Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.93189
S. Ganguly, Debjit Chakraborty, D. N. Goswami
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not change the course of pregnancy, but seems to exert adverse obstetric outcomes like low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, or stillbirth. Antiretroviral treatment seems to reduce the chance of adverse outcomes. Frequently, HIV-infected women also seems to opt for medical termination of pregnancy (MTP). This study is to compare adverse obstetric outcomes and MTP rate for HIV-infected pregnancy with that in the general population irrespective of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out through analysis of secondary data from 314 integrated counselling and testing centers across the state of West Bengal from October 2016 to December 2017. A total number of 227 HIV-infected on ART pregnancies, whose obstetric outcomes happened during the study period were followed up, and rate for low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and MTP were calculated, and it was compared with still birth rate of the state among all pregnancies as per data of the District Level Household Survey 4 from 2013. Results: Rates for low birth weight (28.04 per 100 pregnancy outcomes), spontaneous abortion (4.85 per 100), stillbirth (2.64 per 100), and MTP (9.25 per 100 live birth) were found to be significantly high for HIV-infected pregnancies on ART, as compared to the general population. MTP rates and low birth weight rates for general pregnancies did not fall within the 95% confidence interval of those rates for HIV-infected pregnancies. Conclusion: HIV infection was responsible for significant adverse obstetric outcome irrespective of antiretroviral treatment. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 39-42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93189
{"title":"A retrospective study on adverse obstetric outcomes in HIV-infected pregnancy in West Bengal, India","authors":"S. Ganguly, Debjit Chakraborty, D. N. Goswami","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93189","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not change the course of pregnancy, but seems to exert adverse obstetric outcomes like low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, or stillbirth. Antiretroviral treatment seems to reduce the chance of adverse outcomes. Frequently, HIV-infected women also seems to opt for medical termination of pregnancy (MTP). This study is to compare adverse obstetric outcomes and MTP rate for HIV-infected pregnancy with that in the general population irrespective of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out through analysis of secondary data from 314 integrated counselling and testing centers across the state of West Bengal from October 2016 to December 2017. A total number of 227 HIV-infected on ART pregnancies, whose obstetric outcomes happened during the study period were followed up, and rate for low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and MTP were calculated, and it was compared with still birth rate of the state among all pregnancies as per data of the District Level Household Survey 4 from 2013. Results: Rates for low birth weight (28.04 per 100 pregnancy outcomes), spontaneous abortion (4.85 per 100), stillbirth (2.64 per 100), and MTP (9.25 per 100 live birth) were found to be significantly high for HIV-infected pregnancies on ART, as compared to the general population. MTP rates and low birth weight rates for general pregnancies did not fall within the 95% confidence interval of those rates for HIV-infected pregnancies. Conclusion: HIV infection was responsible for significant adverse obstetric outcome irrespective of antiretroviral treatment. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 39-42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93189","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"39-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.93189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71090666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101681
A. Harxhi, E. Vrapi, Arsilda Gjataj, E. Meta, A. Simaku, R. Bani, D. Gökengin, Colette Smith, M. Youle
Introduction: Despite the fact that there has been a steady rise in new infections rate since the first reported case in 1993, Albania remains a low prevalence country. This was the first cascade study for Albania. The aim was to construct a cascade of care for newly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-diagnosed individuals in 2016 in Albania. Material and methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted at the HIV/AIDS Ambulatory Clinic, Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital Centre of Tirana. Medical records of patients diagnosed and enrolled in care in 2016 were retrospectively screened and data on gender, age, HIV clinical stage, CD4+ T cell count, viral load measurement, and treatment history, with antiretroviral treatment (ART) and adherence to treatment were collected. Results: Out of 127 new HIV cases reported, 100 (78.7%) entered care. The median age was 39 years (range, 20-75 years; male, 82%). Seventy one percent started ART within a median of 56 days (range, 1-317 days) from diagnosis, 34 (47.9%) patients received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine + efavirenz (EFV), and 27 (38%) zidovudine + lamivudine + EFV. Among those who started ART, 19.7% were late presenters and 54.9% were very late presenters. Viral load after initiation of ART was assessed in 25 cases, with 56% of patients achieving an undetectable HIV-RNA. Conclusions: A large proportion of people living with HIV were lost at each step of the cascade. Efforts in Albania should be focused on scaling up HIV testing, promoting adherence to ART, improving access to diagnostics, and better ART regimens as well as proper monitoring of therapy.
{"title":"HIV care cascade in Albania: analysis of newly diagnosed cases in 2016","authors":"A. Harxhi, E. Vrapi, Arsilda Gjataj, E. Meta, A. Simaku, R. Bani, D. Gökengin, Colette Smith, M. Youle","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101681","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Despite the fact that there has been a steady rise in new infections rate since the first reported case in 1993, Albania remains a low prevalence country. This was the first cascade study for Albania. The aim was to construct a cascade of care for newly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-diagnosed individuals in 2016 in Albania. Material and methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted at the HIV/AIDS Ambulatory Clinic, Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital Centre of Tirana. Medical records of patients diagnosed and enrolled in care in 2016 were retrospectively screened and data on gender, age, HIV clinical stage, CD4+ T cell count, viral load measurement, and treatment history, with antiretroviral treatment (ART) and adherence to treatment were collected. Results: Out of 127 new HIV cases reported, 100 (78.7%) entered care. The median age was 39 years (range, 20-75 years; male, 82%). Seventy one percent started ART within a median of 56 days (range, 1-317 days) from diagnosis, 34 (47.9%) patients received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine + efavirenz (EFV), and 27 (38%) zidovudine + lamivudine + EFV. Among those who started ART, 19.7% were late presenters and 54.9% were very late presenters. Viral load after initiation of ART was assessed in 25 cases, with 56% of patients achieving an undetectable HIV-RNA. Conclusions: A large proportion of people living with HIV were lost at each step of the cascade. Efforts in Albania should be focused on scaling up HIV testing, promoting adherence to ART, improving access to diagnostics, and better ART regimens as well as proper monitoring of therapy.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78316801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96489
Setayesh Sindarreh, F. Ebrahimi, M. Nasirian
Introduction: In Iran, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a stigmatized issue and there is a nega tive attitude towards the disease. The stigma and discrimination because of HIV can affect both physical and mental health, social activities, and the quality of life of HIVpositive people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitude towards HIV infection among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Isfahan, Iran. Material and methods: This crosssectional study examined 99 HIVpositive patients from the Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan, Iran, in December 2017. A standard questionnaire through a crosssectional study was used to evaluate the attitude concerning HIV infection among PLHIV. In addition, linear regression was used to assess factors affecting attitude among PLHIV. Results: About 24% of participants had good levels of attitude, whereas 67.71% of them had a moderate attitude. In addition, around 93% of respondents believed that to allow PLHIV to joint freely in all social activities. The evaluated factors such as gender (p = 0.28), age (p = 0.96), educational level (p = 0.83), and marital status and occupation (p = 0.58), did not have a significant relationship with the attitude score. Conclusions: The attitude to HIV infection was not satisfactory among PLHIV in Isfahan, considering that HIV/AIDSrelated stigma can cause personal, familial, and social problems. Therefore, appropriate actions are needed to improve the attitude and to reduce stigma associated with HIV infection. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 132-138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96489
{"title":"Stigma and discrimination in the view of people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Isfahan, Iran","authors":"Setayesh Sindarreh, F. Ebrahimi, M. Nasirian","doi":"10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96489","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In Iran, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a stigmatized issue and there is a nega tive attitude towards the disease. The stigma and discrimination because of HIV can affect both physical and mental health, social activities, and the quality of life of HIVpositive people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitude towards HIV infection among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Isfahan, Iran. Material and methods: This crosssectional study examined 99 HIVpositive patients from the Isfahan Health Center, Isfahan, Iran, in December 2017. A standard questionnaire through a crosssectional study was used to evaluate the attitude concerning HIV infection among PLHIV. In addition, linear regression was used to assess factors affecting attitude among PLHIV. Results: About 24% of participants had good levels of attitude, whereas 67.71% of them had a moderate attitude. In addition, around 93% of respondents believed that to allow PLHIV to joint freely in all social activities. The evaluated factors such as gender (p = 0.28), age (p = 0.96), educational level (p = 0.83), and marital status and occupation (p = 0.58), did not have a significant relationship with the attitude score. Conclusions: The attitude to HIV infection was not satisfactory among PLHIV in Isfahan, considering that HIV/AIDSrelated stigma can cause personal, familial, and social problems. Therefore, appropriate actions are needed to improve the attitude and to reduce stigma associated with HIV infection. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 132-138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96489","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"132-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96489","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71091104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101594
L. Nafisah, P. Riono, T. Muhaimin
Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA), especially men who have sex with man (MSM) suffer from double stigma because of their sexual behavior and HIV status; therefore, many of them do not reveal their status to others. Unfair treatment of health workers experienced by MSM negatively impacts their health, particularly their adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Non-compliance with therapy leads to poor conditions of PLWHA and increased transmission of HIV to their sexual partners. The aim of this study was to examine whether perceived stigma and disclosed HIV status are associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-adherence among MSM. Material and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from April to July 2018 in two private clinics in DKI Jakarta, which are often visited by MSM. Thirty-eight adult MSM who had been on ART for ≥ 6 months with a complete medical record were included in this study, using a purposive sampling method. Quantitative data were collected with a structured direct interview and recorded in STATA v.14 for analysis. Results: The average age was 31 years (SD ± 5.38), 94.74% of participants did not have a formal employment and were not married, and 65.79% completed undergraduate education. 50% felt a high stigma related to their HIV status; however, 63.16% revealed their status to others, especially health workers and 52.63% had a good relationship with doctors. There was no significant relationship between perceived stigma and disclosure of status with adherence to ART therapy. Conclusions: Perceived stigma should be minimized by establishing a good patient-doctor relationship. Therefore, MSM would be willing to disclose their HIV status and sexuality, and hence help to achieve optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy.
{"title":"Do stigma and disclosure of HIV status are associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy among men who have sex with men?","authors":"L. Nafisah, P. Riono, T. Muhaimin","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101594","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA), especially men who have sex with man (MSM) suffer from double stigma because of their sexual behavior and HIV status; therefore, many of them do not reveal their status to others. Unfair treatment of health workers experienced by MSM negatively impacts their health, particularly their adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Non-compliance with therapy leads to poor conditions of PLWHA and increased transmission of HIV to their sexual partners. The aim of this study was to examine whether perceived stigma and disclosed HIV status are associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-adherence among MSM. Material and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from April to July 2018 in two private clinics in DKI Jakarta, which are often visited by MSM. Thirty-eight adult MSM who had been on ART for ≥ 6 months with a complete medical record were included in this study, using a purposive sampling method. Quantitative data were collected with a structured direct interview and recorded in STATA v.14 for analysis. Results: The average age was 31 years (SD ± 5.38), 94.74% of participants did not have a formal employment and were not married, and 65.79% completed undergraduate education. 50% felt a high stigma related to their HIV status; however, 63.16% revealed their status to others, especially health workers and 52.63% had a good relationship with doctors. There was no significant relationship between perceived stigma and disclosure of status with adherence to ART therapy. Conclusions: Perceived stigma should be minimized by establishing a good patient-doctor relationship. Therefore, MSM would be willing to disclose their HIV status and sexuality, and hence help to achieve optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82766180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.99681
O S Ilesanmi, O. Akpa
Introduction: The occurrence of hypertension in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is increasing. In Nigeria, where the national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is 1.4%, an estimated 700,000 PLWHA are on ART. We investigated the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among adults on ART in Owo, Ondo State. Material and methods: A retrospective study with 300 PLWHA on ART in Federal Medical Centre, Owo, was conducted. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mm Hg. Descriptive statistics were performed. Chi-square tests were used to identify associations between sociodemographic/clinical parameters and hypertension. Odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio were used to examine risk factors associated with hypertension. Results: The mean age of PLWHA was 38.3 years (SD, 10.4) and 33.7% were males. Median duration on ART was 6 years (range, 0.5-15). The prevalence of hypertension was 20.3%, with 25.7% in males and 17.5% among females. The prevalence of hypertension before commencing ART was 14.7% and 20.3% after ART was commenced (p = 0.043). Mean SBP was 110 ± 16 mm Hg before ART use and 118 ± 18 after utilization of ART (p < 0.001). Hypertension before commencing ART was associated with age of 38 years and above (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3-6.8). Amongst PLWHA, hypertension after commencing treatment was associated with being previously hypertensive (AOR: 9.2; 95% CI: 4.5-18.6). Conclusions: HIV treatment programs should include screening and management of hypertension. Screening and assessment of risk factors were directed at PLWHA diagnosed with hypertension before commencing ART, while routine check of blood pressure was evaluated at subsequent visits. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 199-205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99681
在接受抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的人类免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征(PLWHA)患者中，高血压的发生率正在增加。在尼日利亚，全国人类免疫缺陷病毒(艾滋病毒)流行率为1.4%，估计有70万艾滋病感染者正在接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。我们调查了在Ondo州的Owo接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的成年人中高血压患病率和相关因素。材料和方法:对奥沃联邦医疗中心300名艾滋病感染者进行抗逆转录病毒治疗的回顾性研究。高血压定义为收缩压(SBP)≥140 mm Hg和/或舒张压(DBP)≥90 mm Hg。卡方检验用于确定社会人口学/临床参数与高血压之间的关系。采用优势比和校正优势比检查高血压相关危险因素。结果:PLWHA患者平均年龄38.3岁(SD, 10.4)，男性占33.7%。抗逆转录病毒治疗的中位持续时间为6年(范围0.5-15年)。高血压患病率为20.3%，其中男性为25.7%，女性为17.5%。开始抗逆转录病毒治疗前高血压患病率为14.7%，开始抗逆转录病毒治疗后高血压患病率为20.3% (p = 0.043)。使用ART前平均收缩压为110±16 mm Hg，使用ART后平均收缩压为118±18 mm Hg (p < 0.001)。开始抗逆转录病毒治疗前的高血压与38岁及以上年龄相关(OR: 2.7;95% ci: 1.3-6.8)。在PLWHA患者中，开始治疗后的高血压与既往高血压相关(AOR: 9.2;95% ci: 4.5-18.6)。结论:HIV治疗方案应包括高血压的筛查和管理。筛查和评估风险因素的对象是在开始抗逆转录病毒治疗前被诊断为高血压的艾滋病感染者，同时在随后的就诊中评估常规血压检查。艾滋病Rev 2020;[j] .中国科学:地球科学
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy in Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"O S Ilesanmi, O. Akpa","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99681","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The occurrence of hypertension in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is increasing. In Nigeria, where the national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is 1.4%, an estimated 700,000 PLWHA are on ART. We investigated the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among adults on ART in Owo, Ondo State. Material and methods: A retrospective study with 300 PLWHA on ART in Federal Medical Centre, Owo, was conducted. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mm Hg. Descriptive statistics were performed. Chi-square tests were used to identify associations between sociodemographic/clinical parameters and hypertension. Odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio were used to examine risk factors associated with hypertension. Results: The mean age of PLWHA was 38.3 years (SD, 10.4) and 33.7% were males. Median duration on ART was 6 years (range, 0.5-15). The prevalence of hypertension was 20.3%, with 25.7% in males and 17.5% among females. The prevalence of hypertension before commencing ART was 14.7% and 20.3% after ART was commenced (p = 0.043). Mean SBP was 110 ± 16 mm Hg before ART use and 118 ± 18 after utilization of ART (p < 0.001). Hypertension before commencing ART was associated with age of 38 years and above (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3-6.8). Amongst PLWHA, hypertension after commencing treatment was associated with being previously hypertensive (AOR: 9.2; 95% CI: 4.5-18.6). Conclusions: HIV treatment programs should include screening and management of hypertension. Screening and assessment of risk factors were directed at PLWHA diagnosed with hypertension before commencing ART, while routine check of blood pressure was evaluated at subsequent visits. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 199-205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99681","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"269 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83710618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101593
A. Kia, Z. B. Jozani, K. Kabir, L. Salehi, Z. Mahmoodi
Introduction: Considering the role of marital satisfaction and adjustment in family functioning, which can be influenced by specific disease, such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), this study was conducted to determine the effect of practical intimate relationship skills training (PAIRS) on marital satisfaction, adjustment, and sexual function in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS (WLHA). Material and methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 44 WLHA referred to the Behavioral Disease Counseling Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2019, were randomly divided into intervention and control groups based on four randomized blocks. Eight sessions of educational counseling were provided once a week for both group. At the beginning, at the end, and at four weeks following the training, Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire, Spinner marital adjustment, and Rosen sexual function questionnaires were completed by patients and analyzed with a SPSS-21 software. Results: This study showed no significant difference between total score of marital satisfaction, marital adjustment, and sexual function before the intervention. Rate of marital satisfaction (p = 0.003), marital adjustment (p = 0.03), and female sexual function (p < 0.001) were significantly increased in the intervention group immediately and one month after the intervention. The results also indicated that 77.9% of the changes in post-test scores of marital satisfaction, 76% of marital adjustment, and 94.9% of sexual function were related to the intervention effect, demonstrating a sustainable impact of educational intervention (p < 0.001). Conclusions: PAIRS can improve marital satisfaction and adjustment and sexual function in WLHA, and influence quality of family functioning. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 4: 252-259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101593
{"title":"The effect of practical intimate relationship skills training (PAIRS) on marital satisfaction, adjustment, and sexual function in women living with HIV and AIDS: a randomized controlled trial","authors":"A. Kia, Z. B. Jozani, K. Kabir, L. Salehi, Z. Mahmoodi","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101593","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Considering the role of marital satisfaction and adjustment in family functioning, which can be influenced by specific disease, such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), this study was conducted to determine the effect of practical intimate relationship skills training (PAIRS) on marital satisfaction, adjustment, and sexual function in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS (WLHA). Material and methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 44 WLHA referred to the Behavioral Disease Counseling Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2019, were randomly divided into intervention and control groups based on four randomized blocks. Eight sessions of educational counseling were provided once a week for both group. At the beginning, at the end, and at four weeks following the training, Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire, Spinner marital adjustment, and Rosen sexual function questionnaires were completed by patients and analyzed with a SPSS-21 software. Results: This study showed no significant difference between total score of marital satisfaction, marital adjustment, and sexual function before the intervention. Rate of marital satisfaction (p = 0.003), marital adjustment (p = 0.03), and female sexual function (p < 0.001) were significantly increased in the intervention group immediately and one month after the intervention. The results also indicated that 77.9% of the changes in post-test scores of marital satisfaction, 76% of marital adjustment, and 94.9% of sexual function were related to the intervention effect, demonstrating a sustainable impact of educational intervention (p < 0.001). Conclusions: PAIRS can improve marital satisfaction and adjustment and sexual function in WLHA, and influence quality of family functioning. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 4: 252-259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101593","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82800095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.99680
Martin G. Rosario
Introduction: People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can present vestibular system impairments, affecting postural stability. There is limited literature related to visual and somatosensory systems in maintaining postural stability in HIV-positive people. The purpose of this study was to describe sensory systems used to maintain postural stability and how the sources of sensory information can influence postural stability in asymptomatic persons with HIV. Material and methods: Postural stability was measured in 20 asymptomatic persons with HIV with no history of fall (11 males, 9 females; aged 43 ± 8 years). Static postural stability was evaluated during eight conditions that perturbed the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular inputs. One-way MANOVA test was conducted to compare center of pressure (COP), antero-posterior displacement (APD), and right-left displacement (RLD) on a stable and unstable surface. Results: There was a significant increase in the COP, APD, and RLD when the proprioceptive system was challenged on the unstable surface. Conclusions: Postural instability can be detected in asymptomatic HIV-positive persons with challenging conditions before the evident appearance of balance impairments. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 193-198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99680
{"title":"Early signs of standing postural instability in asymptomatic people living with HIV","authors":"Martin G. Rosario","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99680","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can present vestibular system impairments, affecting postural stability. There is limited literature related to visual and somatosensory systems in maintaining postural stability in HIV-positive people. The purpose of this study was to describe sensory systems used to maintain postural stability and how the sources of sensory information can influence postural stability in asymptomatic persons with HIV. Material and methods: Postural stability was measured in 20 asymptomatic persons with HIV with no history of fall (11 males, 9 females; aged 43 ± 8 years). Static postural stability was evaluated during eight conditions that perturbed the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular inputs. One-way MANOVA test was conducted to compare center of pressure (COP), antero-posterior displacement (APD), and right-left displacement (RLD) on a stable and unstable surface. Results: There was a significant increase in the COP, APD, and RLD when the proprioceptive system was challenged on the unstable surface. Conclusions: Postural instability can be detected in asymptomatic HIV-positive persons with challenging conditions before the evident appearance of balance impairments. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 193-198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99680","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90603644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101633
Martin G. Rosario
Introduction: A known repercussion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an alteration of gait and balance, which increases the risk of fall-related injuries for those living with the disease. Muscle weakness and neurocognitive alterations can lead to distorted postural strategies in people living with HIV (PLHIV); however, the precise neuromuscular mechanism leading to this impaired postural instability remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the neuromuscular recruitment of lower extremities during single and dual-cognitive balance tasks among PLHIV. Material and methods: Fifty adults participated in this study, of whom 19 were diagnosed HIV-positive and 31 were HIV-negative. Each participant had surface electromyography electrodes placed on the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles of their dominant leg before being instructed to stand in a bi-pedal posture on a balance foam pad for 15 seconds per task. Four single balance tasks and four dual-cognitive balance tasks were performed on the foam pad. Results: Significant modifications in delayed and prolonged neuromuscular activation recruitment were found in both the GA and TA during single tasks, whereas dual cognitive tasks presented comparable results between the HIV group and the control group. Conclusions: Asymptomatic PLHIV exhibit altered neuromuscular recruitment while standing, which suggest a correlation between this evident increase in modification and a localized, peripheral issue or miscommunication between the central and peripheral nervous systems. This research highlights the necessity of conducting lower extremity neuromuscular assessments in all HIV-positive individuals.
{"title":"Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior neuromuscular modification recruitment during postural standing in people living with HIV","authors":"Martin G. Rosario","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101633","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: A known repercussion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an alteration of gait and balance, which increases the risk of fall-related injuries for those living with the disease. Muscle weakness and neurocognitive alterations can lead to distorted postural strategies in people living with HIV (PLHIV); however, the precise neuromuscular mechanism leading to this impaired postural instability remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the neuromuscular recruitment of lower extremities during single and dual-cognitive balance tasks among PLHIV. Material and methods: Fifty adults participated in this study, of whom 19 were diagnosed HIV-positive and 31 were HIV-negative. Each participant had surface electromyography electrodes placed on the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles of their dominant leg before being instructed to stand in a bi-pedal posture on a balance foam pad for 15 seconds per task. Four single balance tasks and four dual-cognitive balance tasks were performed on the foam pad. Results: Significant modifications in delayed and prolonged neuromuscular activation recruitment were found in both the GA and TA during single tasks, whereas dual cognitive tasks presented comparable results between the HIV group and the control group. Conclusions: Asymptomatic PLHIV exhibit altered neuromuscular recruitment while standing, which suggest a correlation between this evident increase in modification and a localized, peripheral issue or miscommunication between the central and peripheral nervous systems. This research highlights the necessity of conducting lower extremity neuromuscular assessments in all HIV-positive individuals.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76411438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.98005
M. Rorat, T. Jurek
From the medical and legal points of view, mother to child way of pathogens’ transmission is specific. In case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the highest risk of infection occurs during labor; hence, implementation of pharmacological prophylaxis for the mother and child is of high importance. Criminal law protection of a pregnant woman is of special nature, as it concerns two dependent entities, yet unequal before the law: the mother and the child. Legislators clearly give priority to the mother's life and health over the life and health of nasciturus . The beginning of labor or the moment when objective indications for early delivery occur, are considered to be the beginning of legal protection of life and health of a child, provided that the fetus has reached fetal viability. Only then, it is entitled to full legal protection. A HIV-infected woman who refuses therapy and, therefore, puts her child at risk of becoming infected, may be liable to prosecution. Liability under Article 161 § 1 of the Penal Code arises only when the child acquires the rights of a born person (human rights). Should the infection be transmitted in the perinatal period or after the birth, a mother may be held liable for moderate or even serious damage to the child's health. A physician is required by law to provide his patient with detailed information regarding the ways of HIV transmission, the options to protect the child against infection, and the risks associated with refusal to undergo therapy.
{"title":"Fetus exposure to HIV infection by mother during pregnancy – legal aspects","authors":"M. Rorat, T. Jurek","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.98005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.98005","url":null,"abstract":"From the medical and legal points of view, mother to child way of pathogens’ transmission is specific. In case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the highest risk of infection occurs during labor; hence, implementation of pharmacological prophylaxis for the mother and child is of high importance. Criminal law protection of a pregnant woman is of special nature, as it concerns two dependent entities, yet unequal before the law: the mother and the child. Legislators clearly give priority to the mother's life and health over the life and health of nasciturus . The beginning of labor or the moment when objective indications for early delivery occur, are considered to be the beginning of legal protection of life and health of a child, provided that the fetus has reached fetal viability. Only then, it is entitled to full legal protection. A HIV-infected woman who refuses therapy and, therefore, puts her child at risk of becoming infected, may be liable to prosecution. Liability under Article 161 § 1 of the Penal Code arises only when the child acquires the rights of a born person (human rights). Should the infection be transmitted in the perinatal period or after the birth, a mother may be held liable for moderate or even serious damage to the child's health. A physician is required by law to provide his patient with detailed information regarding the ways of HIV transmission, the options to protect the child against infection, and the risks associated with refusal to undergo therapy.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90950534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2019.83845
A. Janbakhsh, M. Afsharian, M. Ramezani, H. Mozaffari, M. Sadeghi
Introduction: Alterations of vitamins and minerals have been seen in patients with the human immune virus (HIV) in numerous studies. This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of vitamin D, magnesium, calcium, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in HIV-infected patients compared with controls in western Iran. Material and methods: Ninety-eight HIV-infected prisoners and 98 healthy controls were selected for the study in 2016. Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) was checked in all HIV-infected patients. Age, sex, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, iron, and TIBC were checked for each person in both groups. Results: The mean age (range) of the HIV-infected and the healthy control groups was 40.11 years (21-68 years) and 45.59 (18-85 years), respectively. Vitamin D, calcium, iron and TIBC levels were significantly different in the two groups. There was a significant correlation between calcium and iron levels and the CD4 count. Conclusions: There were significant differences in vitamin D, calcium, iron, and TIBC levels in the HIV-infected patients compared to the healthy controls. Therefore, the results show the correlation between these levels and the incidence of HIV. In addition, the significant difference between calcium and iron levels with the CD4 counts can enhance the correlation.
{"title":"Serum levels of vitamin D, magnesium, calcium, iron, and total iron binding capacity in HIV-infected patients","authors":"A. Janbakhsh, M. Afsharian, M. Ramezani, H. Mozaffari, M. Sadeghi","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2019.83845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2019.83845","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Alterations of vitamins and minerals have been seen in patients with the human immune virus (HIV) in numerous studies. This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of vitamin D, magnesium, calcium, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in HIV-infected patients compared with controls in western Iran. Material and methods: Ninety-eight HIV-infected prisoners and 98 healthy controls were selected for the study in 2016. Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) was checked in all HIV-infected patients. Age, sex, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, iron, and TIBC were checked for each person in both groups. Results: The mean age (range) of the HIV-infected and the healthy control groups was 40.11 years (21-68 years) and 45.59 (18-85 years), respectively. Vitamin D, calcium, iron and TIBC levels were significantly different in the two groups. There was a significant correlation between calcium and iron levels and the CD4 count. Conclusions: There were significant differences in vitamin D, calcium, iron, and TIBC levels in the HIV-infected patients compared to the healthy controls. Therefore, the results show the correlation between these levels and the incidence of HIV. In addition, the significant difference between calcium and iron levels with the CD4 counts can enhance the correlation.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79106159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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