Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.96326
Martin G. Rosario, L. Jamison
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects millions of people worldwide. Because of an impaired immune system, HIV-positive people are at a higher risk of contracting HIV-related complications, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML is a progressive disease involving degeneration of the white matter in the central nervous system, causing profound adverse effects on gait and posture. This case report presents gait and posture deficiencies in a physically active 52-year-old Latino-Hispanic male with HIV-related PML. Case description: System examinations were conducted to evaluate confidence in balance, balance deficits, and fall risk, given the clinical presentation of HIV-related PML. The patient presented a profound balance and gait motor control impairments, with alterations in posture stability, particularly in mediolateral sway, and velocity were increased when adding vestibular input challenge and dual-tasks (counting backward) components. During gait assessment, the patient compensated by reducing speed during the turn and walk back to the sitting position. Conclusions: This case study strives to provide specific evidence for static and dynamic motor control in PML HIV-related case. Strengthening exercises focusing on posture musculature are highly recommended. Additionally, we encourage to focus on dynamic balance interventions to improve PML-related alterations such the ones presented in this case report. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 139-145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96326
{"title":"Dynamic and static postural alterations in HIV-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a Latino-Hispanic male: a case study","authors":"Martin G. Rosario, L. Jamison","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.96326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96326","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects millions of people worldwide. Because of an impaired immune system, HIV-positive people are at a higher risk of contracting HIV-related complications, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML is a progressive disease involving degeneration of the white matter in the central nervous system, causing profound adverse effects on gait and posture. This case report presents gait and posture deficiencies in a physically active 52-year-old Latino-Hispanic male with HIV-related PML. Case description: System examinations were conducted to evaluate confidence in balance, balance deficits, and fall risk, given the clinical presentation of HIV-related PML. The patient presented a profound balance and gait motor control impairments, with alterations in posture stability, particularly in mediolateral sway, and velocity were increased when adding vestibular input challenge and dual-tasks (counting backward) components. During gait assessment, the patient compensated by reducing speed during the turn and walk back to the sitting position. Conclusions: This case study strives to provide specific evidence for static and dynamic motor control in PML HIV-related case. Strengthening exercises focusing on posture musculature are highly recommended. Additionally, we encourage to focus on dynamic balance interventions to improve PML-related alterations such the ones presented in this case report. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 139-145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96326","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"139-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.96326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71091308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96402
Z. Abduljaleel, M. Athar, F. Al-Allaf, Saied Al-Dehlawi, Sami Melebari, W. El‐Huneidi
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease enzyme is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treatment. Due to mutation of the virus, there is always a room for new agents. Material and methods: The aim of in silico molecular docking study was to analyze and compare the binding mode of seven Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV protease enzyme inhibitors, and to understand their structural requirements to inhibit an enzyme by using Schrodinger model as well as to evaluate a free energy of binding of these inhibitors with an enzyme. Results: The binding mode analysis showed that the active site was present at the interface of two chains A and B of the enzyme and the crucial amino acid remained responsible for the binding of inhibitors to the HIV-1 protease, which could help to classify the inhibitors as better drug targets. Results of this comparative binding mode analysis of seven FDA-approved drugs could be potential and useful for designing of a new effective inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. Out of seven inhibitors drugs, only two drugs present the best inhibition. HIV protease-nelfinavir complex with PDB: 2Q64 and HIV protease D30N, and R41A double mutant-tipranavir complex in PDB: 1D4S double mutant V82F and I84V, were used as templates for applying the mutations on HIV protease active site. Furthermore, the structure-based computer-assisted search for the comparison of the two inhibitors of HIV protease was completed. On the other hand, tipranavir seems to be a broad specificity inhibitor, as no changes in the bond lengths with the introduction of mutations were observed. Conclusions: Tipranavir could be targeted more effectively for designing future drug analogues, as it is less vulnerable to mutations. HIV mutants reported in this study could also be used for preliminary identification of specific inhibitors, as drugs that may alter the HIV protease activity for medicinal use. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 78-86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96402
{"title":"Future appeal of comparative studies on putative binding sites of HIV-1 virus-encoded proteolytic enzyme inhibitor of different Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds","authors":"Z. Abduljaleel, M. Athar, F. Al-Allaf, Saied Al-Dehlawi, Sami Melebari, W. El‐Huneidi","doi":"10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96402","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease enzyme is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treatment. Due to mutation of the virus, there is always a room for new agents. Material and methods: The aim of in silico molecular docking study was to analyze and compare the binding mode of seven Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV protease enzyme inhibitors, and to understand their structural requirements to inhibit an enzyme by using Schrodinger model as well as to evaluate a free energy of binding of these inhibitors with an enzyme. Results: The binding mode analysis showed that the active site was present at the interface of two chains A and B of the enzyme and the crucial amino acid remained responsible for the binding of inhibitors to the HIV-1 protease, which could help to classify the inhibitors as better drug targets. Results of this comparative binding mode analysis of seven FDA-approved drugs could be potential and useful for designing of a new effective inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. Out of seven inhibitors drugs, only two drugs present the best inhibition. HIV protease-nelfinavir complex with PDB: 2Q64 and HIV protease D30N, and R41A double mutant-tipranavir complex in PDB: 1D4S double mutant V82F and I84V, were used as templates for applying the mutations on HIV protease active site. Furthermore, the structure-based computer-assisted search for the comparison of the two inhibitors of HIV protease was completed. On the other hand, tipranavir seems to be a broad specificity inhibitor, as no changes in the bond lengths with the introduction of mutations were observed. Conclusions: Tipranavir could be targeted more effectively for designing future drug analogues, as it is less vulnerable to mutations. HIV mutants reported in this study could also be used for preliminary identification of specific inhibitors, as drugs that may alter the HIV protease activity for medicinal use. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 78-86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96402","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"78-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/HIVAR.2020.96402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71091488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.93234
Lathamangeswari Chinnasamy, A. Muthukrishnan
Introduction: The healthcare personnel and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) need to understand each other for advancement of healthcare delivery system. The attitude of healthcare people contributes a lot to achieve good practices towards the same people who are in deliberate need of support for their living. The aim of this study was to assess the attitude of 600 healthcare students in dental and nursing colleges towards HIV/AIDS and people living with HIV infection (PLHIV), and associate the attitude with demographic data. Material and methods: A quantitative study was carried out to obtain information from 600 healthcare students of six nursing and three dental colleges in Chennai, India to assess the level of attitude regarding HIV and PLHIV. Non-probability convenient sampling technique with simple randomiza-tion was used for the selection of samples. Reliability of tool was assessed by test-retest method, as r = 0.7, and content validity was obtained from the experts. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS package version 22.0. Results: Among 600 participants, 53% had negative attitude, 29% had moderately positive attitude, and 18% had positive attitude towards taking care of HIV-infected people. The mean score was 18.91 (range, 0-60) with standard deviation of ±13.07. Their attitude level was significantly associated with the source of information about HIV/AIDS, but not with the other demographic variable such as age, gender, family income, and parents’ occupation. Conclusions: Healthcare students are in need of intense teaching program with various methods, which can change their attitude to eliminate the fear and stigma towards HIV/AIDS and taking care of people living with HIV/AIDS. antiretroviral treatment, HIV prevention, healthcare society, stigma.
{"title":"Attitude of healthcare students towards HIV/AIDS and people living with HIV in selected dental and nursing colleges at Chennai, India","authors":"Lathamangeswari Chinnasamy, A. Muthukrishnan","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93234","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The healthcare personnel and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) need to understand each other for advancement of healthcare delivery system. The attitude of healthcare people contributes a lot to achieve good practices towards the same people who are in deliberate need of support for their living. The aim of this study was to assess the attitude of 600 healthcare students in dental and nursing colleges towards HIV/AIDS and people living with HIV infection (PLHIV), and associate the attitude with demographic data. Material and methods: A quantitative study was carried out to obtain information from 600 healthcare students of six nursing and three dental colleges in Chennai, India to assess the level of attitude regarding HIV and PLHIV. Non-probability convenient sampling technique with simple randomiza-tion was used for the selection of samples. Reliability of tool was assessed by test-retest method, as r = 0.7, and content validity was obtained from the experts. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS package version 22.0. Results: Among 600 participants, 53% had negative attitude, 29% had moderately positive attitude, and 18% had positive attitude towards taking care of HIV-infected people. The mean score was 18.91 (range, 0-60) with standard deviation of ±13.07. Their attitude level was significantly associated with the source of information about HIV/AIDS, but not with the other demographic variable such as age, gender, family income, and parents’ occupation. Conclusions: Healthcare students are in need of intense teaching program with various methods, which can change their attitude to eliminate the fear and stigma towards HIV/AIDS and taking care of people living with HIV/AIDS. antiretroviral treatment, HIV prevention, healthcare society, stigma.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"665 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79034096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.99616
Suchira S.S. Mullege, Samita S.
Introduction: Improving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing among most at risk popu lations (MARP) is one of the first steps to achieve sustainable development goal target of ending acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by 2030. Studying the time taken for HIV testing and subsequent clinic visits to collect the results provide important inputs for development of HIV prevention programs. This study aimed to identify the pattern of HIV testing behavior of female sex workers (FSWs) over time and developing of statistical models to describe HIV testing behavior among MARP. Material and methods: HIV testing data of 5,667 FSWs registered with national HIV prevention pro gram in 10 districts of Sri Lanka during 2016 and 2017 were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard model (CPHM) with timedependent covariates. Results: Time taken to acceptance of HIV testing is more dependent on individual factors of FSWs, whereas the uptake of results is less dependent on individual factors. Youth FSWs take more time to accept an HIV test. FSWs who operate in districts out of Colombo, use condoms and report under going HIV testing before joining the programme take more time for testing and collection of the re sults. FSWs with high partner exchange rate (therefore, at highrisk) are less likely to complete both events and take more time for testing. Most of these covariates were identified as timedependent, and the effects showed a reducing pattern over time. Extended CPHM paved the way to model such variables. Conclusions: Factors identified in the study, as associated with time taken for both events, can be consider in planning activities leading to HIV preventions programs. Extended CPHM was found to be an alternative technique to CPHM to model time for testing and subsequent clinic visit to uptake the results, especially in the presence of an HIV prevention program.
{"title":"Modeling time taken for HIV testing and visits in follow-up clinic to uptake test results: an application of extended Cox proportional hazard model","authors":"Suchira S.S. Mullege, Samita S.","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99616","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Improving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing among most at risk popu lations (MARP) is one of the first steps to achieve sustainable development goal target of ending acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by 2030. Studying the time taken for HIV testing and subsequent clinic visits to collect the results provide important inputs for development of HIV prevention programs. This study aimed to identify the pattern of HIV testing behavior of female sex workers (FSWs) over time and developing of statistical models to describe HIV testing behavior among MARP. Material and methods: HIV testing data of 5,667 FSWs registered with national HIV prevention pro gram in 10 districts of Sri Lanka during 2016 and 2017 were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard model (CPHM) with timedependent covariates. Results: Time taken to acceptance of HIV testing is more dependent on individual factors of FSWs, whereas the uptake of results is less dependent on individual factors. Youth FSWs take more time to accept an HIV test. FSWs who operate in districts out of Colombo, use condoms and report under going HIV testing before joining the programme take more time for testing and collection of the re sults. FSWs with high partner exchange rate (therefore, at highrisk) are less likely to complete both events and take more time for testing. Most of these covariates were identified as timedependent, and the effects showed a reducing pattern over time. Extended CPHM paved the way to model such variables. Conclusions: Factors identified in the study, as associated with time taken for both events, can be consider in planning activities leading to HIV preventions programs. Extended CPHM was found to be an alternative technique to CPHM to model time for testing and subsequent clinic visit to uptake the results, especially in the presence of an HIV prevention program.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83086466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.93437
M. Shokoohi, M. Jamshidimanesh, H. Ranjbar, M. Saffari, A. Motamed
Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STI), which can cause cancer and genital warts. Drug abuse is associated with an increased risk of STIs, and drug users have poor awareness of HPV. This study aimed to examine the effect of an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) on promoting protective behaviors among female drug abusers. Material and methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial. Eighty eligible female drug abusers from ten drop-in centers located in Tehran were included in the study using convenience sampling. Randomization was applied at the center level, and all centers were divided into intervention and control centers. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire at four stages (before intervention, immediately, one month, and three months after intervention). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA test. Results: The model-based health education program had a significant effect on perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, cues to action, and self-efficacy scores ( p < 0.001). The scores of perceived barriers did not change significantly ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The educational program based on HBM had a positive effect on the subjects’ beliefs regarding HPV protective behaviors, but it was not significantly effective on reducing perceived barriers.
{"title":"The effectiveness of a model-based health education program on protective behavior against human papillomavirus in female drug abusers: a randomized controlled trial","authors":"M. Shokoohi, M. Jamshidimanesh, H. Ranjbar, M. Saffari, A. Motamed","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93437","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STI), which can cause cancer and genital warts. Drug abuse is associated with an increased risk of STIs, and drug users have poor awareness of HPV. This study aimed to examine the effect of an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) on promoting protective behaviors among female drug abusers. Material and methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial. Eighty eligible female drug abusers from ten drop-in centers located in Tehran were included in the study using convenience sampling. Randomization was applied at the center level, and all centers were divided into intervention and control centers. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire at four stages (before intervention, immediately, one month, and three months after intervention). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA test. Results: The model-based health education program had a significant effect on perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, cues to action, and self-efficacy scores ( p < 0.001). The scores of perceived barriers did not change significantly ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The educational program based on HBM had a positive effect on the subjects’ beliefs regarding HPV protective behaviors, but it was not significantly effective on reducing perceived barriers.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91389433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101502
C. Agu, I. Uchendu, C. Okwuosa, P. Achukwu
Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) are exposed to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, often linked to inflammation and immune activation. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) has been widely accepted as screening tool for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and future cardiovascular events, and is inexpensive and noninvasive compared to carotid intima-media thickness measurements. This study aimed at determining the association between low ankle-brachial index and selected immune markers among virologically suppressed HIV-infected participants on ART in Kwara State, Nigeria. Material and methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2018 and December 2018. One hundred and fifty HIV-infected participants and fifty HIV non-infected age matched controls were recruited into the study. Ankle-brachial index was measured, and peripheral arterial disease was defined as ABI of < 0.9. Cryopreserved plasma was used to evaluate interleukin (IL)-6 and sCD14. Student’s t-test and c2 test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables. Associations of CVD and immunologic markers with low ABI were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The study group had significantly lower mean values for ABI and significantly higher mean values of IL-6 and sCD14 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of low ABI (14.6%) was higher in the study group compared to the control group (2%). IL-6 (OR 0.992, p = 0.087) and sCD14 (OR 0.918, p = 0.058) were not associated with low ABI in the study group. Conclusions: HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART demonstrate increased levels of IL-6 and sCD14 compared to not infected controls. The impact of inflammation and immune activation on PAD in treated HIV-infection requires further investigation. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 4: 227-236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101502
导读:接受有效抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者患心血管疾病的风险增加，通常与炎症和免疫激活有关。踝肱指数(ABI)已被广泛接受为外周动脉疾病(PAD)和未来心血管事件的筛查工具，与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度测量相比，它便宜且无创伤。本研究旨在确定在尼日利亚Kwara州接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的病毒学抑制的hiv感染参与者中，低踝臂指数和选定的免疫标记物之间的关系。材料和方法:本分析性横断面研究于2018年7月至2018年12月进行。150名艾滋病毒感染者和50名年龄匹配的未感染艾滋病毒的对照组被招募到这项研究中。测量踝肱指数，ABI < 0.9为外周动脉病变。冻存血浆检测白细胞介素(IL)-6和sCD14。使用学生t检验和c2检验比较连续变量和分类变量。采用logistic回归分析评估心血管疾病和免疫标志物与低ABI之间的关系。结果:研究组ABI均值显著低于对照组，IL-6、sCD14均值显著高于对照组(p < 0.05)。研究组的低ABI患病率(14.6%)高于对照组(2%)。研究组IL-6 (OR 0.992, p = 0.087)和sCD14 (OR 0.918, p = 0.058)与低ABI无相关性。结论:与未感染的对照组相比，接受抑制性抗逆转录病毒治疗的hiv感染者IL-6和sCD14水平升高。在治疗的hiv感染中，炎症和免疫激活对PAD的影响需要进一步研究。艾滋病Rev 2020;[j] .中南大学学报(自然科学版)，2016,34 (4):227-236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101502
{"title":"Association between selected immune markers and low ankle-brachial index in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria","authors":"C. Agu, I. Uchendu, C. Okwuosa, P. Achukwu","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101502","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) are exposed to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, often linked to inflammation and immune activation. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) has been widely accepted as screening tool for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and future cardiovascular events, and is inexpensive and noninvasive compared to carotid intima-media thickness measurements. This study aimed at determining the association between low ankle-brachial index and selected immune markers among virologically suppressed HIV-infected participants on ART in Kwara State, Nigeria. Material and methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2018 and December 2018. One hundred and fifty HIV-infected participants and fifty HIV non-infected age matched controls were recruited into the study. Ankle-brachial index was measured, and peripheral arterial disease was defined as ABI of < 0.9. Cryopreserved plasma was used to evaluate interleukin (IL)-6 and sCD14. Student’s t-test and c2 test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables. Associations of CVD and immunologic markers with low ABI were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The study group had significantly lower mean values for ABI and significantly higher mean values of IL-6 and sCD14 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of low ABI (14.6%) was higher in the study group compared to the control group (2%). IL-6 (OR 0.992, p = 0.087) and sCD14 (OR 0.918, p = 0.058) were not associated with low ABI in the study group. Conclusions: HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART demonstrate increased levels of IL-6 and sCD14 compared to not infected controls. The impact of inflammation and immune activation on PAD in treated HIV-infection requires further investigation. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 4: 227-236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101502","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84879859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.93158
Z. Zulkarnain, J. Tuapattinaja, Rahma Yurliani, R. Iskandar
Introduction: Housewives living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) encounter both social and psychological issues that are mainly associated with stigmatization as a result of their medical condition. Stigmatization is even stronger among housewives living with HIV as compared with husbands living with the same virus. The reason of this unequal stigmatization can originate from social expectations of feminine behavior as well as the common association between sexually transmitted infections and extramarital sex or drug abuse. This study aimed to investigate the influence of stigma and forgiveness toward psychological well-being among housewives living with HIV/AIDS. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with purposive sampling used to select participants based on characteristics and the objective of the study. The study was community-based and involved one hundred and twelve housewives living with HIV/AIDS. Information about HIV infection by a husband were obtained from self-reports. All participants signed an informed consent. Data collection was carried out for two months and information were collected with the use of questionnaires. The derived data were analyzed using stepwise regression. Results: Stigma and forgiveness influenced psychological well-being of housewives living with HIV/ AIDS. Instrumental stigma and symbolic stigma were both negatively correlated with psychological well-being, respectively (β = –0.705, β = –0.769; p < 0.01). Moreover, interpersonal forgiveness positively related to psychological well-being (β = 0.356, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Forgiveness helped housewives to live more in the present moment and to reconcile with the past. Forgiveness could influence personal outcome and have a positive impact on a relationship. The act of forgiveness was significantly influential on the standard of health and well-being. Limitation of the study was that all variables were measured by self-report, which may have some bias. Hence, further research is required to measure all variables by an in-depth interview, exploring attitudes toward stigma and forgiveness. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 24-29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93158
{"title":"Psychological well-being of housewives living with HIV/AIDS: stigma and forgiveness","authors":"Z. Zulkarnain, J. Tuapattinaja, Rahma Yurliani, R. Iskandar","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.93158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93158","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Housewives living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) encounter both social and psychological issues that are mainly associated with stigmatization as a result of their medical condition. Stigmatization is even stronger among housewives living with HIV as compared with husbands living with the same virus. The reason of this unequal stigmatization can originate from social expectations of feminine behavior as well as the common association between sexually transmitted infections and extramarital sex or drug abuse. This study aimed to investigate the influence of stigma and forgiveness toward psychological well-being among housewives living with HIV/AIDS. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with purposive sampling used to select participants based on characteristics and the objective of the study. The study was community-based and involved one hundred and twelve housewives living with HIV/AIDS. Information about HIV infection by a husband were obtained from self-reports. All participants signed an informed consent. Data collection was carried out for two months and information were collected with the use of questionnaires. The derived data were analyzed using stepwise regression. Results: Stigma and forgiveness influenced psychological well-being of housewives living with HIV/ AIDS. Instrumental stigma and symbolic stigma were both negatively correlated with psychological well-being, respectively (β = –0.705, β = –0.769; p < 0.01). Moreover, interpersonal forgiveness positively related to psychological well-being (β = 0.356, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Forgiveness helped housewives to live more in the present moment and to reconcile with the past. Forgiveness could influence personal outcome and have a positive impact on a relationship. The act of forgiveness was significantly influential on the standard of health and well-being. Limitation of the study was that all variables were measured by self-report, which may have some bias. Hence, further research is required to measure all variables by an in-depth interview, exploring attitudes toward stigma and forgiveness. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 1: 24-29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.93158","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"24-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5114/hivar.2020.93158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71090651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.98007
Satutya Wicaksono, Fianza Rezkita, Fadhilah N. Wijaya, A. Nugraha, Saka Winias
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is considered the most common fungal infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Antifungal drug, azole group, is the preferred treatment. However, the long-term use of antifungal drug as prophylaxis and therapy for OPC may lead to a compromised side effects and drug resistance. Nowadays, the prevalence of antifungal Candida albicans resistance is approximately 56.7%. Ellagic acid (EA) presents broad spectrum of antifungal activities. Based on previous studies, EA can act as natural antifungal agent. It also helps enhancing oral mucosal innate immunity. This review explores the antifungal activity of EA as an alternative for antifungal drugs resistance in HIV/AIDS patients with OPC. A web-based search was conducted via PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate databases, with “antifungal resistance”, “ellagic acid”, “HIV/AIDS”, and “OPC” as the keywords. EA is a dimeric derivative of gallic acid that is found in several plants. EA can induce the expression of hBD2 and SLPI in the oral mucosa. Those proteins play a pivotal role in immunomodulation and anti-inflammation of oral microenvironment innate immunity, which inhibit several opportunistic pathogens and microbes, including Candida. Furthermore, EA also inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis (EB), which is the primary component of fungi cell membrane. EA breakdown fungal membrane permeability and enzyme activity, leading to cessation of fungal growth. EA presents antifungal activity in HIV/AIDS patients with OPC; thus, it can be used as an alternative in antifungal drug resistance. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 153-156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.98007
{"title":"Ellagic acid: an alternative for antifungal drugs resistance in HIV/AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis","authors":"Satutya Wicaksono, Fianza Rezkita, Fadhilah N. Wijaya, A. Nugraha, Saka Winias","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.98007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.98007","url":null,"abstract":"Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is considered the most common fungal infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Antifungal drug, azole group, is the preferred treatment. However, the long-term use of antifungal drug as prophylaxis and therapy for OPC may lead to a compromised side effects and drug resistance. Nowadays, the prevalence of antifungal Candida albicans resistance is approximately 56.7%. Ellagic acid (EA) presents broad spectrum of antifungal activities. Based on previous studies, EA can act as natural antifungal agent. It also helps enhancing oral mucosal innate immunity. This review explores the antifungal activity of EA as an alternative for antifungal drugs resistance in HIV/AIDS patients with OPC. A web-based search was conducted via PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate databases, with “antifungal resistance”, “ellagic acid”, “HIV/AIDS”, and “OPC” as the keywords. EA is a dimeric derivative of gallic acid that is found in several plants. EA can induce the expression of hBD2 and SLPI in the oral mucosa. Those proteins play a pivotal role in immunomodulation and anti-inflammation of oral microenvironment innate immunity, which inhibit several opportunistic pathogens and microbes, including Candida. Furthermore, EA also inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis (EB), which is the primary component of fungi cell membrane. EA breakdown fungal membrane permeability and enzyme activity, leading to cessation of fungal growth. EA presents antifungal activity in HIV/AIDS patients with OPC; thus, it can be used as an alternative in antifungal drug resistance. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 153-156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.98007","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71091266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101794
Md. Safiullah Sarker, T. Azim, L. Islam, Mustafizur Rahman
Introduction: Bangladesh is a low prevalence country for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and genotyping data is limited which is incomplete and mainly subtype C based on gag gene. In the present paper, we characterized HIV-1 strains obtained from individuals attending three HIV testing and counseling (HTC) centers from different geographic regions in Bangladesh comprehensively based on three genes. Material and methods: A total of 40 HIV-positive blood specimens with demographic and migration history were available from individuals who attended HTC centers during 2005-2007. DNA was extracted from whole blood and sequenced using primers specific for gag, pol, and env region of HIV genome. Results: Sub-type C was the most predominant strain (45%) followed by G-related recombinants (35%). Other genotypes were A1 (5%), B (2.5%), CRF16_A2D (7.5%), and unique recombinant form (5%). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the origins of these strains varied and most of them might have been imported from the Middle East on a regular basis by migrant workers. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe comprehensive characterization of Bangladeshi HIV-1 strains. Adapted intervention programs relating to appropriate counseling and provision of information relating to risk of transmission of HIV need to aim at returnee migrant workers.
{"title":"Migrant workers play a key role in HIV-1 strain diversity in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Safiullah Sarker, T. Azim, L. Islam, Mustafizur Rahman","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101794","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Bangladesh is a low prevalence country for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and genotyping data is limited which is incomplete and mainly subtype C based on gag gene. In the present paper, we characterized HIV-1 strains obtained from individuals attending three HIV testing and counseling (HTC) centers from different geographic regions in Bangladesh comprehensively based on three genes. Material and methods: A total of 40 HIV-positive blood specimens with demographic and migration history were available from individuals who attended HTC centers during 2005-2007. DNA was extracted from whole blood and sequenced using primers specific for gag, pol, and env region of HIV genome. Results: Sub-type C was the most predominant strain (45%) followed by G-related recombinants (35%). Other genotypes were A1 (5%), B (2.5%), CRF16_A2D (7.5%), and unique recombinant form (5%). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the origins of these strains varied and most of them might have been imported from the Middle East on a regular basis by migrant workers. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe comprehensive characterization of Bangladeshi HIV-1 strains. Adapted intervention programs relating to appropriate counseling and provision of information relating to risk of transmission of HIV need to aim at returnee migrant workers.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81300566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101755
Natraj Setty H.S., M. C. Yeriswamy, V. Patil, J. Kharge, T. Raghu, P.C. Raghavendra, R. Patil, B. Geetha, C. Manjunath
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Intracardiac repair via midline sternotomy or right thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass have been considered the standard treatment for the closure of atrial septal defects, but transcatheter closure with Amplatzer septal occluder has recently become an alternative option. Transcatheter device closure of secundum ASD is a more than a decade old technology. This has become an alternative to surgical therapy, and has been regarded as generally safe and effective device closure. Device embolization is a potential complication of every attempted ASD closure, and the causative factors include undersized device, floppy rim, and operator-related technical issues, such as malposition during a “push-pull” maneuver. In this paper, we report a 32-year-old HIV positive female patient who presented with gradual onsite of dyspnea, NYHA class II, and successfully underwent a device closure of large atrial septal defect.
{"title":"Percutaneous device closure of atrial septal defect in HIV-positive patient: a challenge for interventionist","authors":"Natraj Setty H.S., M. C. Yeriswamy, V. Patil, J. Kharge, T. Raghu, P.C. Raghavendra, R. Patil, B. Geetha, C. Manjunath","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101755","url":null,"abstract":"Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Intracardiac repair via midline sternotomy or right thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass have been considered the standard treatment for the closure of atrial septal defects, but transcatheter closure with Amplatzer septal occluder has recently become an alternative option. Transcatheter device closure of secundum ASD is a more than a decade old technology. This has become an alternative to surgical therapy, and has been regarded as generally safe and effective device closure. Device embolization is a potential complication of every attempted ASD closure, and the causative factors include undersized device, floppy rim, and operator-related technical issues, such as malposition during a “push-pull” maneuver. In this paper, we report a 32-year-old HIV positive female patient who presented with gradual onsite of dyspnea, NYHA class II, and successfully underwent a device closure of large atrial septal defect.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80250921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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