Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2021.109249
K. Muchena, R. Kalenga
Successful rollout of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Africa has resulted in a steep decline in HIV incidence. Even though this has been a long-awaited development, it is not the case for adolescents (10-19 years) born HIV-positive. Given this brief background and dangers imposed by COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents born HIV-positive are at great risk. A systematic review was conducted and reported, according to preferred reporting items for meta-analyses (PRISMA). Studies were drawn from database search performed between April and June 2020 using PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Sabinet. Results suggested that factors, which negatively impact ART adherence fall into three main levels: 1. Household level: through pressure to share medication;2. Institutional level: lockdown restrictions due to COVID-19, long distance to facilities, heavy workload due to limited staff, and extended waiting times;3. Community level: structural barriers, such as HIV stigma and discrimination, gender inequalities, and poor living conditions. Main motivators to remain adherent to ART include having a strong social support system, life goals, and ambitions. This paper highlights the complexity of ART adherence during COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions to improve adherence to ART of adolescents born HIV-positive should address psycho-social factors, such as treatment fatigue, disclosure and family, and household dynamics, in addition to access to ART service delivery during periods of crisis.
{"title":"Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy during COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents born HIV-positive","authors":"K. Muchena, R. Kalenga","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2021.109249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.109249","url":null,"abstract":"Successful rollout of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Africa has resulted in a steep decline in HIV incidence. Even though this has been a long-awaited development, it is not the case for adolescents (10-19 years) born HIV-positive. Given this brief background and dangers imposed by COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents born HIV-positive are at great risk. A systematic review was conducted and reported, according to preferred reporting items for meta-analyses (PRISMA). Studies were drawn from database search performed between April and June 2020 using PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Sabinet. Results suggested that factors, which negatively impact ART adherence fall into three main levels: 1. Household level: through pressure to share medication;2. Institutional level: lockdown restrictions due to COVID-19, long distance to facilities, heavy workload due to limited staff, and extended waiting times;3. Community level: structural barriers, such as HIV stigma and discrimination, gender inequalities, and poor living conditions. Main motivators to remain adherent to ART include having a strong social support system, life goals, and ambitions. This paper highlights the complexity of ART adherence during COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions to improve adherence to ART of adolescents born HIV-positive should address psycho-social factors, such as treatment fatigue, disclosure and family, and household dynamics, in addition to access to ART service delivery during periods of crisis.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91094672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2021.109260
S. Gayathri, N. Shetty, Sameep S. Shetty, Akanksha Raj
Gingival enlargement is caused by various factors such as inflammation, medications and malignant diseases. Acute leukemic enlargement is commonly seen in children. If prompt diagnosis is not made properly and treated early, it may result in significant morbidity and mortality. Gingival enlargement is seldom seen in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This case report presents an in-teresting rare case of gingival enlargement in an adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and management of the disease.
{"title":"Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and gingival enlargement – a case report","authors":"S. Gayathri, N. Shetty, Sameep S. Shetty, Akanksha Raj","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2021.109260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.109260","url":null,"abstract":"Gingival enlargement is caused by various factors such as inflammation, medications and malignant diseases. Acute leukemic enlargement is commonly seen in children. If prompt diagnosis is not made properly and treated early, it may result in significant morbidity and mortality. Gingival enlargement is seldom seen in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This case report presents an in-teresting rare case of gingival enlargement in an adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and management of the disease.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83798419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2021.111971
M. Mohraz, Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi, Ali Asadollahi-Amin, Raheleh Golrokhi, E. Merghati Khoei, Habib Yousefi, S. Pashangzadeh, O. Dadras
Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a vulnerable group, and their psychological, physical, and social well-being could be affected by various factors. They are also at higher risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study was conducted to identify socio-demo-graphic characteristics and HIV-related risk behaviors among MSM in Iran. Material and methods: A qualitative study was conducted among MSM attending a sexual health clinic in a referral hospital, in Tehran in 2018. Data was collected through four focus group discussions. Content analysis approach was used in data analysis. Results: One hundred MSM were enrolled in this study. Majority of them were 18-25 years old. Participants had numerous comments about their sexual identity and orientation; some were confused about it and mentioned stigma, discrimination, and lack of social and legal support as the most important contributing factors. Social media and parties were the most common places to find a partner. Moreover, majority had a negative attitude toward emotional attachment and marriage in sexual minorities; this was attributed to partner’s infidelity, low commitment, and lack of family support by some participants. Conclusions: MSM is a vulnerable to psychosocial problems group due to low sexual knowledge and lack of community and legal supports. Data also indicated high probability of HIV transmission among this group because of risky sexual behaviors.
{"title":"Qualitative analysis of attitudes, behaviors, and demands of vulnerable men in Tehran, Iran","authors":"M. Mohraz, Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi, Ali Asadollahi-Amin, Raheleh Golrokhi, E. Merghati Khoei, Habib Yousefi, S. Pashangzadeh, O. Dadras","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2021.111971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.111971","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a vulnerable group, and their psychological, physical, and social well-being could be affected by various factors. They are also at higher risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study was conducted to identify socio-demo-graphic characteristics and HIV-related risk behaviors among MSM in Iran. Material and methods: A qualitative study was conducted among MSM attending a sexual health clinic in a referral hospital, in Tehran in 2018. Data was collected through four focus group discussions. Content analysis approach was used in data analysis. Results: One hundred MSM were enrolled in this study. Majority of them were 18-25 years old. Participants had numerous comments about their sexual identity and orientation; some were confused about it and mentioned stigma, discrimination, and lack of social and legal support as the most important contributing factors. Social media and parties were the most common places to find a partner. Moreover, majority had a negative attitude toward emotional attachment and marriage in sexual minorities; this was attributed to partner’s infidelity, low commitment, and lack of family support by some participants. Conclusions: MSM is a vulnerable to psychosocial problems group due to low sexual knowledge and lack of community and legal supports. Data also indicated high probability of HIV transmission among this group because of risky sexual behaviors.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72366282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2021.108834
Narjes Aghaie, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Ali Montazeri, Z. Moghadam
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients experience various concerns and difficulties, including depression and anxiety, which affect their physical and mental health. Resilience is defined as successful coping with challenging life situations. Higher levels of resilience are associated with improved mental and physical health in chronic diseases. Material and methods: This randomized clinical trial included one intervention and one control groups, and it was conducted with 90 HIV-positive women presenting to the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center of a teaching hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Patients were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Participants in both groups completed a demographic questionnaire as well as Connor-Davidson resilience scale. Women in the intervention group participated in eight 60-minute sessions (one session per week). Connor-Davidson resilience scale was again completed by participants in both groups immediately, and 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the intervention. Results: There was no significant difference in the total score of resilience and its sub-scales between the two groups before the intervention, whereas right after, the total score of resilience and sub-scales of control and spiritual influences were significantly higher in the intervention group ( p > 0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the mean score of resilience scale and sub-scales at four time-point measurements in the intervention group ( p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the control group ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings form the current study suggest that mindfulness-based stress reduction training could improve resilience in female HIV-positive patients. The exclusion criteria were missing a training session and lack of follow-up. This randomized clinical trial, with one intervention and one control groups, was conducted in a sample of 90 HIV-positive women, who presented to Consultation of a hospital affiliated to University of in 2019.
{"title":"Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on resilience in Iranian HIV-positive women: a clinical trial","authors":"Narjes Aghaie, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Ali Montazeri, Z. Moghadam","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2021.108834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.108834","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients experience various concerns and difficulties, including depression and anxiety, which affect their physical and mental health. Resilience is defined as successful coping with challenging life situations. Higher levels of resilience are associated with improved mental and physical health in chronic diseases. Material and methods: This randomized clinical trial included one intervention and one control groups, and it was conducted with 90 HIV-positive women presenting to the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center of a teaching hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Patients were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Participants in both groups completed a demographic questionnaire as well as Connor-Davidson resilience scale. Women in the intervention group participated in eight 60-minute sessions (one session per week). Connor-Davidson resilience scale was again completed by participants in both groups immediately, and 4 weeks and 8 weeks after the intervention. Results: There was no significant difference in the total score of resilience and its sub-scales between the two groups before the intervention, whereas right after, the total score of resilience and sub-scales of control and spiritual influences were significantly higher in the intervention group ( p > 0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the mean score of resilience scale and sub-scales at four time-point measurements in the intervention group ( p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the control group ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings form the current study suggest that mindfulness-based stress reduction training could improve resilience in female HIV-positive patients. The exclusion criteria were missing a training session and lack of follow-up. This randomized clinical trial, with one intervention and one control groups, was conducted in a sample of 90 HIV-positive women, who presented to Consultation of a hospital affiliated to University of in 2019.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86331468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2021.108835
Elnaz Shahmohamadi, Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi, A. Karimi, Farzane Behnezhad, E. Mehraeen, O. Dadras
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), which is a malignancy of mature T lymphocytes. HTLV-2 pathogenesis for humans remains undefined. As they share the same transmission routes, co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HTLV-1 are often reported among the world, mainly among patients living in highly endemic areas like South America and sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, many clinicians are not aware of the potential risks of co-infection with HTLV-1 when treating an HIV patient. Since both viruses infect CD4+ T lymphocytes, scientists have investigated interactions at the cellular and molecular levels, clinical associations, and related complications. Studies have shown that co-infection with HTLV-1 resulted in an increased CD4+ T lymphocyte count, which might be mistaken for immune compatibility, and lead to a delay in the establishment of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive patients. Some authors have observed that co-infection with HTLV-1/HIV-1 can lead to an acceleration of AIDS progression and lessening survival times. Even so, conflicting results and controversies have been reported. These conflicts high-light the requirement of further studies to provide valuable information within this area. In this systematic review, we summarize the current evidence on the co-infection with HTLV-1 among HIV-positive patients, its associated complications, and the impact on progression of AIDS.
{"title":"HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection: a systematic review of current evidence","authors":"Elnaz Shahmohamadi, Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi, A. Karimi, Farzane Behnezhad, E. Mehraeen, O. Dadras","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2021.108835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.108835","url":null,"abstract":"Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), which is a malignancy of mature T lymphocytes. HTLV-2 pathogenesis for humans remains undefined. As they share the same transmission routes, co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HTLV-1 are often reported among the world, mainly among patients living in highly endemic areas like South America and sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, many clinicians are not aware of the potential risks of co-infection with HTLV-1 when treating an HIV patient. Since both viruses infect CD4+ T lymphocytes, scientists have investigated interactions at the cellular and molecular levels, clinical associations, and related complications. Studies have shown that co-infection with HTLV-1 resulted in an increased CD4+ T lymphocyte count, which might be mistaken for immune compatibility, and lead to a delay in the establishment of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive patients. Some authors have observed that co-infection with HTLV-1/HIV-1 can lead to an acceleration of AIDS progression and lessening survival times. Even so, conflicting results and controversies have been reported. These conflicts high-light the requirement of further studies to provide valuable information within this area. In this systematic review, we summarize the current evidence on the co-infection with HTLV-1 among HIV-positive patients, its associated complications, and the impact on progression of AIDS.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79377873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/HIVAR.2021.105107
S. Nematollahi, E. Ayubi, Y. Moradi, A. Almasi-Hashiani, Kamyar Mansori, E. Jenabi, S. Khazaei
Introduction: In Iran, data relating to an updated prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among high-risk groups are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV infection among high-risk groups in Iran through meta-analyses. Material and methods: Electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Knowledge were explored to identify relevant studies. Random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Results: A total of 1,113 records were identified in initial search, out of which 43 reports were finally included in the study. The estimated overall prevalence among high-risk groups was 0.06%, which ranged from 0 among drug addict prisoners in the North to 0.2 among drug addicts in the South of Iran. Conclusions: Prevalence of HIV among high-risk groups in Iran is relatively low. The prevalence of HIV in high-risk groups in different parts of Iran has a different pattern. Due to significant prevalence of HIV in injecting drug users compared to other high-risk groups, there is a need to pay serious attention to this high-risk group and adopt preventive strategies. HIV AIDS Rev 2021; 20, 1: 1-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.105107
在伊朗，缺乏有关高危人群中人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染流行率的最新数据。因此，本研究旨在通过荟萃分析确定伊朗高危人群中HIV感染的流行情况。材料与方法:检索PubMed、SCOPUS、Web of Knowledge等电子科学数据库，查找相关研究。采用随机效应模型估计合并患病率。结果:初步检索共识别1113条记录，其中43例报告最终纳入研究。估计高危人群的总体患病率为0.06%，其范围从伊朗北部吸毒囚犯的0到伊朗南部吸毒成瘾者的0.2。结论:伊朗高危人群的HIV患病率相对较低。在伊朗不同地区，艾滋病毒在高危人群中的流行情况有不同的模式。由于与其他高危人群相比，注射吸毒者中艾滋病毒的流行率很高，因此有必要认真关注这一高危群体并采取预防战略。HIV / AIDS Rev 2021;DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.105107
{"title":"Prevalence of HIV infection among high-risk groups in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"S. Nematollahi, E. Ayubi, Y. Moradi, A. Almasi-Hashiani, Kamyar Mansori, E. Jenabi, S. Khazaei","doi":"10.5114/HIVAR.2021.105107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/HIVAR.2021.105107","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In Iran, data relating to an updated prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among high-risk groups are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV infection among high-risk groups in Iran through meta-analyses. Material and methods: Electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Knowledge were explored to identify relevant studies. Random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Results: A total of 1,113 records were identified in initial search, out of which 43 reports were finally included in the study. The estimated overall prevalence among high-risk groups was 0.06%, which ranged from 0 among drug addict prisoners in the North to 0.2 among drug addicts in the South of Iran. Conclusions: Prevalence of HIV among high-risk groups in Iran is relatively low. The prevalence of HIV in high-risk groups in different parts of Iran has a different pattern. Due to significant prevalence of HIV in injecting drug users compared to other high-risk groups, there is a need to pay serious attention to this high-risk group and adopt preventive strategies. HIV AIDS Rev 2021; 20, 1: 1-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.105107","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90718280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2021.109649
M. Zareipour, M. Morowatisharifabad, Ehsan Movahed, M. Hosseinzadeh, Mahboobe Ameri
{"title":"Application of information-motivation-behavioral skills model in adherence to diet and reduction of depression among HIV-positive patients: health promotion strategy 90-90-90","authors":"M. Zareipour, M. Morowatisharifabad, Ehsan Movahed, M. Hosseinzadeh, Mahboobe Ameri","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2021.109649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2021.109649","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78376741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.5114/HIVAR.2021.105108
N. Chow, A. Khan, S. N. Harun
Introduction: Statistics show that prevalence of smokers is higher among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Efavirenz is still widely used in resource-limited setting around the world. In view of overlapping metabolic pathways between cigarette smoking and efavirenz, it is suggested that poorer treatment outcome among smokers with HIV might be in some way associated with abnormal plasma concentration of efavirenz. Material and methods: Comprehensive search of the literature was performed using PubMed Central, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Review, Science Direct, Springer Link, Oxford Academic, and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins journals. Results: A total of 157 articles were chosen, out of which 8 met eligibility criteria and were reviewed. Lower efavirenz plasma concentration were found in 5 articles, where genetic polymorphism was the major significant co-variate. Only 2 studies described smoking as significantly associated with lower efavirenz plasma concentration. Conclusions: Smoking was found to be associated with a lower efavirenz plasma concentration, especially in population with genetic polymorphism. Future research is required with better methodological design, and subjects with genetic polymorphism need to be excluded, to further investigate the causal relationship of smoking status and efavirenz plasma concentration. retrospective cohort study, case-control study, and pharmacokinetic study.
引言:统计表明，在人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性患者中，吸烟者的患病率较高。依非韦伦在世界范围内仍被广泛应用于资源有限的环境中。鉴于吸烟和依非韦伦之间的代谢途径重叠，我们认为吸烟的HIV患者较差的治疗效果可能在某种程度上与依非韦伦的血药浓度异常有关。材料和方法:使用PubMed Central、PubMed/Medline、Cochrane Review、Science Direct、Springer Link、Oxford Academic和Lippincott Williams & Wilkins期刊对文献进行全面检索。结果:共入选157篇文献，其中8篇符合入选标准，并进行了综述。有5篇文章发现较低的依非韦伦血药浓度，其中遗传多态性是主要的显著协变量。只有2项研究描述吸烟与较低的依非韦伦血浆浓度显著相关。结论:吸烟与较低的依非韦伦血药浓度有关，特别是在遗传多态性人群中。未来的研究需要更好的方法学设计，并排除遗传多态性的受试者，进一步探讨吸烟状况与依非韦伦血药浓度的因果关系。回顾性队列研究、病例对照研究和药代动力学研究。
{"title":"Association between cigarette smoking and plasma concentration of efavirenz: a systematic review","authors":"N. Chow, A. Khan, S. N. Harun","doi":"10.5114/HIVAR.2021.105108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/HIVAR.2021.105108","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Statistics show that prevalence of smokers is higher among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Efavirenz is still widely used in resource-limited setting around the world. In view of overlapping metabolic pathways between cigarette smoking and efavirenz, it is suggested that poorer treatment outcome among smokers with HIV might be in some way associated with abnormal plasma concentration of efavirenz. Material and methods: Comprehensive search of the literature was performed using PubMed Central, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Review, Science Direct, Springer Link, Oxford Academic, and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins journals. Results: A total of 157 articles were chosen, out of which 8 met eligibility criteria and were reviewed. Lower efavirenz plasma concentration were found in 5 articles, where genetic polymorphism was the major significant co-variate. Only 2 studies described smoking as significantly associated with lower efavirenz plasma concentration. Conclusions: Smoking was found to be associated with a lower efavirenz plasma concentration, especially in population with genetic polymorphism. Future research is required with better methodological design, and subjects with genetic polymorphism need to be excluded, to further investigate the causal relationship of smoking status and efavirenz plasma concentration. retrospective cohort study, case-control study, and pharmacokinetic study.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80411857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-19DOI: 10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96508
M. Maputle, Ireen T Ramavhoya, L. Makhado, R. T. Lebese
Introduction: Each year, about 43,000 pregnant women and mothers die world-wide due to pregnancy-related birth conditions. Most of these deaths are avoidable and preventable. An update on the maternal mortality of 2017 indicated that 976 pregnant women died between 2014 and 2016, despite being initiated on anti-retroviral drugs. Although, an improvement on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnancy guidelines implementation was achieved, with 35% of maternal deaths occurring due to HIV infections, therefore there is a need to investigate the experience of midwives/accoucheurs regarding the implementation of HIV guidelines during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the experience of midwives/accoucheurs in implementing pregnancy HIV guidelines in the Limpopo province of South Africa. Material and methods: This was a qualitative study using exploratory-descriptive design, and included professional nurses with midwifery qualification. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used for 18 participants based on data capacity. Data was collected through an in-depth, unstructured face-to-face interview and analyzed using Tesch’s open coding method. Measures to ensure dependability, conformability, transferability, and credibility were applied. Results: Three main subjects emerged from raw data, namely: experiences of midwives/accoucheurs during provision of care to HIV-positive pregnant women, management of pregnant HIV-positive women as per guidelines, and challenges experienced by midwives caring for pregnant HIV-positive women. Conclusions: Midwives implemented the HIV guidelines during pregnancy; however, shortage of nurses during pregnant women’s first visit resulted in prolonged waiting time for other patients. The prolonged time for patients’ results and shortage of consulting rooms affected the implementation of HIV guidelines. The completion of different records was not accurately done. Non-adherence amongst clients affected the overall provision of HIV care.
{"title":"Experiences of midwives and accoucheurs in implementation of pregnancy HIV guidelines in Limpopo province, South Africa","authors":"M. Maputle, Ireen T Ramavhoya, L. Makhado, R. T. Lebese","doi":"10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96508","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Each year, about 43,000 pregnant women and mothers die world-wide due to pregnancy-related birth conditions. Most of these deaths are avoidable and preventable. An update on the maternal mortality of 2017 indicated that 976 pregnant women died between 2014 and 2016, despite being initiated on anti-retroviral drugs. Although, an improvement on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnancy guidelines implementation was achieved, with 35% of maternal deaths occurring due to HIV infections, therefore there is a need to investigate the experience of midwives/accoucheurs regarding the implementation of HIV guidelines during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the experience of midwives/accoucheurs in implementing pregnancy HIV guidelines in the Limpopo province of South Africa. Material and methods: This was a qualitative study using exploratory-descriptive design, and included professional nurses with midwifery qualification. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used for 18 participants based on data capacity. Data was collected through an in-depth, unstructured face-to-face interview and analyzed using Tesch’s open coding method. Measures to ensure dependability, conformability, transferability, and credibility were applied. Results: Three main subjects emerged from raw data, namely: experiences of midwives/accoucheurs during provision of care to HIV-positive pregnant women, management of pregnant HIV-positive women as per guidelines, and challenges experienced by midwives caring for pregnant HIV-positive women. Conclusions: Midwives implemented the HIV guidelines during pregnancy; however, shortage of nurses during pregnant women’s first visit resulted in prolonged waiting time for other patients. The prolonged time for patients’ results and shortage of consulting rooms affected the implementation of HIV guidelines. The completion of different records was not accurately done. Non-adherence amongst clients affected the overall provision of HIV care.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87511372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.93236
I. Sufiawati, E. Munthe
Dentists and dental students have an ethical responsibility to provide treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, since oral lesions are common to occur in HIV patients. The purpose of this paper was to present a systematic review of current published literature regarding the basic medical knowledge of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among dentists and dental students. HIV infection has a high-rate of morbidity and mortality, and this disease is a devastating public health issue. A true understanding of HIV/AIDS is still lacking in developing countries. Among dentist 69.8% reported that absence of knowledge was their main concern in treating HIV patients. High-risk category for cross-contamination occurs in dentists and dental students. Inadequate knowledge of transmission process, diagnosis, treatment, and ignorance about the disease has led to a fear and HIV phobia. Negative attitude and willingness to treat HIV patients are influenced by lack of knowledge. The positive result in providing care for HIV patients has been proven through appropriate training of dentists in terms of HIV patient care in clinical experience. The knowledge and practice of dentists and dental students regarding the disease are strengthened by an innovative education. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and positive attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS are crucial for dental students. There is a need for continued medical education for dentists and dental students on issues related to HIV infection. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 1-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93236
{"title":"Critical role of medical education among dentists and dental students on HIV/AIDS: a systematic review","authors":"I. Sufiawati, E. Munthe","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93236","url":null,"abstract":"Dentists and dental students have an ethical responsibility to provide treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, since oral lesions are common to occur in HIV patients. The purpose of this paper was to present a systematic review of current published literature regarding the basic medical knowledge of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among dentists and dental students. HIV infection has a high-rate of morbidity and mortality, and this disease is a devastating public health issue. A true understanding of HIV/AIDS is still lacking in developing countries. Among dentist 69.8% reported that absence of knowledge was their main concern in treating HIV patients. High-risk category for cross-contamination occurs in dentists and dental students. Inadequate knowledge of transmission process, diagnosis, treatment, and ignorance about the disease has led to a fear and HIV phobia. Negative attitude and willingness to treat HIV patients are influenced by lack of knowledge. The positive result in providing care for HIV patients has been proven through appropriate training of dentists in terms of HIV patient care in clinical experience. The knowledge and practice of dentists and dental students regarding the disease are strengthened by an innovative education. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and positive attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS are crucial for dental students. There is a need for continued medical education for dentists and dental students on issues related to HIV infection. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 1-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93236","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.93236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71090849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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