Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.101755
Natraj Setty H.S., M. C. Yeriswamy, V. Patil, J. Kharge, T. Raghu, P.C. Raghavendra, R. Patil, B. Geetha, C. Manjunath
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Intracardiac repair via midline sternotomy or right thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass have been considered the standard treatment for the closure of atrial septal defects, but transcatheter closure with Amplatzer septal occluder has recently become an alternative option. Transcatheter device closure of secundum ASD is a more than a decade old technology. This has become an alternative to surgical therapy, and has been regarded as generally safe and effective device closure. Device embolization is a potential complication of every attempted ASD closure, and the causative factors include undersized device, floppy rim, and operator-related technical issues, such as malposition during a “push-pull” maneuver. In this paper, we report a 32-year-old HIV positive female patient who presented with gradual onsite of dyspnea, NYHA class II, and successfully underwent a device closure of large atrial septal defect.
{"title":"Percutaneous device closure of atrial septal defect in HIV-positive patient: a challenge for interventionist","authors":"Natraj Setty H.S., M. C. Yeriswamy, V. Patil, J. Kharge, T. Raghu, P.C. Raghavendra, R. Patil, B. Geetha, C. Manjunath","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.101755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.101755","url":null,"abstract":"Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Intracardiac repair via midline sternotomy or right thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass have been considered the standard treatment for the closure of atrial septal defects, but transcatheter closure with Amplatzer septal occluder has recently become an alternative option. Transcatheter device closure of secundum ASD is a more than a decade old technology. This has become an alternative to surgical therapy, and has been regarded as generally safe and effective device closure. Device embolization is a potential complication of every attempted ASD closure, and the causative factors include undersized device, floppy rim, and operator-related technical issues, such as malposition during a “push-pull” maneuver. In this paper, we report a 32-year-old HIV positive female patient who presented with gradual onsite of dyspnea, NYHA class II, and successfully underwent a device closure of large atrial septal defect.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80250921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/HIVAR.2019.85916
Mizanur Rahman, A. S. Lemin, Cliffton Akoi Pangarah
Introduction: The issue of discrimination is related not only to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWH), but also the community around them. The study aimed to determine the perceived level of discrimination toward people with HIV/AIDS among the adult people in Sarawak, Malaysia and also to determine the factors associated with it. Material and methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in rural areas of Sarawak. A total of 900 adults aged 18 years and above were selected by gender-stratified multistage cluster sampling technique. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using interviewer-guided questionnaires. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0 to identify the factors associated with HIV/AIDS-related discrimination towards PLWH. A p -value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean (SD) age for male and female respondents was 41.57 (13.45) and 38.99 (13.09) years respectively. The composite mean score for total discrimination was higher among female (mean = 2.66, SD = 0.6) than male (mean = 2.47, SD = 0.6) respondents. Domain-wise discrimination of HIV/AIDS found that isolation, verbal discrimination, loss of resources, loss of services and total discrimination were significantly high among the females ( p < 0.05) compared to males. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that ethnicity, religion, knowledge on HIV, an acquaintance of HIV and household income appeared to be potential predictors for discrimination towards peoples living with HIV/AIDS ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: HIV/AIDS-related discrimination towards 0 coexisted among the community in Sarawak, and this called for a specific socio-culturally accepted intervention to eliminate the discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS.
{"title":"Factors affecting discrimination toward people with HIV/AIDS in Sarawak, Malaysia","authors":"Mizanur Rahman, A. S. Lemin, Cliffton Akoi Pangarah","doi":"10.5114/HIVAR.2019.85916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/HIVAR.2019.85916","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The issue of discrimination is related not only to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWH), but also the community around them. The study aimed to determine the perceived level of discrimination toward people with HIV/AIDS among the adult people in Sarawak, Malaysia and also to determine the factors associated with it. Material and methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in rural areas of Sarawak. A total of 900 adults aged 18 years and above were selected by gender-stratified multistage cluster sampling technique. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using interviewer-guided questionnaires. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0 to identify the factors associated with HIV/AIDS-related discrimination towards PLWH. A p -value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean (SD) age for male and female respondents was 41.57 (13.45) and 38.99 (13.09) years respectively. The composite mean score for total discrimination was higher among female (mean = 2.66, SD = 0.6) than male (mean = 2.47, SD = 0.6) respondents. Domain-wise discrimination of HIV/AIDS found that isolation, verbal discrimination, loss of resources, loss of services and total discrimination were significantly high among the females ( p < 0.05) compared to males. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that ethnicity, religion, knowledge on HIV, an acquaintance of HIV and household income appeared to be potential predictors for discrimination towards peoples living with HIV/AIDS ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: HIV/AIDS-related discrimination towards 0 coexisted among the community in Sarawak, and this called for a specific socio-culturally accepted intervention to eliminate the discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84109109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.97952
P. Pradnyani, P. Januraga, M. Mahmudah, A. Wibowo
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in most Asian countries is concentrated among at-risk populations, such as female sex workers (FSWs). In Indonesia, Bali’s FSWs have a high-rate of HIV infection. This study investigates the predictors of HIV testing among indirect female sex workers (IFSWs) in Denpasar, Bali. Material and methods: The researchers conducted an analysis of secondary data from a survey performed among IFSWs in Denpasar Bali in 2017. There were 200 IFSWs participating in the survey using random cluster sampling. The dependent variables examined in this study was HIV testing, while the independent variables included: 1) respondent’s demographics (age, education level, marital status, work location, and length of work), 2) peer support, and 3) access to information about HIV prevention. The association between independent and dependent variables were analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. Results: The results showed that 70.0% of IFSWs in Denpasar have accessed HIV testing in the last 6 months and received their test results. Also, 56.5% of the study’s respondents reported a lack of peer support in relation to HIV/AIDS, and 63.5% reported having adequate access to information about HIV testing. The logistic multiple regression results revealed that two factors were significant predictors of HIV testing among IFSWs, such as adequate access to information about HIV testing and prevention (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.15-4.30), and peer support (OR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.21-4.34). Conclusions: Efforts to improve the provision of information about HIV testing and prevention as well as peer support related to HIV/AIDS are required to increase the numbers of IFSWs accessing HIV testing.
{"title":"Peer support and access to information as predictors of HIV testing among indirect female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia","authors":"P. Pradnyani, P. Januraga, M. Mahmudah, A. Wibowo","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.97952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.97952","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in most Asian countries is concentrated among at-risk populations, such as female sex workers (FSWs). In Indonesia, Bali’s FSWs have a high-rate of HIV infection. This study investigates the predictors of HIV testing among indirect female sex workers (IFSWs) in Denpasar, Bali. Material and methods: The researchers conducted an analysis of secondary data from a survey performed among IFSWs in Denpasar Bali in 2017. There were 200 IFSWs participating in the survey using random cluster sampling. The dependent variables examined in this study was HIV testing, while the independent variables included: 1) respondent’s demographics (age, education level, marital status, work location, and length of work), 2) peer support, and 3) access to information about HIV prevention. The association between independent and dependent variables were analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. Results: The results showed that 70.0% of IFSWs in Denpasar have accessed HIV testing in the last 6 months and received their test results. Also, 56.5% of the study’s respondents reported a lack of peer support in relation to HIV/AIDS, and 63.5% reported having adequate access to information about HIV testing. The logistic multiple regression results revealed that two factors were significant predictors of HIV testing among IFSWs, such as adequate access to information about HIV testing and prevention (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.15-4.30), and peer support (OR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.21-4.34). Conclusions: Efforts to improve the provision of information about HIV testing and prevention as well as peer support related to HIV/AIDS are required to increase the numbers of IFSWs accessing HIV testing.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78509424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.99687
Shadi Harifi, Z. Mahmoodi, M. Qorbani, M. Mohraz
Introduction: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major challenges and health threats worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine a relationship between health control and perception of illness with psychosocial adjustment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS-infected women. Material and methods: This descriptive analytical study was performed on 240 female patients in 2019 from Iranian research center for HIV/AIDS at the Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital. Eligible individuals were included in the study, and information were collected using three questionnaires, including psychosocial adjustment to illness, health locus of control, illness perception, and a demographic checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Results: According to the results of multiple linear regression test, the predictive variables determined 13.7% of criterion variables. Among the predictors, illness perception was the most positive predictor ( B = 0.220) and the number of sexual partners was the most negative predictor ( B = 0.148). In other words, by increasing a score to the illness perception, psychosocial adjustment increased to 13.9%, and with one person added to the number of sexual partners, 14.8% of psychosocial adjustment decreased. Conclusions: According to the findings, illness perception is positively associated with psychosocial adjustment of patients. Illness perception can affect motivation, which leads to health promoting behaviors. On the other hand, the increase of sexual partners number has a negative relationship with the psychosocial adjustment of patients and confirms the importance and role of spouse support in promoting health.
{"title":"Status and relationship between health control and illness perception with psychosocial adjustment in HIV/AIDS-infected women","authors":"Shadi Harifi, Z. Mahmoodi, M. Qorbani, M. Mohraz","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99687","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major challenges and health threats worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine a relationship between health control and perception of illness with psychosocial adjustment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS-infected women. Material and methods: This descriptive analytical study was performed on 240 female patients in 2019 from Iranian research center for HIV/AIDS at the Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital. Eligible individuals were included in the study, and information were collected using three questionnaires, including psychosocial adjustment to illness, health locus of control, illness perception, and a demographic checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Results: According to the results of multiple linear regression test, the predictive variables determined 13.7% of criterion variables. Among the predictors, illness perception was the most positive predictor ( B = 0.220) and the number of sexual partners was the most negative predictor ( B = 0.148). In other words, by increasing a score to the illness perception, psychosocial adjustment increased to 13.9%, and with one person added to the number of sexual partners, 14.8% of psychosocial adjustment decreased. Conclusions: According to the findings, illness perception is positively associated with psychosocial adjustment of patients. Illness perception can affect motivation, which leads to health promoting behaviors. On the other hand, the increase of sexual partners number has a negative relationship with the psychosocial adjustment of patients and confirms the importance and role of spouse support in promoting health.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77833930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.96382
Nivedita Dutta, R. De, A. Bhowmik, Sanjay Bhandary, D. Modak, S. Guha
Introduction: Cryptococcal meningitis, a leading opportunistic infection, causes significant morbidity and mortality in people with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It accounts for an estimated 15% of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related deaths globally. As recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 guidelines, this invasive disease is preventable by routine cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening of all advanced HIV patients followed by pre-emptive antifungal therapy. An estimate of disease prevalence in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve HIV-positive adult Indian population is essential to include this in routine screening strategy. We estimated CrAg prevalence as a guiding resource in a public health approach. Material and methods: The study design was longitudinal. ART naïve HIV-seropositive patients with CD4 count ≤ 100 cells/μl, attending ART center at the School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India were screened for CrAg using both latex agglutination and lateral flow assay kits. A total of 390 subjects were enrolled into the study, and evaluated for association of CrAg with age, sex, CD4, presence of opportunistic infections, WHO HIV staging, and clinical symptoms. Results: Of 390 subjects tested, the median CD4 count was 42 cells/μl in CrAg-positive and 46 in CrAg-negative patients. Median (IQR) age of all participants was 40 (range, 34-46) years. CrAg positivity was 12.56%, comparatively higher in those with CD4 ≤ 50 cells/μl. Asymptomatic patients had CrAg positivity of 4.6%. Statistically significant association was noted with male sex ( p = 0.03), triad symptoms of fever, headache, vomiting ( p = 0.013), and altered mental status ( p = 0.033). Conclusions: This study aims to estimate CrAg prevalence in India to justify the need for routine screening and pre-emptive treatment in advanced HIV infection. Incorporating this screening would definitely reduce the risk of cryptococcus meningitis-induced mortality and morbidity, as recommended by the WHO guidelines.
{"title":"Should cryptococcal antigen screening be considered as a routine procedure in antiretroviral therapy naïve severely immunocompromised HIV-seropositives – a prevalence study from Eastern India to support recent 2018 WHO guidelines","authors":"Nivedita Dutta, R. De, A. Bhowmik, Sanjay Bhandary, D. Modak, S. Guha","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.96382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96382","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cryptococcal meningitis, a leading opportunistic infection, causes significant morbidity and mortality in people with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It accounts for an estimated 15% of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related deaths globally. As recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 guidelines, this invasive disease is preventable by routine cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening of all advanced HIV patients followed by pre-emptive antifungal therapy. An estimate of disease prevalence in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve HIV-positive adult Indian population is essential to include this in routine screening strategy. We estimated CrAg prevalence as a guiding resource in a public health approach. Material and methods: The study design was longitudinal. ART naïve HIV-seropositive patients with CD4 count ≤ 100 cells/μl, attending ART center at the School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India were screened for CrAg using both latex agglutination and lateral flow assay kits. A total of 390 subjects were enrolled into the study, and evaluated for association of CrAg with age, sex, CD4, presence of opportunistic infections, WHO HIV staging, and clinical symptoms. Results: Of 390 subjects tested, the median CD4 count was 42 cells/μl in CrAg-positive and 46 in CrAg-negative patients. Median (IQR) age of all participants was 40 (range, 34-46) years. CrAg positivity was 12.56%, comparatively higher in those with CD4 ≤ 50 cells/μl. Asymptomatic patients had CrAg positivity of 4.6%. Statistically significant association was noted with male sex ( p = 0.03), triad symptoms of fever, headache, vomiting ( p = 0.013), and altered mental status ( p = 0.033). Conclusions: This study aims to estimate CrAg prevalence in India to justify the need for routine screening and pre-emptive treatment in advanced HIV infection. Incorporating this screening would definitely reduce the risk of cryptococcus meningitis-induced mortality and morbidity, as recommended by the WHO guidelines.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89167952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.96486
Chaitenya Verma, Bharati Swami, V. Upadhyay, Aayushi Singh, Vandana Anang, Shakuntala Surender Kumar Saraswati, A. Rana
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection that makes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection more complicated. TB-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) mainly refers to an excessive immune response among HIV-infected patients. In HIV-infected patients, IRIS occurs after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), irrespective of increased CD4 count and effective suppression of HIV viremia; IRIS may occur at any stage in the progression of immunodeficiency and manifests with weakened immune system. IRIS is associated with various inflammatory processes as the outcome of immunological reaction against a variety of opportunistic infections (OIs). Currently, there is no reliable biological marker available for diagnosis of TB-IRIS. In accordance with current clinical case definition, deterioration of clinical and radiological symptoms of pre-existing TB infection in HIV patients is called “paradoxical TB-IRIS”. The appearance of a previously undiagnosed or new TB infection during ART treatment is called “unmasking TB-IRIS”. IRIS is a challenging complication for researchers and medical practitioners, as the incidence of IRIS is between 3-40% in patients initiated on ART. The variation in incidence probably reflects the differences in case definitions, patients’ population studied, and individual resource-limited settings. The immune pathogenesis of IRIS is poorly understood, and epidemiology partially defined. The complication for clinicians remains challenging in terms of diagnosis and treatment as well as patients’ suffering, even though, the mortality is typically low. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 67-73 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96486
{"title":"Tuberculosis and tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV: immunological review of manifestation and immunopathogenesis","authors":"Chaitenya Verma, Bharati Swami, V. Upadhyay, Aayushi Singh, Vandana Anang, Shakuntala Surender Kumar Saraswati, A. Rana","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.96486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96486","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection that makes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection more complicated. TB-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) mainly refers to an excessive immune response among HIV-infected patients. In HIV-infected patients, IRIS occurs after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), irrespective of increased CD4 count and effective suppression of HIV viremia; IRIS may occur at any stage in the progression of immunodeficiency and manifests with weakened immune system. IRIS is associated with various inflammatory processes as the outcome of immunological reaction against a variety of opportunistic infections (OIs). Currently, there is no reliable biological marker available for diagnosis of TB-IRIS. In accordance with current clinical case definition, deterioration of clinical and radiological symptoms of pre-existing TB infection in HIV patients is called “paradoxical TB-IRIS”. The appearance of a previously undiagnosed or new TB infection during ART treatment is called “unmasking TB-IRIS”. IRIS is a challenging complication for researchers and medical practitioners, as the incidence of IRIS is between 3-40% in patients initiated on ART. The variation in incidence probably reflects the differences in case definitions, patients’ population studied, and individual resource-limited settings. The immune pathogenesis of IRIS is poorly understood, and epidemiology partially defined. The complication for clinicians remains challenging in terms of diagnosis and treatment as well as patients’ suffering, even though, the mortality is typically low. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 2: 67-73 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96486","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82451400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.99684
Saidatulakma Shariff, Nur Najwa Suhaifi, Tan Chai Keong, Akmal Haliza Binti Zamli, K. Teo
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is a neurocutaneous disease caused by reactivation of herpes zoster infection from latent phase after varicella infection in elderly population. It affects ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve. Common ocular presentation includes conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, and keratitis. Orbital apex syndrome rarely occurs as a complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in young human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men. A 20-year-old, recently diagnosed HIV-positive man, presented with vesicular skin rashes over right periorbital and forehead area, associated with right eye redness. He was treated as herpetic zoster ophthalmicus with oral antiviral (acyclovir). Three days later, he developed right eye ptosis, reduced visual acuity, anisocoria, and total ophthalmoplegia. An orbit magnetic resonance imaging showed swelling of all rectus muscles of right eye with right optic nerve perineural enhancement. Diagnosis of right eye herpes zoster ophthalmicus with orbital apex syndrome was established, and intravenous acyclovir was initiated. Systemic antiviral acyclovir continued for up to 10 days. Upon discharge, his ocular features improved; however, his visual impairment persisted. Orbital apex syndrome is a rare complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. This irreversible sightthreatening complication can be prevented by early diagnosis of HZO and immediate starting of antiviral treatment. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 212-216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99684
{"title":"Orbital apex syndrome as an unusual complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in HIV-positive young man: a case report","authors":"Saidatulakma Shariff, Nur Najwa Suhaifi, Tan Chai Keong, Akmal Haliza Binti Zamli, K. Teo","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99684","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is a neurocutaneous disease caused by reactivation of herpes zoster infection from latent phase after varicella infection in elderly population. It affects ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve. Common ocular presentation includes conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, and keratitis. Orbital apex syndrome rarely occurs as a complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in young human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men. A 20-year-old, recently diagnosed HIV-positive man, presented with vesicular skin rashes over right periorbital and forehead area, associated with right eye redness. He was treated as herpetic zoster ophthalmicus with oral antiviral (acyclovir). Three days later, he developed right eye ptosis, reduced visual acuity, anisocoria, and total ophthalmoplegia. An orbit magnetic resonance imaging showed swelling of all rectus muscles of right eye with right optic nerve perineural enhancement. Diagnosis of right eye herpes zoster ophthalmicus with orbital apex syndrome was established, and intravenous acyclovir was initiated. Systemic antiviral acyclovir continued for up to 10 days. Upon discharge, his ocular features improved; however, his visual impairment persisted. Orbital apex syndrome is a rare complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. This irreversible sightthreatening complication can be prevented by early diagnosis of HZO and immediate starting of antiviral treatment. HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 3: 212-216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99684","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"252 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72504439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.99689
E. Ashrafi, P. Kasmaei, F. Mehrabian, S. Omidi, I. Zareban, M. Karimy, K. Haryalchi, Hossein Izadi Rad, N. R. Tonekaboni
Introduction: The prevalence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is dramatically ex-panding in the world and the only way to deal with it is through health education. This study sought to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on AIDS preventive behaviors in nursing and midwifery students. Material and methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted in 2016, and included 104 nursing and midwifery students from Guilan University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire consisted of sections with demographic characteristics, awareness, behaviors, and constructs of the theory of planned behavior, and was provided to every participant. The questionnaire content validity rate was 0.8, content validity index was equal to 0.82, and Cronbach’s a coefficient test was 0.9. After collecting data in both groups, educational intervention was conducted within the framework of the theory of planned behavior in the intervention group. Data was collected before the intervention and three months later and was analyzed with SPSS statistics version 21. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables ( p > 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences were noted between the intervention and control groups before the educational intervention in terms of awareness, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and preventive behaviors ( p > 0.05). However, after the implementation of educational program, these variables significantly increased in the intervention group ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The TPB was effective in teaching students in the field of AIDS prevention skills. There-fore, it is recommended to use the theory of planned behavior for human immunodeficiency virus prevention behaviors. eligible for the study. Of these 186 eligible students, 146 students completed the written informed consent (partici pation rate, 78.49%). In the next stage, 104 students were recruited, and the educational program was implemented in the intervention group. There were 3 and 2 classes at the faculties of nursing and midwifery in Rasht and Langrood, respectively. Therefore, 2 classes of Rasht were selected randomly. In the Langrood, census method was applied. The participants were randomly selected and classified by a random generator number into a control and an intervention
{"title":"The effect of educational program based on the theory of planned behavior on HIV prevention skills","authors":"E. Ashrafi, P. Kasmaei, F. Mehrabian, S. Omidi, I. Zareban, M. Karimy, K. Haryalchi, Hossein Izadi Rad, N. R. Tonekaboni","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.99689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.99689","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The prevalence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is dramatically ex-panding in the world and the only way to deal with it is through health education. This study sought to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on AIDS preventive behaviors in nursing and midwifery students. Material and methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted in 2016, and included 104 nursing and midwifery students from Guilan University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire consisted of sections with demographic characteristics, awareness, behaviors, and constructs of the theory of planned behavior, and was provided to every participant. The questionnaire content validity rate was 0.8, content validity index was equal to 0.82, and Cronbach’s a coefficient test was 0.9. After collecting data in both groups, educational intervention was conducted within the framework of the theory of planned behavior in the intervention group. Data was collected before the intervention and three months later and was analyzed with SPSS statistics version 21. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables ( p > 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences were noted between the intervention and control groups before the educational intervention in terms of awareness, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and preventive behaviors ( p > 0.05). However, after the implementation of educational program, these variables significantly increased in the intervention group ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The TPB was effective in teaching students in the field of AIDS prevention skills. There-fore, it is recommended to use the theory of planned behavior for human immunodeficiency virus prevention behaviors. eligible for the study. Of these 186 eligible students, 146 students completed the written informed consent (partici pation rate, 78.49%). In the next stage, 104 students were recruited, and the educational program was implemented in the intervention group. There were 3 and 2 classes at the faculties of nursing and midwifery in Rasht and Langrood, respectively. Therefore, 2 classes of Rasht were selected randomly. In the Langrood, census method was applied. The participants were randomly selected and classified by a random generator number into a control and an intervention","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81648616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5114/hivar.2020.96386
Phillip Kasibante, Jemimah Kiboss, C. Atuhairwe, I. Taremwa
Introduction: Retention in care is a known determinant of successful treatment outcome and serves as a measure of abating the emergence of resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We report on the individual, health facility-related, and psychosocial determinants of retention in chronic HIV care among young HIV-infected patients in Mukono Municipality, in Uganda. Material and methods: A cross sectional study included 118 participants, aged 15 to 24 years and health workers, and it was conducted between May and September 2017. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, an abstraction tool, and key informant interviews. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish predictor variables, with a p ≤ 0.05. Results: Slightly half, 53.4% of the HIV patients were retained in care for 24 months. Participants with CD4 cell counts above 500 cells/µl at the initiation of treatment were 3 times more likely to be lost to follow-up (odd, 3 : 1). The availability of peer support services ( p = 0.026), no extra support from parents/ friends ( p = 0.02), stigma and associated blame on others ( p = 0.04) showed statistical correlation to the retention in HIV chronic care. On the other hand, peer support services attendance ( p = 0.091) and attitude of health providers ( p = 0.762) did not show statistical significance in the retention of care of HIV patients. Conclusions: The study reports a low retention in HIV care among people aged 15 to 24 years, and this was positively associated with individual, health facility-related, and psychosocial factors, which require intensive efforts to abate such barriers.
{"title":"Individual, health facility-related, and psychosocial determinants of retention in chronic HIV care among HIV-positive young people in Mukono Municipality, Uganda","authors":"Phillip Kasibante, Jemimah Kiboss, C. Atuhairwe, I. Taremwa","doi":"10.5114/hivar.2020.96386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2020.96386","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Retention in care is a known determinant of successful treatment outcome and serves as a measure of abating the emergence of resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We report on the individual, health facility-related, and psychosocial determinants of retention in chronic HIV care among young HIV-infected patients in Mukono Municipality, in Uganda. Material and methods: A cross sectional study included 118 participants, aged 15 to 24 years and health workers, and it was conducted between May and September 2017. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, an abstraction tool, and key informant interviews. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish predictor variables, with a p ≤ 0.05. Results: Slightly half, 53.4% of the HIV patients were retained in care for 24 months. Participants with CD4 cell counts above 500 cells/µl at the initiation of treatment were 3 times more likely to be lost to follow-up (odd, 3 : 1). The availability of peer support services ( p = 0.026), no extra support from parents/ friends ( p = 0.02), stigma and associated blame on others ( p = 0.04) showed statistical correlation to the retention in HIV chronic care. On the other hand, peer support services attendance ( p = 0.091) and attitude of health providers ( p = 0.762) did not show statistical significance in the retention of care of HIV patients. Conclusions: The study reports a low retention in HIV care among people aged 15 to 24 years, and this was positively associated with individual, health facility-related, and psychosocial factors, which require intensive efforts to abate such barriers.","PeriodicalId":53943,"journal":{"name":"HIV & AIDS Review","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91181081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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