysis, operating principle for the proposed converter, and comparison with other converters are evaluated. Finally, in order to verify the accurate performance of the proposed converter and confirm the mentioned features of the proposed converter, a 1-kW laboratory prototype is built and tested.
本文介绍了一种采用开关升压技术和电压倍增单元的新型高升压准 Z 源直流-直流转换器。与传统的基于 Z 源的转换器相比，这种转换器不仅能实现高电压增益，而且在高输出电压和高输出功率条件下具有良好的效率。大多数基于 Z 源的转换器都存在功率晶体管电流应力大和工作功率低的问题。然而，其他重要的优点包括输入电流纹波极低、功率开关上的电压和电流应力低、无占空比限制，以及通过提供共地特性消除漏电流。因此，在这种拓扑结构中，输出空端直接连接到输入直流电源的负极。因此，可以完全消除漏电流。因此，所提出的转换器适用于可再生能源（RES）应用，如光伏（PV）系统。本文评估了数学分析、拟议转换器的工作原理以及与其他转换器的比较。最后，为了验证所提出的转换器的准确性能，并确认所提出的转换器的上述特点，建立并测试了一个 1 千瓦的实验室原型。
{"title":"Analysis of High Step-Up Quasi-Z-Source-Based Converter With Low Input Current Ripple","authors":"Ataollah Samadian;Milad Ghavipanjeh Marangalu;Iman Talebian;Navid Hadifar;Seyed Hossein Hosseini;Mehran Sabahi;Hani Vahedi","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3398250","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3398250","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new high step-up quasi-\u0000<italic>Z</i>\u0000-source-based dc–dc converter with switched boost techniques and voltage multiplier cells. Compared with the conventional \u0000<italic>Z</i>\u0000-source-based converters, this converter not only can achieve high voltage gain but also has good efficiency at high output voltage and higher output power conditions. Most of the \u0000<italic>Z</i>\u0000-source-based converters suffer from high current stress across the power \u0000<sc>mosfet</small>\u0000s and the operation in lower power. However, the other important advantages include very low input current ripple, low voltage and current stress across the power switches, no duty ratio limitation, and leakage current elimination by providing the common grounded feature. So, in this topology, the null of the output is connected to the negative terminal of the input dc source directly. Therefore, the leakage current can be eliminated completely. As a result, the proposed converter is suitable for renewable energy sources (RESs)’ applications, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. The mathematical analysis, operating principle for the proposed converter, and comparison with other converters are evaluated. Finally, in order to verify the accurate performance of the proposed converter and confirm the mentioned features of the proposed converter, a 1-kW laboratory prototype is built and tested.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"632-650"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10522899","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140928621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conventional discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) can provide several advantages in a direct matrix converter (DMC), such as less switching number and less execution time for modulation signals' calculation. However, it suffers from high common-mode voltage (CMV), which may cause damage to the DMC-based system. This article proposes a novel discontinuous PWM (DPWM) method to not only mitigate CMV but also further improve the conversion efficiency. In this method, the switching sequence is obtained in a new way using two medium and two small input line voltages, increasing the conversion efficiency. Besides, the proposed DPWM employs a rotating vector instead of a zero vector, which causes the CMV to reduce by 50% compared with the conventional DPWM. Notably, the proposed DPWM provides the above advantages while maintaining low total harmonic distortion (THD). Simulations and experiments have been conducted to verify the proposed DPWM method's effectiveness. The results of these tests support the claims made in the paper regarding the reduction of CMV, improved efficiency, and low THD.
{"title":"A Novel Discontinuous PWM Method With Hybrid Three-Step Commutation to Reduce Common-Mode Voltage for Direct Matrix Converter","authors":"Sahel Solemanifard;Cheng-Chin Hu;Tzung-Lin Lee;Mohammadreza Lak","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3397681","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3397681","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) can provide several advantages in a direct matrix converter (DMC), such as less switching number and less execution time for modulation signals' calculation. However, it suffers from high common-mode voltage (CMV), which may cause damage to the DMC-based system. This article proposes a novel discontinuous PWM (DPWM) method to not only mitigate CMV but also further improve the conversion efficiency. In this method, the switching sequence is obtained in a new way using two medium and two small input line voltages, increasing the conversion efficiency. Besides, the proposed DPWM employs a rotating vector instead of a zero vector, which causes the CMV to reduce by 50% compared with the conventional DPWM. Notably, the proposed DPWM provides the above advantages while maintaining low total harmonic distortion (THD). Simulations and experiments have been conducted to verify the proposed DPWM method's effectiveness. The results of these tests support the claims made in the paper regarding the reduction of CMV, improved efficiency, and low THD.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"400-414"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10521712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3371985
Nabil Mohammed;Harith Udawatte;Weihua Zhou;David J. Hill;Behrooz Bahrani
Grid-forming inverters (GFMIs) are anticipated to play a leading role in future power systems. In contrast to their counterpart grid-following inverters, which employ phase-locked loops for synchronization with the grid voltage and rely on stable grid connections, GFMIs primarily employ the power-based synchronization concept to form the voltage. Hence, they can not only stably operate in regions of the grid characterized by low strength but also provide critical ancillary services to power systems, including voltage, frequency, and inertia support. Several control strategies have been employed for GFMIs, making it crucial to comprehend their stability characteristics for the analysis of small-signal stability and low-frequency oscillations. This article examines the performance of GFMIs when equipped with four different control strategies, namely, droop-based GFMI, virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-based GFMI, compensated generalized VSG (CGVSG)- based GFMI, and adaptive VSG (AVSG)-based GFMI. The comparative analysis assesses the performance and robustness of these four control strategies across various operational scenarios in frequency and time domains. Initially, the impedance-based stability analysis method is employed to evaluate these control strategies across different case studies in terms of grid strengths, grid impedance ratios, the dynamics with/without virtual impedance and inner voltage and current loops, and variations in the inverter's operating points. Subsequently, time-domain verification using the electromagnetic transient models is conducted for these case studies as well as to assess the power tracking capability of these control strategies in response to changes in power references. Finally, the robustness of these four controllers is explored against external grid disturbances, including grid frequency deviations, phase jumps, and voltage sags, considering varying levels of disturbance magnitudes in both weak and strong grid connections. In conclusion, the evaluation of these control techniques in various operational scenarios reveals their strengths and weaknesses, offering valuable guidance for the selection of the most appropriate control technique to suit desired practical applications.
{"title":"Grid-Forming Inverters: A Comparative Study of Different Control Strategies in Frequency and Time Domains","authors":"Nabil Mohammed;Harith Udawatte;Weihua Zhou;David J. Hill;Behrooz Bahrani","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3371985","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3371985","url":null,"abstract":"Grid-forming inverters (GFMIs) are anticipated to play a leading role in future power systems. In contrast to their counterpart grid-following inverters, which employ phase-locked loops for synchronization with the grid voltage and rely on stable grid connections, GFMIs primarily employ the power-based synchronization concept to form the voltage. Hence, they can not only stably operate in regions of the grid characterized by low strength but also provide critical ancillary services to power systems, including voltage, frequency, and inertia support. Several control strategies have been employed for GFMIs, making it crucial to comprehend their stability characteristics for the analysis of small-signal stability and low-frequency oscillations. This article examines the performance of GFMIs when equipped with four different control strategies, namely, droop-based GFMI, virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-based GFMI, compensated generalized VSG (CGVSG)- based GFMI, and adaptive VSG (AVSG)-based GFMI. The comparative analysis assesses the performance and robustness of these four control strategies across various operational scenarios in frequency and time domains. Initially, the impedance-based stability analysis method is employed to evaluate these control strategies across different case studies in terms of grid strengths, grid impedance ratios, the dynamics with/without virtual impedance and inner voltage and current loops, and variations in the inverter's operating points. Subsequently, time-domain verification using the electromagnetic transient models is conducted for these case studies as well as to assess the power tracking capability of these control strategies in response to changes in power references. Finally, the robustness of these four controllers is explored against external grid disturbances, including grid frequency deviations, phase jumps, and voltage sags, considering varying levels of disturbance magnitudes in both weak and strong grid connections. In conclusion, the evaluation of these control techniques in various operational scenarios reveals their strengths and weaknesses, offering valuable guidance for the selection of the most appropriate control technique to suit desired practical applications.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"185-214"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10457945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140044124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3373232
E. Shahri;P. Pedreiras;L. Almeida
The increasing prominence of concepts such as Smart Production and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) within the context of Industry 4.0 has introduced a new set of requirements for the engineering of industrial systems, including support for dynamic environments, timeliness guarantees, support for heterogeneity, interoperability and reliability. These requirements are further exacerbated at the network level by the notable rise in the number and variety of devices involved. To stay competitive in this ever-changing industrial landscape while boosting productivity, it is vital to meet those requirements, combining established protocols with emerging technologies. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is the forefront traffic management paradigm that offers flexibility for complex industrial networks, enabling efficient resource allocation and dynamic reconfiguration. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a low-overhead protocol of the application layer that is gaining popularity in the scope of the IoT and IIoT. However, its Quality-of-Service (QoS) policies do not support timeliness requirements. This article presents a framework that seamlessly integrates SDN and MQTT, enhancing network management flexibility while satisfying real-time requirements found in industrial environments. It leverages the User Properties of MQTTv5 to allow specifying real-time requirements. MQTT traffic is intercepted by a Network Manager that extracts real-time information and instructs an SDN controller to deploy corresponding network reservations. MQTT traffic across multiple edge networks is propagated by selected brokers using multicasting. Extensive experiments validate the proposed approach, demonstrating its superiority over MQTT and Direct Multicast-MQTT (DM-MQTT) DM-MQTT in latency reduction. A response time analysis, validated experimentally, emphasizes robust performance across metrics.
在工业 4.0 背景下，智能生产和工业物联网（IIoT）等概念日益突出，为工业系统工程提出了一系列新要求，包括支持动态环境、保证及时性、支持异构性、互操作性和可靠性。由于涉及的设备数量和种类显著增加，这些要求在网络层面进一步加剧。要在瞬息万变的工业环境中保持竞争力，同时提高生产率，就必须满足这些要求，并将既定协议与新兴技术相结合。软件定义网络（SDN）是最前沿的流量管理模式，可为复杂的工业网络提供灵活性，实现高效的资源分配和动态重新配置。消息队列遥测传输（MQTT）是应用层的低开销协议，在物联网和 IIoT 领域越来越受欢迎。然而，其服务质量（QoS）策略并不支持及时性要求。本文提出了一种无缝集成 SDN 和 MQTT 的框架，在提高网络管理灵活性的同时满足工业环境中的实时性要求。它利用 MQTTv5 的用户属性来指定实时性要求。网络管理器会拦截 MQTT 流量，提取实时信息，并指示 SDN 控制器部署相应的网络预留。多个边缘网络的 MQTT 流量由选定的经纪人使用组播进行传播。广泛的实验验证了所提出的方法，证明它在减少延迟方面优于 MQTT 和直接组播-MQTT（DM-MQTT）DM-MQTT。通过实验验证的响应时间分析强调了该方法在各项指标上的稳健性能。
{"title":"A Scalable Real-Time SDN-Based MQTT Framework for Industrial Applications","authors":"E. Shahri;P. Pedreiras;L. Almeida","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3373232","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3373232","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing prominence of concepts such as Smart Production and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) within the context of Industry 4.0 has introduced a new set of requirements for the engineering of industrial systems, including support for dynamic environments, timeliness guarantees, support for heterogeneity, interoperability and reliability. These requirements are further exacerbated at the network level by the notable rise in the number and variety of devices involved. To stay competitive in this ever-changing industrial landscape while boosting productivity, it is vital to meet those requirements, combining established protocols with emerging technologies. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is the forefront traffic management paradigm that offers flexibility for complex industrial networks, enabling efficient resource allocation and dynamic reconfiguration. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a low-overhead protocol of the application layer that is gaining popularity in the scope of the IoT and IIoT. However, its Quality-of-Service (QoS) policies do not support timeliness requirements. This article presents a framework that seamlessly integrates SDN and MQTT, enhancing network management flexibility while satisfying real-time requirements found in industrial environments. It leverages the User Properties of MQTTv5 to allow specifying real-time requirements. MQTT traffic is intercepted by a Network Manager that extracts real-time information and instructs an SDN controller to deploy corresponding network reservations. MQTT traffic across multiple edge networks is propagated by selected brokers using multicasting. Extensive experiments validate the proposed approach, demonstrating its superiority over MQTT and Direct Multicast-MQTT (DM-MQTT) DM-MQTT in latency reduction. A response time analysis, validated experimentally, emphasizes robust performance across metrics.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"215-235"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10460326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140044060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3370496
Chi Xu;Xinyi Du;Lin Li;Xinchun Li;Haibin Yu
With the wide applications of industrial wireless network technologies, the industrial control system (ICS) is evolving from wired and centralized to wireless and distributed, during which eavesdropping and attacking become serious problems. To guarantee the security of wireless and distributed ICS, this article establishes an end-edge collaborative lightweight secure federated learning (LSFL) architecture and proposes an LSFL anomaly detection strategy. Specifically, we first design a residual multihead self-attention convolutional neural network for local feature learning, where the variability and dependence of spatial-temporal features can be sufficiently evaluated. Then, to reduce the wireless communication cost for parameter exchange and edge federal learning, we propose a dynamic parameter pruning algorithm by evaluating the contribution of each parameter based on the information entropy gain. Furthermore, to ensure the parameter security during wireless transmission in the open radio environment, we propose an adaptive key generation algorithm for parameter encryption. Finally, the proposed strategy is experimentally validated on representative datasets, including Smart Meter, NSL-KDD, and UNSW-NB15. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy achieves 99% accuracy on different datasets, where at least 89.6% wireless communication cost is reduced and tampering/injecting attacks are defended.
{"title":"End-Edge Collaborative Lightweight Secure Federated Learning for Anomaly Detection of Wireless Industrial Control Systems","authors":"Chi Xu;Xinyi Du;Lin Li;Xinchun Li;Haibin Yu","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3370496","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3370496","url":null,"abstract":"With the wide applications of industrial wireless network technologies, the industrial control system (ICS) is evolving from wired and centralized to wireless and distributed, during which eavesdropping and attacking become serious problems. To guarantee the security of wireless and distributed ICS, this article establishes an end-edge collaborative lightweight secure federated learning (LSFL) architecture and proposes an LSFL anomaly detection strategy. Specifically, we first design a residual multihead self-attention convolutional neural network for local feature learning, where the variability and dependence of spatial-temporal features can be sufficiently evaluated. Then, to reduce the wireless communication cost for parameter exchange and edge federal learning, we propose a dynamic parameter pruning algorithm by evaluating the contribution of each parameter based on the information entropy gain. Furthermore, to ensure the parameter security during wireless transmission in the open radio environment, we propose an adaptive key generation algorithm for parameter encryption. Finally, the proposed strategy is experimentally validated on representative datasets, including Smart Meter, NSL-KDD, and UNSW-NB15. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy achieves 99% accuracy on different datasets, where at least 89.6% wireless communication cost is reduced and tampering/injecting attacks are defended.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"132-142"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10449459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140010553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3369878
Mateus Nava Mezaroba;Carlos Henrique Illa Font;Telles Brunelli Lazzarin
This article provides a comprehensive analysis, including static, dynamic, and experimental validation, of a voltage-doubler Ćuk rectifier operating in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) for single-phase applications. The proposed topology integrates two classic Ćuk rectifiers through a three-position switch, allowing for either a doubled output voltage or reduced voltage efforts compared to the conventional topology. The voltage gain is increased while maintaining the step-up/step-down characteristic of the Ćuk family, and power components are activated only in a half cycle of the electrical grid, thus reducing the current efforts in the semiconductors. These features make the Ćuk converter suitable for higher voltage applications. The proposed topology is analyzed in DCM, where a high power factor is naturally achieved without a current control loop. An experimental prototype of 1 kW is built to verify the theoretical analysis, and the results show an efficiency of 94.68% with an input current total harmonic distortion of 1.86% at a rated power, including an output voltage control loop. Furthermore, the proposed topology is compared to the conventional Ćuk rectifier, both operating in DCM and with power factor correction.
{"title":"Single-Phase Voltage-Doubler High-Power-Factor Ćuk Rectifier Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode","authors":"Mateus Nava Mezaroba;Carlos Henrique Illa Font;Telles Brunelli Lazzarin","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3369878","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3369878","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive analysis, including static, dynamic, and experimental validation, of a voltage-doubler Ćuk rectifier operating in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) for single-phase applications. The proposed topology integrates two classic Ćuk rectifiers through a three-position switch, allowing for either a doubled output voltage or reduced voltage efforts compared to the conventional topology. The voltage gain is increased while maintaining the step-up/step-down characteristic of the Ćuk family, and power components are activated only in a half cycle of the electrical grid, thus reducing the current efforts in the semiconductors. These features make the Ćuk converter suitable for higher voltage applications. The proposed topology is analyzed in DCM, where a high power factor is naturally achieved without a current control loop. An experimental prototype of 1 kW is built to verify the theoretical analysis, and the results show an efficiency of 94.68% with an input current total harmonic distortion of 1.86% at a rated power, including an output voltage control loop. Furthermore, the proposed topology is compared to the conventional Ćuk rectifier, both operating in DCM and with power factor correction.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"155-169"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10444898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139977388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes a new configuration of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) and a Marx generator to generate fast-rising impulse waveforms. This new configuration improves the capabilities of the MMC-based high voltage arbitrary wave shape generator to generate fast-rising impulse since the MMC topology faces many inherent limitations. Similar to the conventional superimposed circuit of the ac transformer or dc rectifier circuit with the Marx generator, three hybrid circuits of MMC and the Marx generator are introduced, where the most optimal choice is made considering the practical aspects of testing, such as the size, cost, and preparation time. Then, a detailed analytical study is performed on the Marx generator circuit and the MMC circuit, and both circuits are coupled together to deliver a complete guideline on choosing various system parameters when the impulse wave shape and the load capacitor are given. The concept of this new hybrid configuration is demonstrated with a scaled-down prototype where the impulse with a rise time of 1 $mu$ s is superimposed on different arbitrary wave shapes. Similarly, the MATLAB-Simulink simulation model validates the proposed configuration for a $200 ,mathrm{k}mathrm{V}$ dc link voltage and 67 submodules with the desired impulse performance.
{"title":"Design of Integrated Hybrid Configuration of Modular Multilevel Converter and Marx Generator to Generate Complex Waveforms for Dielectric Testing of Grid Assets","authors":"Dhanashree Ashok Ganeshpure;Thiago Batista Soeiro;Mohamad Ghaffarian Niasar;Nitish Milind Kulkarni;Pavol Bauer;Peter Vaessen","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3368957","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3368957","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a new configuration of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) and a Marx generator to generate fast-rising impulse waveforms. This new configuration improves the capabilities of the MMC-based high voltage arbitrary wave shape generator to generate fast-rising impulse since the MMC topology faces many inherent limitations. Similar to the conventional superimposed circuit of the ac transformer or dc rectifier circuit with the Marx generator, three hybrid circuits of MMC and the Marx generator are introduced, where the most optimal choice is made considering the practical aspects of testing, such as the size, cost, and preparation time. Then, a detailed analytical study is performed on the Marx generator circuit and the MMC circuit, and both circuits are coupled together to deliver a complete guideline on choosing various system parameters when the impulse wave shape and the load capacitor are given. The concept of this new hybrid configuration is demonstrated with a scaled-down prototype where the impulse with a rise time of 1 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000s is superimposed on different arbitrary wave shapes. Similarly, the MATLAB-Simulink simulation model validates the proposed configuration for a \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$200 ,mathrm{k}mathrm{V}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 dc link voltage and 67 submodules with the desired impulse performance.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"170-184"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10443765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3368568
Ahmed Aboelhassan;Shuo Wang;Giampaolo Buticchi;Vasyl Varvolik;Michael Galea;Serhiy Bozhko
Various electrical drive systems have widely implemented the classical cascaded field-oriented control (FOC) topology, including speed loop, current loop, and modulation. On the other hand, modulated model predictive control (M 2 PC) has been employed recently for different applications for faster dynamic response and better power quality. The FOC topology's speed and current control loops can be merged to simplify the control system structure and improve the system dynamics. Therefore, a noncascaded speed loop controller employing M 2 PC for permanent magnet synchronous motors is introduced. The required simulation work has been developed to analyze the algorithm performance compared to proportional integral (PI), noncascaded model predictive control, and M 2 PC controllers. In addition, it has been applied practically through a dedicated testing rig, and results are investigated showing its merits including harmonic content, dynamic behavior, and robustness against parameter mismatch.
{"title":"Modulated Model Predictive Speed Controller for PMSM Drives Employing Voltage-Based Cost Function","authors":"Ahmed Aboelhassan;Shuo Wang;Giampaolo Buticchi;Vasyl Varvolik;Michael Galea;Serhiy Bozhko","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3368568","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3368568","url":null,"abstract":"Various electrical drive systems have widely implemented the classical cascaded field-oriented control (FOC) topology, including speed loop, current loop, and modulation. On the other hand, modulated model predictive control (M\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000PC) has been employed recently for different applications for faster dynamic response and better power quality. The FOC topology's speed and current control loops can be merged to simplify the control system structure and improve the system dynamics. Therefore, a noncascaded speed loop controller employing M\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000PC for permanent magnet synchronous motors is introduced. The required simulation work has been developed to analyze the algorithm performance compared to proportional integral (PI), noncascaded model predictive control, and M\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000PC controllers. In addition, it has been applied practically through a dedicated testing rig, and results are investigated showing its merits including harmonic content, dynamic behavior, and robustness against parameter mismatch.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"122-131"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10443480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, a small-signal model of grid-forming (GFM) converters that takes into account the presence of ac shunt capacitors in the power grid is presented. It is revealed that the inclusion of shunt ac capacitors in GFM converters leads to the emergence of two new resonant peaks in the loop gain of the active power control (APC) loop, in addition to the fundamental-frequency resonant peak that was previously identified in literature. Further analysis based on the equivalent APC considering P/Q coupling has confirmed the same destabilization effect of ac shunt capacitors by introducing two extra resonant peaks. Based on the insight, it is suggested that the active damping control needs to be adapted to effectively dampen all three resonant peaks to ensure the stable operation of GFM converters. Finally, simulations and real-time simulations are carried out to corroborate the theoretical findings.
{"title":"Stability Analysis and Active Damping Design for Grid-Forming Converters in LC Resonant Grids","authors":"SHIYI LIU;Heng Wu;Xiongfei Wang;Theo Bosma;Ganesh Sauba","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3366290","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3366290","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a small-signal model of grid-forming (GFM) converters that takes into account the presence of ac shunt capacitors in the power grid is presented. It is revealed that the inclusion of shunt ac capacitors in GFM converters leads to the emergence of two new resonant peaks in the loop gain of the active power control (APC) loop, in addition to the fundamental-frequency resonant peak that was previously identified in literature. Further analysis based on the equivalent APC considering P/Q coupling has confirmed the same destabilization effect of ac shunt capacitors by introducing two extra resonant peaks. Based on the insight, it is suggested that the active damping control needs to be adapted to effectively dampen all three resonant peaks to ensure the stable operation of GFM converters. Finally, simulations and real-time simulations are carried out to corroborate the theoretical findings.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10438013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-14DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3366082
ANDRE THOMMESSEN;Christoph Michael Hackl
Renewable inverter-based resources (IBRs), such as wind energy conversion systems (WSs), replace directly grid-connected synchronous machines (SMs). Standard grid-following (GFL) control of IBRs decreases the power system inertia. This article proposes virtual synchronous machine (VSM)-based grid-forming (GFM) control for doubly fed induction machine (DFIM)-based WSs with the following extensions: feedforward torque control (FTC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), MPPT compensation for accurate inertia emulation, reference power point tracking to provide energy reserves, dynamic droop saturation control to mitigate power overloading, and grid voltage control utilizing DFIM stator and rotor-side back-to-back inverter reactive power. The WSs are integrated into the IEEE 9-bus test system. Comprehensive simulation results give insights into (V)SM-based power system dynamics. Compared with existing VSM control without FTC, the proposed FTC increases the wind energy yield, i.e., typical MPPT performance is achieved, similar to GFL control. For high power penetration of IBRs, the proposed VSM control enables stable operation due to its GFM capability, whereas GFL control tends to instability. The VSM provides higher power system damping than a real SM due to adaptable internal damping. If wind power reserves are available, the fast VSM droop control provides additional damping by adapting the virtual turbine power without the dominant delays of real turbine dynamics.
{"title":"Virtual Synchronous Machine Control for Doubly Fed Induction Machine-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems","authors":"ANDRE THOMMESSEN;Christoph Michael Hackl","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3366082","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3366082","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable inverter-based resources (IBRs), such as wind energy conversion systems (WSs), replace directly grid-connected synchronous machines (SMs). Standard grid-following (GFL) control of IBRs decreases the power system inertia. This article proposes virtual synchronous machine (VSM)-based grid-forming (GFM) control for doubly fed induction machine (DFIM)-based WSs with the following extensions: feedforward torque control (FTC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), MPPT compensation for accurate inertia emulation, reference power point tracking to provide energy reserves, dynamic droop saturation control to mitigate power overloading, and grid voltage control utilizing DFIM stator and rotor-side back-to-back inverter reactive power. The WSs are integrated into the IEEE 9-bus test system. Comprehensive simulation results give insights into (V)SM-based power system dynamics. Compared with existing VSM control without FTC, the proposed FTC increases the wind energy yield, i.e., typical MPPT performance is achieved, similar to GFL control. For high power penetration of IBRs, the proposed VSM control enables stable operation due to its GFM capability, whereas GFL control tends to instability. The VSM provides higher power system damping than a real SM due to adaptable internal damping. If wind power reserves are available, the fast VSM droop control provides additional damping by adapting the virtual turbine power without the dominant delays of real turbine dynamics.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"264-301"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10436334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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