Pub Date : 2024-12-09DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3512588
Kotb B. Tawfiq;Hatem Zeineldin;Ahmed Al-Durra;Ehab F. El-Saadany
Reducing current harmonics and common mode voltage (CMV) holds highest importance for six-phase electric vehicles, as it not only prolongs the lifespan of crucial components but also significantly enhances overall vehicle performance, operational efficiency and improved thermal management. This article introduces an innovative switching sequence for space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) in six-phase inverters, aimed at significantly reducing CMV and total harmonic distortion (THD) of phase currents. The proposed method optimally selects switching states with minimal and/or zero CMV and ensures balanced distribution in the $x - y$ subspace, resulting in null $x - y$ voltage and current components. Comparative analysis was conducted against two existing SVPWM techniques: reference SVPWM sequence-1 (RSVM1), known for the lowest THD but highest CMV, and six-phase discontinuous CMV sequence-2-A2 (6Φ-DCMV2-A2), which has the lowest CMV but higher THD. Experimental setups and MATLAB simulations validated the findings. The proposed SVPWM demonstrates a CMV reduction of 23.86% and 89.42% compared to RSVM1 at modulation indices of 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. It also achieves the lowest THD, being 16.67% and 36.72% lower than 6Φ-DCMV2-A2 for asymmetrical six-phase induction motors and R-L load, respectively. Furthermore, the three SVPWM techniques showed comparable conduction, switching, and overall inverter losses.
{"title":"Enhanced SVPWM Techniques for Six-Phase Inverters: Mitigation of Current Harmonics and Common Mode Voltage","authors":"Kotb B. Tawfiq;Hatem Zeineldin;Ahmed Al-Durra;Ehab F. El-Saadany","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3512588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3512588","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing current harmonics and common mode voltage (CMV) holds highest importance for six-phase electric vehicles, as it not only prolongs the lifespan of crucial components but also significantly enhances overall vehicle performance, operational efficiency and improved thermal management. This article introduces an innovative switching sequence for space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) in six-phase inverters, aimed at significantly reducing CMV and total harmonic distortion (THD) of phase currents. The proposed method optimally selects switching states with minimal and/or zero CMV and ensures balanced distribution in the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$x - y$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 subspace, resulting in null \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$x - y$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 voltage and current components. Comparative analysis was conducted against two existing SVPWM techniques: reference SVPWM sequence-1 (RSVM1), known for the lowest THD but highest CMV, and six-phase discontinuous CMV sequence-2-A2 (6Φ-DCMV2-A2), which has the lowest CMV but higher THD. Experimental setups and MATLAB simulations validated the findings. The proposed SVPWM demonstrates a CMV reduction of 23.86% and 89.42% compared to RSVM1 at modulation indices of 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. It also achieves the lowest THD, being 16.67% and 36.72% lower than 6Φ-DCMV2-A2 for asymmetrical six-phase induction motors and R-L load, respectively. Furthermore, the three SVPWM techniques showed comparable conduction, switching, and overall inverter losses.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1339-1352"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10783444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photovoltaic array characteristics with partial shading (PS) have multiple maximum power points (MPPs), and conventional algorithms have difficulties in tracking accurate global maximum power points (GMPPs). This study proposes a MPP tracking (MPPT) method based on improved water cycle optimization for fast-tracking the GMPP under PS conditions, along with a new strategy to enhance the convergence speed of the MPPT method during load variations. The experimental setup included a dc–dc single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) and digital signal processing and control engineering (DSPACE) controller to assess the performance of the proposed method. The proposed method was also compared with the conventional water cycle optimization and six MPPT algorithms. The experimental results showed that the proposed method obtained an average tracking efficiency of 99.92% and a tracking time of 0.475 s for all PS tests. Moreover, it achieved a GMPP in a single perturbation step when the load change occurred, reducing the power loss in the photovoltaic (PV) system. The comparison showed that the proposed method performed better than the other MPPT methods in terms of tracking efficiency, convergence speed, and ease of implementation. This method could be utilized to implement developed PV systems with minimal losses.
{"title":"A Fast MPPT Method Based on Improved Water Cycle Optimization Algorithm for Photovoltaic Systems Under Partial Shading Conditions and Load Variations","authors":"Rafah Ibraheem Jabbar;Saad Mekhilef;Marizan Mubin;Obaid Alshammari;Ahmed Kazaili","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3510367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3510367","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic array characteristics with partial shading (PS) have multiple maximum power points (MPPs), and conventional algorithms have difficulties in tracking accurate global maximum power points (GMPPs). This study proposes a MPP tracking (MPPT) method based on improved water cycle optimization for fast-tracking the GMPP under PS conditions, along with a new strategy to enhance the convergence speed of the MPPT method during load variations. The experimental setup included a dc–dc single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) and digital signal processing and control engineering (DSPACE) controller to assess the performance of the proposed method. The proposed method was also compared with the conventional water cycle optimization and six MPPT algorithms. The experimental results showed that the proposed method obtained an average tracking efficiency of 99.92% and a tracking time of 0.475 s for all PS tests. Moreover, it achieved a GMPP in a single perturbation step when the load change occurred, reducing the power loss in the photovoltaic (PV) system. The comparison showed that the proposed method performed better than the other MPPT methods in terms of tracking efficiency, convergence speed, and ease of implementation. This method could be utilized to implement developed PV systems with minimal losses.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1324-1338"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10779186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142821177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the creation of parts with exceptional geometric versatility, creating new possibilities for developing nonsymmetrical electrical machines (EM) with compact structures, reduced mass density, high torque, better power density, and minimal material waste during fabrication. This review highlights the current state of AM methods and their critical role in the production of EM. The impact of the additively built EM components concerning performance indices, including torque, power density, and efficiency, is highlighted. In addition, an overview of the constraints associated with the traditional production process of EM-specific components and the role of AM in addressing those limitations is emphasized. As per the current state of AM in the context of EM production, the nonconventional structures of the stator and rotor core of EMs are feasible to fabricate to accomplish improved utilization of magnetic flux. Moreover, AM enables the fabrication of windings/coils of any profiles with integrated functionality, including the design of thermal management mechanisms to enhance EM performance and achieve thermally controlled EM. However, the current state of AM technology is not very advanced and requires additional improvement, particularly in areas of EM production, which are minimizing eddy current losses, high-quality surface refinement, build volume restrictions, and simultaneous multimaterials processing.
{"title":"Review of Design Freedom Offered by Additive Manufacturing for Performance Enhancement of Electrical Machine","authors":"Zahoor Ahmad;Ants Kallaste;Toomas Vaimann;Muhammad Usman Naseer;Shahid Hussain;Anton Rassõlkin","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3509547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3509547","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the creation of parts with exceptional geometric versatility, creating new possibilities for developing nonsymmetrical electrical machines (EM) with compact structures, reduced mass density, high torque, better power density, and minimal material waste during fabrication. This review highlights the current state of AM methods and their critical role in the production of EM. The impact of the additively built EM components concerning performance indices, including torque, power density, and efficiency, is highlighted. In addition, an overview of the constraints associated with the traditional production process of EM-specific components and the role of AM in addressing those limitations is emphasized. As per the current state of AM in the context of EM production, the nonconventional structures of the stator and rotor core of EMs are feasible to fabricate to accomplish improved utilization of magnetic flux. Moreover, AM enables the fabrication of windings/coils of any profiles with integrated functionality, including the design of thermal management mechanisms to enhance EM performance and achieve thermally controlled EM. However, the current state of AM technology is not very advanced and requires additional improvement, particularly in areas of EM production, which are minimizing eddy current losses, high-quality surface refinement, build volume restrictions, and simultaneous multimaterials processing.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1300-1323"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10772070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142821259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3501014
Vadim Lanko;Ilya Makarov
Multivariate time-series anomaly detection is a complex task that requires capturing temporal and spatial correlations. Recently, among the unsupervised methods, diffusion models have attracted increased attention among researchers for addressing this particular task. However, spatial information often remains underutilized or overlooked in existing models. In this article, we propose a novel reconstruction-based approach that enhances normal pattern learning through data masking and leverages diffusion models to capture both temporal and spatial interrelations via graph-attention layers. To address the problem of overgeneralization, where anomalous points are reconstructed too well, potentially abnormal points are initially masked based on the reconstruction error produced by the autoencoder. The masked time-series data is then corrupted by noise and reconstructed back by the diffusion model that removes noise in a step-by-step manner. Evaluation on four datasets from various sources demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach, achieving an average $F1$ -score of 96.51%, outperforming many existing baselines. The ablation study estimates the contribution of each of the key components of the model to the score.
{"title":"Graph-Attention Diffusion for Enhanced Multivariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection","authors":"Vadim Lanko;Ilya Makarov","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3501014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3501014","url":null,"abstract":"Multivariate time-series anomaly detection is a complex task that requires capturing temporal and spatial correlations. Recently, among the unsupervised methods, diffusion models have attracted increased attention among researchers for addressing this particular task. However, spatial information often remains underutilized or overlooked in existing models. In this article, we propose a novel reconstruction-based approach that enhances normal pattern learning through data masking and leverages diffusion models to capture both temporal and spatial interrelations via graph-attention layers. To address the problem of overgeneralization, where anomalous points are reconstructed too well, potentially abnormal points are initially masked based on the reconstruction error produced by the autoencoder. The masked time-series data is then corrupted by noise and reconstructed back by the diffusion model that removes noise in a step-by-step manner. Evaluation on four datasets from various sources demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach, achieving an average \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$F1$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-score of 96.51%, outperforming many existing baselines. The ablation study estimates the contribution of each of the key components of the model to the score.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1353-1364"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10755103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3501078
Muhammad F. Umar;Amirhosein Gohari Nazari;Mohammad B. Shadmand;Haitham Abu-Rub
The future power grid is transitioning toward a low inertia power system due to the displacement of synchronous generators (SG)-based generation sources and incorporating inverters-based renewable energy resources. Heterogeneous grid-forming inverters (GFMIs) are expected to be dominant sources in the power generation mix due to several benefits that are inherited in this inverter control. However, these GFMIs impose different transients on the power grid that did not exist in the conventional power grid. The effect of this heterogeneity on the dynamic behavior of such power grid with a fleet of GFMIs becomes more significant under large-scale disturbances such as short circuit faults. Particularly, because of the noncoherent and heterogeneous dynamic behavior of GFMIs in the presence of the conventional overcurrent protection schemes posing several challenges to the resiliency of a power grid during a fault and in a postfault state. To improve the resiliency of the power grid with heterogeneous GFMIs during these conditions, a coherency enforcement scheme among heterogeneous GFMI is proposed. This ensures a coherent transition of GFMIs from the normal to fault-ride-through mode and from the fault-ride-through mode to normal condition when the fault is cleared. Moreover, the proposed improvements in GFMI control prevent the excessive change/acceleration in the voltage angle of GFMIs that prevents the loss of synchronism, improves the dynamic behavior of GFMIs, and ensure seamless operation under large-scale disturbances, resulting in enhancing resiliency of power grid. These claims in the resiliency enhancements for a power grid dominated with heterogeneous GFMIs under large-scale disturbances are validated via hardware-in-the-loop experimental case studies.
{"title":"Resilient Operation of Grid-Forming Inverters Under Large-Scale Disturbances in Low Inertia Power System","authors":"Muhammad F. Umar;Amirhosein Gohari Nazari;Mohammad B. Shadmand;Haitham Abu-Rub","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3501078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3501078","url":null,"abstract":"The future power grid is transitioning toward a low inertia power system due to the displacement of synchronous generators (SG)-based generation sources and incorporating inverters-based renewable energy resources. Heterogeneous grid-forming inverters (GFMIs) are expected to be dominant sources in the power generation mix due to several benefits that are inherited in this inverter control. However, these GFMIs impose different transients on the power grid that did not exist in the conventional power grid. The effect of this heterogeneity on the dynamic behavior of such power grid with a fleet of GFMIs becomes more significant under large-scale disturbances such as short circuit faults. Particularly, because of the noncoherent and heterogeneous dynamic behavior of GFMIs in the presence of the conventional overcurrent protection schemes posing several challenges to the resiliency of a power grid during a fault and in a postfault state. To improve the resiliency of the power grid with heterogeneous GFMIs during these conditions, a coherency enforcement scheme among heterogeneous GFMI is proposed. This ensures a coherent transition of GFMIs from the normal to fault-ride-through mode and from the fault-ride-through mode to normal condition when the fault is cleared. Moreover, the proposed improvements in GFMI control prevent the excessive change/acceleration in the voltage angle of GFMIs that prevents the loss of synchronism, improves the dynamic behavior of GFMIs, and ensure seamless operation under large-scale disturbances, resulting in enhancing resiliency of power grid. These claims in the resiliency enhancements for a power grid dominated with heterogeneous GFMIs under large-scale disturbances are validated via hardware-in-the-loop experimental case studies.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1286-1299"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10755083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3491295
Ren Tsunata;Masatsugu Takemoto
This article gives a comprehensive overview of the current research trends in the skewing technique for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The skewing technique has been widely used in many applications to reduce the cogging torque and torque ripple in PMSMs. There are many ways to implement the skew, and new techniques are continually being developed. First, this article summarizes the types of skew structures and presents a survey of existing techniques. Specific emphasis is placed on what kind of skew structure is selected depending on the PMSM configuration. Second, the optimal value of the skew angle for each structure is comprehensively explained, and the discrepancy between theory and finite element analysis is discussed. The definition of skew angle varies across the literature, and one of the purposes of this article is to organize the definition in an easy-to-understand manner. In addition, this article offers three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA) results of various PMSMs employing the skew for quantitative comparison. Then, this article discusses the properties of PMSMs using the skew by structure and the latest trends, and finally describes future prospects.
{"title":"Skewing Technology for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: A Comprehensive Review and Recent Trends","authors":"Ren Tsunata;Masatsugu Takemoto","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3491295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3491295","url":null,"abstract":"This article gives a comprehensive overview of the current research trends in the skewing technique for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The skewing technique has been widely used in many applications to reduce the cogging torque and torque ripple in PMSMs. There are many ways to implement the skew, and new techniques are continually being developed. First, this article summarizes the types of skew structures and presents a survey of existing techniques. Specific emphasis is placed on what kind of skew structure is selected depending on the PMSM configuration. Second, the optimal value of the skew angle for each structure is comprehensively explained, and the discrepancy between theory and finite element analysis is discussed. The definition of skew angle varies across the literature, and one of the purposes of this article is to organize the definition in an easy-to-understand manner. In addition, this article offers three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA) results of various PMSMs employing the skew for quantitative comparison. Then, this article discusses the properties of PMSMs using the skew by structure and the latest trends, and finally describes future prospects.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1251-1273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10742395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing adoption of heat pumps presents new challenges for power grids, including the potential overloading of transformers and cables. To address this issue, in this work, a model predictive control for a low-temperature district heating network is proposed to prevent the overloading of transformers and cables. A comprehensive control strategy that considers various factors influencing the flexibility of heat pumps is introduced. The considered factors include integrating distributed energy resources (DER) such as a photovoltaic system, a battery energy storage system, and flexible indoor temperatures. The control mechanism is validated through a hardware-in-the-loop cosimulation setup, ensuring practical applicability and operational feasibility. The results indicate that with the proposed control, the power consumption of the heat pumps is reduced to alleviate overloading issues. To meet the power consumption constraints imposed on the heat pumps the gas usage by the heating grid would increase up to 506% of the level in the case without power constraints. However, by integrating DERs, along with leveraging the flexibility in indoor temperature, this additional gas usage is limited to 135%.
越来越多地采用热泵给电网带来了新的挑战，包括变压器和电缆可能过载。为解决这一问题，本研究提出了一种低温区域供热网络的模型预测控制方法，以防止变压器和电缆过载。文中介绍了一种综合控制策略，该策略考虑了影响热泵灵活性的各种因素。考虑的因素包括整合分布式能源资源（DER），如光伏系统、电池储能系统和灵活的室内温度。通过硬件在环协同仿真设置对控制机制进行了验证，以确保实际适用性和操作可行性。结果表明，采用所提出的控制方法，热泵的功耗得以降低，从而缓解了过载问题。为了满足对热泵施加的功率消耗限制，供热电网的天然气用量将增加到无功率限制情况下的 506%。然而，通过整合 DER 以及利用室内温度的灵活性，额外的天然气用量被限制在 135%。
{"title":"Short-Term Control of Heat Pumps to Support Power Grid Operation","authors":"Diran Liu;Daniele Carta;André Xhonneux;Dirk Müller;Andrea Benigni","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3486560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3486560","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing adoption of heat pumps presents new challenges for power grids, including the potential overloading of transformers and cables. To address this issue, in this work, a model predictive control for a low-temperature district heating network is proposed to prevent the overloading of transformers and cables. A comprehensive control strategy that considers various factors influencing the flexibility of heat pumps is introduced. The considered factors include integrating distributed energy resources (DER) such as a photovoltaic system, a battery energy storage system, and flexible indoor temperatures. The control mechanism is validated through a hardware-in-the-loop cosimulation setup, ensuring practical applicability and operational feasibility. The results indicate that with the proposed control, the power consumption of the heat pumps is reduced to alleviate overloading issues. To meet the power consumption constraints imposed on the heat pumps the gas usage by the heating grid would increase up to 506% of the level in the case without power constraints. However, by integrating DERs, along with leveraging the flexibility in indoor temperature, this additional gas usage is limited to 135%.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1221-1238"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10736978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3486353
Alvaro Carreno;Mariusz Malinowski;Marcelo A. Perez;Jingyu Ding
The hybrid distribution transformer (HDT) has been proposed as a solution to cope with the low short-circuit capability of solid-state transformers. Among the available HDT configurations, the one that connects a series/parallel converter on the primary/secondary side can be highlighted. This configuration improves the voltage and current waveforms on the transformer and regulates the voltage supplied to the ac microgrid. Nonetheless, this HDT suffers from a circulating active power flow (CAPF), affecting its efficiency. Moreover, during the unbalanced operation of the HDT, an additional CAPF component exists. Depending on the grid and load conditions and whether the parallel converter compensates for the load unbalances, the CAPF can either increase or decrease. Although the CAPF can be eliminated by employing the dc port of the HDT, it is not always possible to extract energy from it. This work contributes with the analysis of the operation of an HDT under an unbalanced grid voltage and load, along with an extended CAPF model that considers the losses of the HDT. The effect of the unbalanced components on the CAPF is analyzed, and the conditions in which the CAPF is minimized are obtained. Nonetheless, in most scenarios, a minimum CAPF does not coincide with the maximum efficiency of the HDT. Therefore, the conditions for achieving maximum efficiency are also determined. A simpler suboptimal condition is obtained due to the complexity of requiring precise parameters and operating conditions of the HDT. Moreover, the suboptimal condition allows for improving the power quality of the HDT. Therefore, a certain amount of CAPF is desired to operate the HDT properly.
{"title":"Effects of Grid Voltage and Load Unbalances on the Efficiency of a Hybrid Distribution Transformer","authors":"Alvaro Carreno;Mariusz Malinowski;Marcelo A. Perez;Jingyu Ding","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3486353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3486353","url":null,"abstract":"The hybrid distribution transformer (HDT) has been proposed as a solution to cope with the low short-circuit capability of solid-state transformers. Among the available HDT configurations, the one that connects a series/parallel converter on the primary/secondary side can be highlighted. This configuration improves the voltage and current waveforms on the transformer and regulates the voltage supplied to the ac microgrid. Nonetheless, this HDT suffers from a circulating active power flow (CAPF), affecting its efficiency. Moreover, during the unbalanced operation of the HDT, an additional CAPF component exists. Depending on the grid and load conditions and whether the parallel converter compensates for the load unbalances, the CAPF can either increase or decrease. Although the CAPF can be eliminated by employing the dc port of the HDT, it is not always possible to extract energy from it. This work contributes with the analysis of the operation of an HDT under an unbalanced grid voltage and load, along with an extended CAPF model that considers the losses of the HDT. The effect of the unbalanced components on the CAPF is analyzed, and the conditions in which the CAPF is minimized are obtained. Nonetheless, in most scenarios, a minimum CAPF does not coincide with the maximum efficiency of the HDT. Therefore, the conditions for achieving maximum efficiency are also determined. A simpler suboptimal condition is obtained due to the complexity of requiring precise parameters and operating conditions of the HDT. Moreover, the suboptimal condition allows for improving the power quality of the HDT. Therefore, a certain amount of CAPF is desired to operate the HDT properly.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1206-1220"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10735355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2024.3483293
Irati Ibanez-Hidalgo;Rodrigo H. Cuzmar;Alain Sanchez-Ruiz;Angel Perez-Basante;Asier Zubizarreta;Salvador Ceballos;Ricardo P. Aguilera
Low-switching frequency modulation techniques, such as selective harmonic control-pulsewidth modulation (SHC-PWM), have been recently proposed for high-power medium-voltage active power filter (APF) application. Compared to high-switching frequency modulation techniques, these methods reduce the switching losses and avoid derrating the current. This results in enhanced power density and efficiency, and facilitates a reduction in costs. However, the low-switching frequency tends to worsen the closed-loop dynamic response and system stability if countermeasures are not taken during the design process of the closed-loop controllers. Moreover, the digital filter used to obtain the harmonic components of the measured signals introduces a delay that can affect the stability and performance of the closed-loop control. This work presents different methods to improve the dynamic response of traditional proportional-integral based closed-loop controllers, which are applied along with SHC-PWM for high-power medium-voltage APFs. A current predictor that substitutes the traditional cross-coupling terms and a Smith predictor are proposed to compensate the delay introduced by the digital filters. In addition, different digital filter implementations are analyzed and compared in terms of dynamic and stationary response with the aim of improving the harmonic estimation from the measured signals. Experimental results for a 3-level NPC converter are provided to verify the effectiveness of the control.
{"title":"Enhanced PI Control Based SHC-PWM Strategy for Active Power Filters","authors":"Irati Ibanez-Hidalgo;Rodrigo H. Cuzmar;Alain Sanchez-Ruiz;Angel Perez-Basante;Asier Zubizarreta;Salvador Ceballos;Ricardo P. Aguilera","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3483293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3483293","url":null,"abstract":"Low-switching frequency modulation techniques, such as selective harmonic control-pulsewidth modulation (SHC-PWM), have been recently proposed for high-power medium-voltage active power filter (APF) application. Compared to high-switching frequency modulation techniques, these methods reduce the switching losses and avoid derrating the current. This results in enhanced power density and efficiency, and facilitates a reduction in costs. However, the low-switching frequency tends to worsen the closed-loop dynamic response and system stability if countermeasures are not taken during the design process of the closed-loop controllers. Moreover, the digital filter used to obtain the harmonic components of the measured signals introduces a delay that can affect the stability and performance of the closed-loop control. This work presents different methods to improve the dynamic response of traditional proportional-integral based closed-loop controllers, which are applied along with SHC-PWM for high-power medium-voltage APFs. A current predictor that substitutes the traditional cross-coupling terms and a Smith predictor are proposed to compensate the delay introduced by the digital filters. In addition, different digital filter implementations are analyzed and compared in terms of dynamic and stationary response with the aim of improving the harmonic estimation from the measured signals. Experimental results for a 3-level NPC converter are provided to verify the effectiveness of the control.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1174-1189"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10726713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industrial and technological evolution has led to the identification of different techniques and strategies that can best adapt to the needs of Manufacturing Industry 4.0. As industrial production has become more automated, the need for more efficient maintenance strategies has increased. Today, among the possible, several applications demonstrate how the Predictive Maintenance (PdM) strategy is the best performing. In fact, PdM makes it possible to predict an impending failure with high accuracy in order to intervene before failure occurs. This work focuses on the application of PdM technique in order to predict the type of chips produced by a lathe through a machine learning algorithm. Moreover, being our application a delay-sensitive one, to drastically decrease the time delay in prediction, our solution proposes the combination of PdM with the Edge Computing paradigm. To simulate this paradigm, the chosen machine learning models were deployed on STM microcontrollers obtaining both high accuracy (98%) and an inference time in the order of milliseconds.
{"title":"A Detailed Study on Algorithms for Predictive Maintenance in Smart Manufacturing: Chip Form Classification Using Edge Machine Learning","authors":"Alessia Lazzaro;Doriana Marilena D'Addona;Massimo Merenda","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2024.3484006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2024.3484006","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial and technological evolution has led to the identification of different techniques and strategies that can best adapt to the needs of Manufacturing Industry 4.0. As industrial production has become more automated, the need for more efficient maintenance strategies has increased. Today, among the possible, several applications demonstrate how the Predictive Maintenance (PdM) strategy is the best performing. In fact, PdM makes it possible to predict an impending failure with high accuracy in order to intervene before failure occurs. This work focuses on the application of PdM technique in order to predict the type of chips produced by a lathe through a machine learning algorithm. Moreover, being our application a delay-sensitive one, to drastically decrease the time delay in prediction, our solution proposes the combination of PdM with the Edge Computing paradigm. To simulate this paradigm, the chosen machine learning models were deployed on STM microcontrollers obtaining both high accuracy (98%) and an inference time in the order of milliseconds.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"5 ","pages":"1190-1205"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10726785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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