Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.110
M. K. Kryshtaleva
Art historian, artist, and critic Alexander Nikolaevich Benois (1870–1960) collected and systematized his archive both before and after emigration from Leningrad to Paris in 1926. According to his own assessments and according to contemporaries, the materials contained in the archive are valuable for studying the history of art culture at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and as sources for the history of Russian emigration in the first half of the twentieth century. Research and exhibitions devoted to the biography and work of Benois, as a rule, focus on his activities until the autumn of 1926 and narrate the artist’s activities in emigration, not appealing to archival materials of this period. During 34 years of emigration, part of the archive, partially transported from Leningrad, was replenished with new materials of a personal and professional nature. His personal archive became part of the museum’s collections during his lifetime, and after his death it was distributed among several more storage locations in Russia and the United States, still partially remaining in the family. Information about the archival heritage of Benois is extremely scattered, which might explain their insufficient coverage in studies of Russian emigration, as well as ideas about the activities and significance of Benois personality for the artistic and the emigration world of the mid-twentieth century. The article traces the history of the formation and principles of collecting the archive, identifies the reasons and the course of distribution, systematize information about its location and the composition of materials in storage places.
{"title":"Alexander Benois Archive: Collection and Distribution","authors":"M. K. Kryshtaleva","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.110","url":null,"abstract":"Art historian, artist, and critic Alexander Nikolaevich Benois (1870–1960) collected and systematized his archive both before and after emigration from Leningrad to Paris in 1926. According to his own assessments and according to contemporaries, the materials contained in the archive are valuable for studying the history of art culture at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and as sources for the history of Russian emigration in the first half of the twentieth century. Research and exhibitions devoted to the biography and work of Benois, as a rule, focus on his activities until the autumn of 1926 and narrate the artist’s activities in emigration, not appealing to archival materials of this period. During 34 years of emigration, part of the archive, partially transported from Leningrad, was replenished with new materials of a personal and professional nature. His personal archive became part of the museum’s collections during his lifetime, and after his death it was distributed among several more storage locations in Russia and the United States, still partially remaining in the family. Information about the archival heritage of Benois is extremely scattered, which might explain their insufficient coverage in studies of Russian emigration, as well as ideas about the activities and significance of Benois personality for the artistic and the emigration world of the mid-twentieth century. The article traces the history of the formation and principles of collecting the archive, identifies the reasons and the course of distribution, systematize information about its location and the composition of materials in storage places.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67779866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.113
R. A. Arslanov, М. N. Moseуkina
This article examines the historical educational literature published in the post-Soviet states of Central Asia. The author identifies the goals and methods of interpreting historical phenomena and highlights the features of presenting material in textbooks and manuals of the various states of the region. This analysis considers the political orientation of the published literature, the content of which is aimed, above all, at the integration of the local population around the idea of independence and state sovereignty. In a number of textbooks of the post-Soviet states, the goal of uniting society and the ruling circles is outlined, the achievement of which is due to the exposure of the “external enemy”, one-sided negative assessments of the consequences of the now sovereign states’ entry into the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union. The study of the reflection of national history in educational literature makes it possible to reveal the aspirations of power elites to achieve political goals rather than scholarly and educational ones. However, the biased selection of material and distortion of facts, while deforming historical knowledge, negatively affect the political atmosphere and sentiment of society, lead to the stirring up of interethnic enmity, separation of peoples and spread of isolating national pride. The identification and comprehension of the power intentions hidden in educational materials, as well as the methods of presenting the past, create conditions for overcoming the biased interpretations of historical events and objective historic coverage.
{"title":"National History in Textbooks of the Modern States of Central Asia: Goals and Methods of Presentation","authors":"R. A. Arslanov, М. N. Moseуkina","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.113","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the historical educational literature published in the post-Soviet states of Central Asia. The author identifies the goals and methods of interpreting historical phenomena and highlights the features of presenting material in textbooks and manuals of the various states of the region. This analysis considers the political orientation of the published literature, the content of which is aimed, above all, at the integration of the local population around the idea of independence and state sovereignty. In a number of textbooks of the post-Soviet states, the goal of uniting society and the ruling circles is outlined, the achievement of which is due to the exposure of the “external enemy”, one-sided negative assessments of the consequences of the now sovereign states’ entry into the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union. The study of the reflection of national history in educational literature makes it possible to reveal the aspirations of power elites to achieve political goals rather than scholarly and educational ones. However, the biased selection of material and distortion of facts, while deforming historical knowledge, negatively affect the political atmosphere and sentiment of society, lead to the stirring up of interethnic enmity, separation of peoples and spread of isolating national pride. The identification and comprehension of the power intentions hidden in educational materials, as well as the methods of presenting the past, create conditions for overcoming the biased interpretations of historical events and objective historic coverage.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.114
R. Gagkuev
{"title":"A Report by French Captain Paul Pelliot on the Situation in Eastern Siberia and the Far East in Russia in the Winter of 1918","authors":"R. Gagkuev","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.107
L. Y. Arapkhanova
This article explores an important archival source, the personal files of deportees, the original form of the document compiled by the NKVD characterizing the identity of a person who is on special settlement. These are massive official documents of a personal nature, applied to all adults deported during World War II from different regions and republics of the former USSR. The author reveals previously classified personal files and documents on the legal status of special settlers. The introduction of new documents into circulation made it possible to shed light on many aspects of the life of deportees related to their social and legal adaptation in new places of settlements. A personal file clearly demonstrates both the conditions of detention at the special settlement, and changes in the regulatory framework governing the life of this category within the framework of the special settlement system in the USSR. In accordance with the ongoing changes, a special commandant introduced each special settler to the new standards, who were given receipts. The file contains four receipts that allow one to divide the period from 1944 to 1957 into four stages. The article emphasizes that for post-deportation generations, the presence of personal files containing personal data was a good opportunity in restoring not only history, but also genealogy. It has both important scholarly, socio-legal, and political significance for the study of destinies, both of individuals and of entire nations. As examples, some documents are contained in the personal files of the evicts.
{"title":"Personal Files of the Expelled — A Source for the Research on the Special Settlement Regime","authors":"L. Y. Arapkhanova","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.107","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores an important archival source, the personal files of deportees, the original form of the document compiled by the NKVD characterizing the identity of a person who is on special settlement. These are massive official documents of a personal nature, applied to all adults deported during World War II from different regions and republics of the former USSR. The author reveals previously classified personal files and documents on the legal status of special settlers. The introduction of new documents into circulation made it possible to shed light on many aspects of the life of deportees related to their social and legal adaptation in new places of settlements. A personal file clearly demonstrates both the conditions of detention at the special settlement, and changes in the regulatory framework governing the life of this category within the framework of the special settlement system in the USSR. In accordance with the ongoing changes, a special commandant introduced each special settler to the new standards, who were given receipts. The file contains four receipts that allow one to divide the period from 1944 to 1957 into four stages. The article emphasizes that for post-deportation generations, the presence of personal files containing personal data was a good opportunity in restoring not only history, but also genealogy. It has both important scholarly, socio-legal, and political significance for the study of destinies, both of individuals and of entire nations. As examples, some documents are contained in the personal files of the evicts.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.316
T. Krasavchenko
The subject of this article is the study of the phenomenon homo soveticus in the West (C. Friedrich, Z. Brzezinski, S. Fitzpatrick, S. Kotkin, A. Yurchak and others) and in Russia by sociologist Yuri Levada since the 1980s; by social anthropologist Natalia Kozlova in the late 1990s, and from the early 2000s to the present by historians and literary scholars from Russian cities (Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tiumen, Krasnodar, Moscow) and from Hungary and Poland, whose work is published in an interdisciplinary collective monograph by Ural Federal University (Ekaterinburg) in 2021. The authors of the monograph belong to different generations and national humanities’ schools, but they are united by a common historical memory, by an approach to homo soveticus as a multiform, not monolithic phenomenon. The personality typology of the 1930s is not identical to that of the 1960s, 1970s, or 1980s, and Soviet rule, despite all its might, could not completely control and subjugate people of the USSR — not only because the country was very large and diverse, but mainly because the ideology and politics of this rule contradicted life. The monograph opens new perspectives on an original, holistic approach to the study of the homo soveticus phenomenon, which includes its versions in the countries of Eastern Europe, as well as its perception by Russian emigrants.
{"title":"The Myth of homo soveticus: Perspectives from Russian and Foreign Scholars","authors":"T. Krasavchenko","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.316","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this article is the study of the phenomenon homo soveticus in the West (C. Friedrich, Z. Brzezinski, S. Fitzpatrick, S. Kotkin, A. Yurchak and others) and in Russia by sociologist Yuri Levada since the 1980s; by social anthropologist Natalia Kozlova in the late 1990s, and from the early 2000s to the present by historians and literary scholars from Russian cities (Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tiumen, Krasnodar, Moscow) and from Hungary and Poland, whose work is published in an interdisciplinary collective monograph by Ural Federal University (Ekaterinburg) in 2021. The authors of the monograph belong to different generations and national humanities’ schools, but they are united by a common historical memory, by an approach to homo soveticus as a multiform, not monolithic phenomenon. The personality typology of the 1930s is not identical to that of the 1960s, 1970s, or 1980s, and Soviet rule, despite all its might, could not completely control and subjugate people of the USSR — not only because the country was very large and diverse, but mainly because the ideology and politics of this rule contradicted life. The monograph opens new perspectives on an original, holistic approach to the study of the homo soveticus phenomenon, which includes its versions in the countries of Eastern Europe, as well as its perception by Russian emigrants.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.403
O. Gavrilova, Yizhi Sun
Based on a complex of published and archival sources, the article deals with a problem that has not been adequately covered in historiography. Since half of the housing stock of Leningrad on the eve of the war was made up of wooden buildings, it was they who at the turn of 1941/1942 have become one of the resources for solving fuel problems. Carrying out the planned demolition of about 6 thousand wooden residential buildings, as well as numerous wooden kiosks, fences, summer theaters, restaurants, pavilions, the city government solved a number of urgent tasks. Thus, it got rid of emergency and fire hazardous objects, provided enterprises and institutions with precious fuel, and provided the population of the besieged city with the opportunity to independently engage in firewood. Brigades of workers, employees and other categories of the population, created in factories, factories and households, carried out the demolition of wooden structures, and carried out another important mission. They contributed to the fact that some of the townspeople were relocated from dilapidated wooden buildings to rooms and apartments that were empty as a result of the death of hundreds of thousands of Leningraders during the first blockade winter. This was to ensure the safety and proper operation of stone houses. Several waves of evacuation of disabled categories of the population created additional opportunities for preparing for an active resettlement policy. Thus, significant areas of urban housing stock were subject to renovation in the shortest possible time, and its technical and transport support became the main problem. The implementation of this action was possible as a result of a significant reduction in the population of Leningrad.
{"title":"Renovation under the Blockade: Demolition of Wooden Buildings in Leningrad. 1941–1942","authors":"O. Gavrilova, Yizhi Sun","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.403","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a complex of published and archival sources, the article deals with a problem that has not been adequately covered in historiography. Since half of the housing stock of Leningrad on the eve of the war was made up of wooden buildings, it was they who at the turn of 1941/1942 have become one of the resources for solving fuel problems. Carrying out the planned demolition of about 6 thousand wooden residential buildings, as well as numerous wooden kiosks, fences, summer theaters, restaurants, pavilions, the city government solved a number of urgent tasks. Thus, it got rid of emergency and fire hazardous objects, provided enterprises and institutions with precious fuel, and provided the population of the besieged city with the opportunity to independently engage in firewood. Brigades of workers, employees and other categories of the population, created in factories, factories and households, carried out the demolition of wooden structures, and carried out another important mission. They contributed to the fact that some of the townspeople were relocated from dilapidated wooden buildings to rooms and apartments that were empty as a result of the death of hundreds of thousands of Leningraders during the first blockade winter. This was to ensure the safety and proper operation of stone houses. Several waves of evacuation of disabled categories of the population created additional opportunities for preparing for an active resettlement policy. Thus, significant areas of urban housing stock were subject to renovation in the shortest possible time, and its technical and transport support became the main problem. The implementation of this action was possible as a result of a significant reduction in the population of Leningrad.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.404
E. Krasnozhenova, S. Kulinok
The article examines the forms and methods of the Nazi occupation authorities’ struggle against the partisan movement on the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia. From the very first days of the occupation of the region, the German occupation bodies and services paid considerable attention to the development of the most effective forms and methods of combating the partisan movement. The fight against the partisan movement was based on a variety of reconnaissance work: aviation and combat reconnaissance, visual observation, intelligence intelligence work. Agent cadres were trained in special training centers (courses and schools) created by the German special services. Another form of struggle against the partisan movement was the organization and training of pseudo partisan detachments. Committing crimes under the guise of partisans against the civilian population, pseudo-partisan units discredited the partisans in the eyes of the civilian population, thereby depriving the resistance movement of social support and support. The study noted that the most massive and brutal method of fighting the partisan movement was punitive operations aimed at eliminating partisan detachments and brigades, seizing food, mass destruction and seizure of civilians for subsequent forced labor. It is shown that under the guise of fighting partisans, the Nazis punished not only adults, but also children and adolescents. To fight the partisan movement, the invaders also used agitation and propaganda work. Orders were regularly posted in public places urging the population to fight the partisans. A special place was occupied by anti-partisan agitation in the periodicals. Under the occupation, the forms and methods of fighting the resistance movement against the Nazi regime were constantly improved taking into account the gaining practical experience of the struggle by the invaders.
{"title":"Forms and Methods of Combating the Partisan Movement on the Border Territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia","authors":"E. Krasnozhenova, S. Kulinok","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.404","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the forms and methods of the Nazi occupation authorities’ struggle against the partisan movement on the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia. From the very first days of the occupation of the region, the German occupation bodies and services paid considerable attention to the development of the most effective forms and methods of combating the partisan movement. The fight against the partisan movement was based on a variety of reconnaissance work: aviation and combat reconnaissance, visual observation, intelligence intelligence work. Agent cadres were trained in special training centers (courses and schools) created by the German special services. Another form of struggle against the partisan movement was the organization and training of pseudo partisan detachments. Committing crimes under the guise of partisans against the civilian population, pseudo-partisan units discredited the partisans in the eyes of the civilian population, thereby depriving the resistance movement of social support and support. The study noted that the most massive and brutal method of fighting the partisan movement was punitive operations aimed at eliminating partisan detachments and brigades, seizing food, mass destruction and seizure of civilians for subsequent forced labor. It is shown that under the guise of fighting partisans, the Nazis punished not only adults, but also children and adolescents. To fight the partisan movement, the invaders also used agitation and propaganda work. Orders were regularly posted in public places urging the population to fight the partisans. A special place was occupied by anti-partisan agitation in the periodicals. Under the occupation, the forms and methods of fighting the resistance movement against the Nazi regime were constantly improved taking into account the gaining practical experience of the struggle by the invaders.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.411
I. Boiko
The Russian emigration in Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century represents a very special history. The destinies of the Russian emigrants reflected the harsh circumstances of the civil war and collectivization, Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931, followed by the Japanese capitulation, which ended the WWII. The article is aimed on the analysis of the Russian emigrants societal position in Machukuo, specified for the Russian students of the Japanese university Kenkoku. The article highlights several waves of the Russian emigration to Manchukuo, each as distinctive by its reasons and social composition. Pursuing the multicultural composition of the new state Manchukuo, the Japanese policy was just loyal towards the Russian immigrants, which provided them the equal rights with the other nationalities at the access to higher education. The “National Building University” — Kenkoky, which was founded in 1938 and aimed on training the higher state administrative personnel, was open for the various nationalities, including Russians. The destinies of the Russian alumni of the Kenkoku university when they returned to the motherland after the Japanese capitulation was not an easy. Substantial reminiscences of the witnesses, Russian and non-Russian historic publications, personal archived documents are the basis for the given research. The Manchukuo short history in general and the history of the higher education there in particular have been occupying an increasing research interest all over the world. Distinctively, this issue remains unexplored in Russia. The article outcomes and materials are useful for the historians, engaged into the study of the Russian emigration to Manchuria and residence of the emigrants during the Manchukuo history. The multicultural principles of the Japanese university Kenkoku, applied for the Manchukuo diverse population represents an outstanding experience for the future generations as well.
{"title":"Japanese Elite Education for Russian Emigrants in Manchukuo","authors":"I. Boiko","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.411","url":null,"abstract":"The Russian emigration in Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century represents a very special history. The destinies of the Russian emigrants reflected the harsh circumstances of the civil war and collectivization, Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931, followed by the Japanese capitulation, which ended the WWII. The article is aimed on the analysis of the Russian emigrants societal position in Machukuo, specified for the Russian students of the Japanese university Kenkoku. The article highlights several waves of the Russian emigration to Manchukuo, each as distinctive by its reasons and social composition. Pursuing the multicultural composition of the new state Manchukuo, the Japanese policy was just loyal towards the Russian immigrants, which provided them the equal rights with the other nationalities at the access to higher education. The “National Building University” — Kenkoky, which was founded in 1938 and aimed on training the higher state administrative personnel, was open for the various nationalities, including Russians. The destinies of the Russian alumni of the Kenkoku university when they returned to the motherland after the Japanese capitulation was not an easy. Substantial reminiscences of the witnesses, Russian and non-Russian historic publications, personal archived documents are the basis for the given research. The Manchukuo short history in general and the history of the higher education there in particular have been occupying an increasing research interest all over the world. Distinctively, this issue remains unexplored in Russia. The article outcomes and materials are useful for the historians, engaged into the study of the Russian emigration to Manchuria and residence of the emigrants during the Manchukuo history. The multicultural principles of the Japanese university Kenkoku, applied for the Manchukuo diverse population represents an outstanding experience for the future generations as well.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.201
A. Baranov, Yu. A. Yakhutl
This article explores the transition from “war communism” to the New Economic Policy in the Cossack regions of Southern Russia, one of the leading agricultural regions. The authors aim to identify regional features of the transition to the NEP on the Don, Kuban, and Terek in the context of military-political conflict between the authorities and the rural population. The novelty of this study is sources used for the first time: reviews of Special departments of military units and bodies of the Cheka, the North Caucasus Military District, reports of party bodies of the RCP(b), and Cheka organs. The reasons for the slow transition to NEP, weak support for NEP, and resistance to reforms of local party and Soviet employers are identified. The Civil War in the Cossack regions of Southern Russia was the most protracted and fierce, and it was a compound conflict: it combined class, class, and center-regional confrontation. The main subject of the conflict in the agrarian region was the ownership of land and agricultural products. The Soviet system destroyed the local Cossack self-government and abolished the estates, but it forced to preserve the labor allotment land use of the Cossacks. The Don and Kuban were the main sources of food for European Russia, what led to the preservation of the “war-communist” practices of food policy in 1921–1922. The personnel of the party and state authorities remained illiterate, recruited mainly from the inhabitants of other regions, and often underwent rotation. These factors caused not only an escalation of the social conflict, but also a crisis of governance. The transition to the NEP required the gradual restoration of civil peace in the Cossack regions, what was mostly achieved by the end of 1922.
{"title":"Transition from War Communism to NEP in the Cossack Regions of Southern Russia: Features of Interaction between the Government and the Rural Population","authors":"A. Baranov, Yu. A. Yakhutl","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.201","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the transition from “war communism” to the New Economic Policy in the Cossack regions of Southern Russia, one of the leading agricultural regions. The authors aim to identify regional features of the transition to the NEP on the Don, Kuban, and Terek in the context of military-political conflict between the authorities and the rural population. The novelty of this study is sources used for the first time: reviews of Special departments of military units and bodies of the Cheka, the North Caucasus Military District, reports of party bodies of the RCP(b), and Cheka organs. The reasons for the slow transition to NEP, weak support for NEP, and resistance to reforms of local party and Soviet employers are identified. The Civil War in the Cossack regions of Southern Russia was the most protracted and fierce, and it was a compound conflict: it combined class, class, and center-regional confrontation. The main subject of the conflict in the agrarian region was the ownership of land and agricultural products. The Soviet system destroyed the local Cossack self-government and abolished the estates, but it forced to preserve the labor allotment land use of the Cossacks. The Don and Kuban were the main sources of food for European Russia, what led to the preservation of the “war-communist” practices of food policy in 1921–1922. The personnel of the party and state authorities remained illiterate, recruited mainly from the inhabitants of other regions, and often underwent rotation. These factors caused not only an escalation of the social conflict, but also a crisis of governance. The transition to the NEP required the gradual restoration of civil peace in the Cossack regions, what was mostly achieved by the end of 1922.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67779945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.205
O. A. Ustyugova
The article examines the state of the salt market in the Russian Far East at the beginning of the 20th century under conditions of dependence on imports, characterizing the quality, prices and volume of salt supplies. Under the high demand for table salt as a product of prime necessity and raw material for the fishing industry, the salt market of the Far East was entirely dependent on imports. While the import of foreign salt to Russia was decreasing, in the Far East it was showing stable growth. The development of the fishing industry in the 1890s stimulated the growth of salt consumption, which local production could not satisfy. Import dependency, which vividly showed up during the Russian-Japanese War, worried both the authorities and entrepreneurs. After the final cancellation of the porto-franco in 1909, salt became a duty-free commodity, which facilitated the access of foreign product to the region. The system of salt supply for the local market by foreign companies, which was formed in the second half of the 19th century, retained its importance. The matter of organizing the supply of the Russian Far East with salt of domestic production was unsettled. The import of salt from the Crimea and the Irkutsk Salt Plant was unprofitable because of the high cost of transportation. During the First World War the region’s dependence on the import of foreign salt remained. Before the war, the main amount of salt for the population and the fishing industry came from Germany, but after the war began, Japan, China and Port Said became the main suppliers.
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