Photovoltaic (PV) systems are frequently subject to voltage and current mismatches caused by various factors, such as partial shading, differing panel tilt angles, dust accumulation, and cell degradation among PV elements. These mismatches can significantly reduce the overall efficiency of PV systems by preventing individual modules or strings from operating at their maximum power point (MPP). This article introduces a novel architecture termed PV to virtual bus series–parallel differential power processing, which effectively mitigates mismatches in both series-connected PV modules (i.e., current mismatches) and parallel-connected PV strings (i.e., voltage mismatches). The proposed architecture employs a combination of string-level converters (SLCs) and module-integrated converters (MICs) that process only a fraction of the total power. Notably, the architecture leverages virtual buses on the primary side of both SLCs and MICs, leading to reduced voltage rating requirements for SLCs and lower power rating demands for MICs. This design reduces the stress on individual components, making the system more cost-effective and reliable. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the requirements for SLCs and MICs, along with a detailed explanation of how the proposed architecture ensures that PV modules consistently operate at their respective MPPs. In addition, it explains how the virtual bus voltage is balanced through mathematical power flow equations, ensuring stable and efficient operation. Finally, the architecture’s effectiveness is validated through real-time simulation results with two PLECS real-time (RT) boxes, which demonstrate its capability to address mismatch issues and optimize the performance of PV systems.
{"title":"Photovoltaic to Virtual Bus Series–Parallel Differential Power Processing for Photovoltaic Systems","authors":"Afshin Nazer;Olindo Isabella;Hani Vahedi;Patrizio Manganiello","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3643730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3643730","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic (PV) systems are frequently subject to voltage and current mismatches caused by various factors, such as partial shading, differing panel tilt angles, dust accumulation, and cell degradation among PV elements. These mismatches can significantly reduce the overall efficiency of PV systems by preventing individual modules or strings from operating at their maximum power point (MPP). This article introduces a novel architecture termed PV to virtual bus series–parallel differential power processing, which effectively mitigates mismatches in both series-connected PV modules (i.e., current mismatches) and parallel-connected PV strings (i.e., voltage mismatches). The proposed architecture employs a combination of string-level converters (SLCs) and module-integrated converters (MICs) that process only a fraction of the total power. Notably, the architecture leverages virtual buses on the primary side of both SLCs and MICs, leading to reduced voltage rating requirements for SLCs and lower power rating demands for MICs. This design reduces the stress on individual components, making the system more cost-effective and reliable. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the requirements for SLCs and MICs, along with a detailed explanation of how the proposed architecture ensures that PV modules consistently operate at their respective MPPs. In addition, it explains how the virtual bus voltage is balanced through mathematical power flow equations, ensuring stable and efficient operation. Finally, the architecture’s effectiveness is validated through real-time simulation results with two PLECS real-time (RT) boxes, which demonstrate its capability to address mismatch issues and optimize the performance of PV systems.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"7 ","pages":"279-290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11298558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3638347
Auwalu Muhammad Abdullahi;Khemwutta Pornpipatsakul;Ado Haruna;Ronnapee Chaichaowarat
Active participation in rehabilitation exercise is encouraged to improve the rate of recovery in patients suffering from muscular weakness resulting from injury or stroke. In robotic rehabilitation, active patient participation is achieved through an assist-as-needed (AAN) approach, where robotic assistance is provided only when the patient is unable to complete a rehabilitation task due to insufficient muscular torque or fatigue. AAN robotic rehabilitation usually involves switching from human-in-charge (HIC) to robot-in-charge (RIC) mode when the patient requires assistance to complete a rehabilitation task. A major concern when switching from HIC to RIC mode is bump transfer (high torque), which causes motor jerking and discomfort to the patient at the instant of switching. The present study addresses this problem through bumpless torque command shaping (BTCS) to improve patient safety and comfort in AAN robotic rehabilitation. The proposed BTCS method achieves bumpless transfer around the point of switching to robotic assistance by suppressing the high control torque using an appropriately designed critically damped feedforward torque shaper. The effectiveness of the proposed control approach is assessed via simulations and real-time experiments using a two-degree-of-freedom planar robot with compliant trajectory tracking realized via an admittance model and a position controller. Comparisons with proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and active disturbance rejection control demonstrate that the proposed PID + BTCS approach significantly suppresses the bumps and prevents chattering of the torque signal at switching points while achieving comparable tracking of the admittance reference trajectory.
{"title":"Assist-as-Needed Rehabilitation With Bumpless Transfer Torque Command Shaping for a 2-DOF Planar Robot","authors":"Auwalu Muhammad Abdullahi;Khemwutta Pornpipatsakul;Ado Haruna;Ronnapee Chaichaowarat","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3638347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3638347","url":null,"abstract":"Active participation in rehabilitation exercise is encouraged to improve the rate of recovery in patients suffering from muscular weakness resulting from injury or stroke. In robotic rehabilitation, active patient participation is achieved through an assist-as-needed (AAN) approach, where robotic assistance is provided only when the patient is unable to complete a rehabilitation task due to insufficient muscular torque or fatigue. AAN robotic rehabilitation usually involves switching from human-in-charge (HIC) to robot-in-charge (RIC) mode when the patient requires assistance to complete a rehabilitation task. A major concern when switching from HIC to RIC mode is bump transfer (high torque), which causes motor jerking and discomfort to the patient at the instant of switching. The present study addresses this problem through bumpless torque command shaping (BTCS) to improve patient safety and comfort in AAN robotic rehabilitation. The proposed BTCS method achieves bumpless transfer around the point of switching to robotic assistance by suppressing the high control torque using an appropriately designed critically damped feedforward torque shaper. The effectiveness of the proposed control approach is assessed via simulations and real-time experiments using a two-degree-of-freedom planar robot with compliant trajectory tracking realized via an admittance model and a position controller. Comparisons with proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and active disturbance rejection control demonstrate that the proposed PID + BTCS approach significantly suppresses the bumps and prevents chattering of the torque signal at switching points while achieving comparable tracking of the admittance reference trajectory.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"7 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145852521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3637007
Jhonatan D. Paucara;Erick Pantaleon;Damian Sal y Rosas
The increasing penetration of renewable energies into the power grid, predominantly interfaced through power electronic converters that lack inherent inertia, has led to significant challenges, including inertia reduction and transient voltage deviations. To address these concerns, the configuration of single-phase bidirectional electric vehicle chargers (BEVCs) into a three-phase arrangement, incorporating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functionalities, has been identified as a promising solution. This article presents a novel control strategy to enable the provision of V2G services—including virtual inertia (VI), long-term frequency-watt support, and voltage-var regulation—in a single-phase BEVC architecture powered by a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The proposed BEVC topology consists of a dual active bridge resonant-type dc–dc converter linked to a voltage source inverter. The HESS comprises DCL capacitors and a lithium-ion battery, enabling the decoupling of the BEVC’s active power response from grid frequency disturbances. Specifically, the fast dynamic response required for VI emulation is handled by the dc-link capacitors, while the slower response associated with long-term frequency support is provided by the EV battery. As a result, the VI support is delivered without adversely affecting battery lifespan. Experimental validation using a 1.2 kW prototype demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
{"title":"Single-Phase Bidirectional EV Chargers Implementing Virtual Inertia, Frequency, and Voltage Support, Using a HESS","authors":"Jhonatan D. Paucara;Erick Pantaleon;Damian Sal y Rosas","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3637007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3637007","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of renewable energies into the power grid, predominantly interfaced through power electronic converters that lack inherent inertia, has led to significant challenges, including inertia reduction and transient voltage deviations. To address these concerns, the configuration of single-phase bidirectional electric vehicle chargers (BEVCs) into a three-phase arrangement, incorporating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functionalities, has been identified as a promising solution. This article presents a novel control strategy to enable the provision of V2G services—including virtual inertia (VI), long-term frequency-watt support, and voltage-var regulation—in a single-phase BEVC architecture powered by a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The proposed BEVC topology consists of a dual active bridge resonant-type dc–dc converter linked to a voltage source inverter. The HESS comprises DCL capacitors and a lithium-ion battery, enabling the decoupling of the BEVC’s active power response from grid frequency disturbances. Specifically, the fast dynamic response required for VI emulation is handled by the dc-link capacitors, while the slower response associated with long-term frequency support is provided by the EV battery. As a result, the VI support is delivered without adversely affecting battery lifespan. Experimental validation using a 1.2 kW prototype demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1771-1780"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3636758
Michele Martino;Roberto Di Rienzo;Federico Baronti;Roberto Roncella;Roberto Saletti
The growing demand for energy storage in residential photovoltaic (PV) systems highlights the potential of second-life electric vehicle batteries. Their residual capacity offers economic and environmental benefits. However, their cells suffer from a significant capacity mismatch, which reduces the overall usable capacity of the battery. Dynamic equalization appears to be a promising solution to fully exploit the battery capacity. This work aims to present a simulation platform designed to evaluate the benefits of dynamic equalization in second-life batteries (SLBs) used for residential PV energy storage. Through the simulation platform, various scenarios were simulated based on real production and consumption data collected over a one-year operating period to account for seasonal variations. Simple control algorithms are investigated and compared with an improved one based on a digital twin of the battery. In addition, the effects of the equalization system efficiency, battery size, and cell capacity mismatch on the dynamic equalization behavior are discussed. This study demonstrates that the use of dynamic equalization increases energy utilization by up to $8%$, even when the efficiency of the equalization dc–dc converter is as low as $70%$. Finally, an economic analysis is performed to compare brand-new lithium-ion batteries and SLBs with and without dynamic equalization.
{"title":"Enhancing Second-Life Battery Performance With Dynamic Equalization: A Residential Case Study","authors":"Michele Martino;Roberto Di Rienzo;Federico Baronti;Roberto Roncella;Roberto Saletti","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3636758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3636758","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for energy storage in residential photovoltaic (PV) systems highlights the potential of second-life electric vehicle batteries. Their residual capacity offers economic and environmental benefits. However, their cells suffer from a significant capacity mismatch, which reduces the overall usable capacity of the battery. Dynamic equalization appears to be a promising solution to fully exploit the battery capacity. This work aims to present a simulation platform designed to evaluate the benefits of dynamic equalization in second-life batteries (SLBs) used for residential PV energy storage. Through the simulation platform, various scenarios were simulated based on real production and consumption data collected over a one-year operating period to account for seasonal variations. Simple control algorithms are investigated and compared with an improved one based on a digital twin of the battery. In addition, the effects of the equalization system efficiency, battery size, and cell capacity mismatch on the dynamic equalization behavior are discussed. This study demonstrates that the use of dynamic equalization increases energy utilization by up to <inline-formula><tex-math>$8%$</tex-math></inline-formula>, even when the efficiency of the equalization dc–dc converter is as low as <inline-formula><tex-math>$70%$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Finally, an economic analysis is performed to compare brand-new lithium-ion batteries and SLBs with and without dynamic equalization.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1864-1877"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3635635
Enrique Nunes;Gaowen Liang;Ezequiel Rodriguez;Glen G. Farivar;Georgios Konstantinou;Amer Mohammad Yusuf Mohammad Ghias;Salvador Ceballos;Josep Pou;Leopoldo Garcia Franquelo;Jose Rodriguez
The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter is an attractive topology to interface energy sources, such as battery energy storage or photovoltaic systems, with the medium-voltage grid. The submodules in CHB converter-based energy systems unavoidably process different active power during operation. However, there exist inherent limits that prohibit an arbitrarily imbalanced intraphase active power distribution. Failing to consider such limits can result in output current distortion and capacitor voltage deviation, which can jeopardize the CHB converter. Crucially, these limits vary depending on the modulation method utilized, whose selection is, thus, of utmost relevance. Accordingly, this article derives and compares the feasible intraphase active power imbalance range of existing modulation methods. The analysis is experimentally corroborated in a 1-kVA single-phase CHB converter with six submodules per phase. Based on the comparison, suggestions on which modulation methods are preferred for different CHB applications are provided.
{"title":"On the Capability of Cascaded H-Bridge Converter-Based Energy Systems to Tolerate Intraphase Active Power Imbalance","authors":"Enrique Nunes;Gaowen Liang;Ezequiel Rodriguez;Glen G. Farivar;Georgios Konstantinou;Amer Mohammad Yusuf Mohammad Ghias;Salvador Ceballos;Josep Pou;Leopoldo Garcia Franquelo;Jose Rodriguez","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3635635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3635635","url":null,"abstract":"The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter is an attractive topology to interface energy sources, such as battery energy storage or photovoltaic systems, with the medium-voltage grid. The submodules in CHB converter-based energy systems unavoidably process different active power during operation. However, there exist inherent limits that prohibit an arbitrarily imbalanced intraphase active power distribution. Failing to consider such limits can result in output current distortion and capacitor voltage deviation, which can jeopardize the CHB converter. Crucially, these limits vary depending on the modulation method utilized, whose selection is, thus, of utmost relevance. Accordingly, this article derives and compares the feasible intraphase active power imbalance range of existing modulation methods. The analysis is experimentally corroborated in a 1-kVA single-phase CHB converter with six submodules per phase. Based on the comparison, suggestions on which modulation methods are preferred for different CHB applications are provided.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1798-1820"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11263801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3635602
Carlos Restrepo;Nicolas Yañez-Monsalvez;Sebastián Riffo;Cristian Guarnizo-Lemus;Catalina González-castaño;Samir Kouro
Anovel global maximum power point tracking technique for a partially shaded photovoltaic (PV) system based on an artificial intelligence strategy that hybridizes decision trees (DTs) with the classic perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is presented in this article. This hybridization ensures the best tradeoff between both techniques, which means a fast response during steady-state with a low computational cost provided by the P&O algorithm and an outstanding response to variations in irradiance, even in situations of partial shading through the DT method. In this sense, the DT method requires a high demand for data with different irradiance cases for offline training. However, its implementation generates a straightforward structure that is easy to evaluate in real-time with a low computational cost, enabling deployment on low-cost microcontrollers. The proposed technique has been extensively validated with different experimental results using a PV emulator and a dc–dc power converter controlled by a low-cost microcontroller. The results have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method over two classical techniques designed to operate under solar partial shading conditions.
{"title":"Hybrid Global MPPT Method Based on Decision Tree and Perturb and Observe Algorithm","authors":"Carlos Restrepo;Nicolas Yañez-Monsalvez;Sebastián Riffo;Cristian Guarnizo-Lemus;Catalina González-castaño;Samir Kouro","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3635602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3635602","url":null,"abstract":"Anovel global maximum power point tracking technique for a partially shaded photovoltaic (PV) system based on an artificial intelligence strategy that hybridizes decision trees (DTs) with the classic perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is presented in this article. This hybridization ensures the best tradeoff between both techniques, which means a fast response during steady-state with a low computational cost provided by the P&O algorithm and an outstanding response to variations in irradiance, even in situations of partial shading through the DT method. In this sense, the DT method requires a high demand for data with different irradiance cases for offline training. However, its implementation generates a straightforward structure that is easy to evaluate in real-time with a low computational cost, enabling deployment on low-cost microcontrollers. The proposed technique has been extensively validated with different experimental results using a PV emulator and a dc–dc power converter controlled by a low-cost microcontroller. The results have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method over two classical techniques designed to operate under solar partial shading conditions.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1848-1863"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11263840","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3633704
Sara Ibrahim;Sandro Guenter;Jiajun Yang;Salman Ijaz;Ahmed Nasr;Giampaolo Buticchi
Although the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) has been adopted as an optimal control strategy for some grid-connected inverter (GCI) studies, certain critical practical challenges are not addressed for real-world applications, such as noisy measurements, background harmonic voltage, grid impedance variations under weak grid operation, partial state availability, and higher power quality. To address this gap, this article proposes the integration of linear-quadratic-Gaussian minimum energy estimator control with LQR, combining optimal state estimation and feedback control to enhance the performance, which in turn results in lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in the grid current, guaranteeing improved power quality in a three-phase GCI with an inductor–capacitor–inductor filter in the dq frame. In addition, this approach effectively decouples control performance from sensor inaccuracies and grid-side disturbances, leading to improved harmonic attenuation, enhanced disturbance rejection, and reduced dependence on additional sensors, reducing hardware costs. To reduce the computational burden of tuning controller parameters, the sensitivity analysis has been illustrated. A simple integral action is presented to guarantee the optimal set point. Then, the augmented state-space model is built by applying the separation theorem to facilitate studying stability analysis. It was validated for the linearized model and the actual nonlinear system, based on eigenvalue trajectories and Lyapunov theorem, respectively. After that, simulation and experimental results validate the performance of the suggested control scheme. A comparative analysis between the proposed method and the sliding mode control has been investigated experimentally in this article. The experimental findings emphasize that the proposed solution not only overcomes the practical limitations of LQR but also mitigates THD in the current of the grid by 30%, even under varying operating conditions.
{"title":"Mitigating Practical Limitations of LQR for Optimal Control of Grid-Tied Voltage Source Inverter via LQG(MEE) Integration","authors":"Sara Ibrahim;Sandro Guenter;Jiajun Yang;Salman Ijaz;Ahmed Nasr;Giampaolo Buticchi","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3633704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3633704","url":null,"abstract":"Although the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) has been adopted as an optimal control strategy for some grid-connected inverter (GCI) studies, certain critical practical challenges are not addressed for real-world applications, such as noisy measurements, background harmonic voltage, grid impedance variations under weak grid operation, partial state availability, and higher power quality. To address this gap, this article proposes the integration of linear-quadratic-Gaussian minimum energy estimator control with LQR, combining optimal state estimation and feedback control to enhance the performance, which in turn results in lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in the grid current, guaranteeing improved power quality in a three-phase GCI with an <italic>inductor–capacitor–inductor</i> filter in the <italic>dq</i> frame. In addition, this approach effectively decouples control performance from sensor inaccuracies and grid-side disturbances, leading to improved harmonic attenuation, enhanced disturbance rejection, and reduced dependence on additional sensors, reducing hardware costs. To reduce the computational burden of tuning controller parameters, the sensitivity analysis has been illustrated. A simple integral action is presented to guarantee the optimal set point. Then, the augmented state-space model is built by applying the separation theorem to facilitate studying stability analysis. It was validated for the linearized model and the actual nonlinear system, based on eigenvalue trajectories and Lyapunov theorem, respectively. After that, simulation and experimental results validate the performance of the suggested control scheme. A comparative analysis between the proposed method and the sliding mode control has been investigated experimentally in this article. The experimental findings emphasize that the proposed solution not only overcomes the practical limitations of LQR but also mitigates THD in the current of the grid by 30%, even under varying operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1781-1797"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11250841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3632189
Alireza Hosseinpour;Saeid Haidari;Aymen Flah
Reducing the unbalanced magnetic forces (UMFs) and torque ripple (TR) simultaneously is one of the most vital goals of electrical machines designed for a variety of applications, such as hybrid vehicles. Removing TR is causing vibration free performance as well as UMFs decreasing will increase the life of machine components. Although several quantities impact the mentioned indicators, the first one is type of magnetization. Hence, two conventional magnetization patterns including radial and 9-segment magnetization patterns are thought through. Furthermore, pole arc to pole pitch ratio is extremely influential. Therefore, two functions based on it are determined for UMF and TR. Several magnetization patterns are considered to provide suitable response. They are optimized by multiobjective meta-heuristic optimization algorithms. Three algorithms including Pareto envelope-based selection algorithm II, nondominate sorting genetic algorithm II, and multiobjective particle swarm optimization have been utilized because their performances depend on not only initial guess but also type of problem. Then, the optimization results have been compared. Next, the best machine's dimensions are selected. After that, cogging, reluctance and instantaneous torque, overload capability curve and torque-speed characteristic have been computed. Finally, the temperature impact on either UMF's and torque's average or mentioned indicators is analyzed. It should be noted that the function fitting and optimization process have been done using MATLAB software.
{"title":"Reduction of Unbalance Magnetic Force and Torque Ripple in a Special Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine by Several Multi-Objective Meta-Heuristic Algorithms","authors":"Alireza Hosseinpour;Saeid Haidari;Aymen Flah","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3632189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3632189","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing the unbalanced magnetic forces (UMFs) and torque ripple (TR) simultaneously is one of the most vital goals of electrical machines designed for a variety of applications, such as hybrid vehicles. Removing TR is causing vibration free performance as well as UMFs decreasing will increase the life of machine components. Although several quantities impact the mentioned indicators, the first one is type of magnetization. Hence, two conventional magnetization patterns including radial and 9-segment magnetization patterns are thought through. Furthermore, pole arc to pole pitch ratio is extremely influential. Therefore, two functions based on it are determined for UMF and TR. Several magnetization patterns are considered to provide suitable response. They are optimized by multiobjective meta-heuristic optimization algorithms. Three algorithms including Pareto envelope-based selection algorithm II, nondominate sorting genetic algorithm II, and multiobjective particle swarm optimization have been utilized because their performances depend on not only initial guess but also type of problem. Then, the optimization results have been compared. Next, the best machine's dimensions are selected. After that, cogging, reluctance and instantaneous torque, overload capability curve and torque-speed characteristic have been computed. Finally, the temperature impact on either UMF's and torque's average or mentioned indicators is analyzed. It should be noted that the function fitting and optimization process have been done using MATLAB software.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1821-1830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11244158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3628566
Anwer Shees;Md Abu Taher;Arif Sarwat
With the rapid growth of smart grid infrastructure, secure and efficient communication between smart meters and utility servers has become crucial. The exchange of metering data, control commands, and real-time diagnostics demands robust protocols that ensure both reliability and cybersecurity. In this context, ANSI C12.22 has emerged as a standard for facilitating encrypted addressable communications over public networks between utility back ends and metering endpoints. This article presents a practical implementation and evaluation of the ANSI C12.22 protocol, a standard designed for transporting metering data over IP-based networks. We emulate a real-world utility-to-smart meter communication setup using a high-level supervisory control node and an ARM-based node configured as a smart meter device. A secure end-to-end communication framework was developed, incorporating AES-based encryption and table-based data exchange, as defined by ANSI C12.22. To assess network-level performance, we captured the packet exchange using Wireshark and analyzed the communication behavior in depth. Metrics such as round-trip time, throughput, request–response sizes, and interrequest gaps were extracted and visualized. The results reveal insights into latency trends, protocol efficiency, and message pacing under encrypted transactions. Our work demonstrates a low-cost reproducible testbed for evaluating smart meter protocols, providing a valuable reference for both research and industrial deployment. This framework can serve as a foundation for further studies in smart grid security, reliability, and performance benchmarking.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of ANSI C12.22 Protocol for Secure Smart Meter Communication in Advanced Metering Infrastructure","authors":"Anwer Shees;Md Abu Taher;Arif Sarwat","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3628566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3628566","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid growth of smart grid infrastructure, secure and efficient communication between smart meters and utility servers has become crucial. The exchange of metering data, control commands, and real-time diagnostics demands robust protocols that ensure both reliability and cybersecurity. In this context, ANSI C12.22 has emerged as a standard for facilitating encrypted addressable communications over public networks between utility back ends and metering endpoints. This article presents a practical implementation and evaluation of the ANSI C12.22 protocol, a standard designed for transporting metering data over IP-based networks. We emulate a real-world utility-to-smart meter communication setup using a high-level supervisory control node and an ARM-based node configured as a smart meter device. A secure end-to-end communication framework was developed, incorporating AES-based encryption and table-based data exchange, as defined by ANSI C12.22. To assess network-level performance, we captured the packet exchange using Wireshark and analyzed the communication behavior in depth. Metrics such as round-trip time, throughput, request–response sizes, and interrequest gaps were extracted and visualized. The results reveal insights into latency trends, protocol efficiency, and message pacing under encrypted transactions. Our work demonstrates a low-cost reproducible testbed for evaluating smart meter protocols, providing a valuable reference for both research and industrial deployment. This framework can serve as a foundation for further studies in smart grid security, reliability, and performance benchmarking.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1831-1847"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11224541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3628531
Md Rafiul Kabir;Sandip Ray
The convergence of digital twin (DT) technology with Internet of Things-driven smart manufacturing is driving a paradigm shift in Industry 4.0 and beyond. By enabling real-time cyber-physical integration, data-centric decision-making, and closed-loop optimization, DTs are becoming central to the evolution of manufacturing systems. This perspective article explores foundational concepts, emerging trends, and the market trajectory of DTs in manufacturing. We provide insights into the landscape of current tools and platforms supporting DT development, highlighting their capabilities and limitations. We also discuss the role, practical challenges, and future opportunities of the ISO 23247 standard in supporting interoperable and scalable DT frameworks in manufacturing. Finally, we discuss case studies with practical implementations, emphasizing the need for higher autonomy, artificial intelligence-enabled predictive analytics, robust lifecycle governance, and resilience in next-generation manufacturing ecosystems.
{"title":"Digital Twin Tools for Smart Manufacturing: A Paradigm Shift for Industry 4.0","authors":"Md Rafiul Kabir;Sandip Ray","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3628531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3628531","url":null,"abstract":"The convergence of digital twin (DT) technology with Internet of Things-driven smart manufacturing is driving a paradigm shift in Industry 4.0 and beyond. By enabling real-time cyber-physical integration, data-centric decision-making, and closed-loop optimization, DTs are becoming central to the evolution of manufacturing systems. This perspective article explores foundational concepts, emerging trends, and the market trajectory of DTs in manufacturing. We provide insights into the landscape of current tools and platforms supporting DT development, highlighting their capabilities and limitations. We also discuss the role, practical challenges, and future opportunities of the ISO 23247 standard in supporting interoperable and scalable DT frameworks in manufacturing. Finally, we discuss case studies with practical implementations, emphasizing the need for higher autonomy, artificial intelligence-enabled predictive analytics, robust lifecycle governance, and resilience in next-generation manufacturing ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1756-1770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11224482","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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