Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.304
N. Samoylov
Ivan Yakovlevich Korostovetz (1862–1933) was one of the most prominent Russian diplomats of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He played an extremely important role in the developing Russian-Chinese relations and a no less significant part in the development of Russian-Mongolian ties. Not a sinologist by education, and at the start not speaking Chinese, Korostovetz could understand the specifics of China so deeply and delve into the peculiarities of Chinese realities that he became one of the best experts on China at that time. Korostovetz actively popularized his knowledge on China among the Russian public by writing books and articles about the country. At the turn of the 20th century, Korostovetz became one of the most capable diplomats in the Russian Empire and contributed to an active Russian policy in China and Outer Mongolia. Having a deep understanding of the Russian geopolitical interests in the Far East, he was able to clearly formulate the main goals of Russia’s policy in this region at the time when the Xinhai revolution broke out in China. Unfortunately, after 1917, Korostovetz failed to find a place for himself in the diplomatic field, and so he became the author of many published and unpublished works on the history of diplomacy and international relations in the Far East. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of Korostovetz’ activities in various diplomatic positions in China and evaluate his role in the development of Russian-Chinese relations, as well as analyze his articles and books about China and show the depth in which he understood political development, history and culture of this country.
{"title":"Ivan Korostovetz — Russian Diplomat and Expert on China","authors":"N. Samoylov","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.304","url":null,"abstract":"Ivan Yakovlevich Korostovetz (1862–1933) was one of the most prominent Russian diplomats of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He played an extremely important role in the developing Russian-Chinese relations and a no less significant part in the development of Russian-Mongolian ties. Not a sinologist by education, and at the start not speaking Chinese, Korostovetz could understand the specifics of China so deeply and delve into the peculiarities of Chinese realities that he became one of the best experts on China at that time. Korostovetz actively popularized his knowledge on China among the Russian public by writing books and articles about the country. At the turn of the 20th century, Korostovetz became one of the most capable diplomats in the Russian Empire and contributed to an active Russian policy in China and Outer Mongolia. Having a deep understanding of the Russian geopolitical interests in the Far East, he was able to clearly formulate the main goals of Russia’s policy in this region at the time when the Xinhai revolution broke out in China. Unfortunately, after 1917, Korostovetz failed to find a place for himself in the diplomatic field, and so he became the author of many published and unpublished works on the history of diplomacy and international relations in the Far East. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of Korostovetz’ activities in various diplomatic positions in China and evaluate his role in the development of Russian-Chinese relations, as well as analyze his articles and books about China and show the depth in which he understood political development, history and culture of this country.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.415
E. Sinelnikova
The article analyzes the study of Moscow historian E. A. Dolgova, dedicated to the structural transformations of the Russian scientific community in the 1920s–1930s. Working in the problematic field of the social history of science, the author managed to consider and analyze a significant complex of sources. There are interesting materials extracted from a number of federal and regional archives. The results of E. A. Dolgov’s research work is reflected in the monograph “The Birth of Soviet Science: Scientists in the 1920s–1930s”, published in 2020. Analyzing the scientific community in the focus of socio-economic policy of the 1920s–1930s, the author provides valuable data on the size of the academic ration, the distribution of scientists by category, the number of scientists-members of the party and candidates of the CPSU(b) in Moscow, Petrograd-Leningrad and the provinces. It was concluded that the scientific community in the period under study functioned as a hierarchical one. Among the factors determining the status position of a scientist in this hierarchy, the leading ones were non-partisanship/ partisanship and social origin. In the study, the special attention paid to the analysis of scientist and scholars’ public role. The demand for a positive representation of Soviet science, including in the international arena, found expression in the expansion of forms of popularization of its results, the rise of science fiction literature and the emergence of popular science cinema. In general, E. A. Dolgova’s monograph is major fundamental research, and, no doubt, will take its rightful place in modern Russian history of science historiography.
本文分析了莫斯科历史学家E. A.多尔戈娃(E. A. Dolgova)对20世纪20年代至30年代俄罗斯科学界结构转型的研究。在科学社会史这个充满问题的领域工作，作者设法考虑和分析了一个重要的复杂来源。从一些联邦和地区档案中提取了一些有趣的材料。E. A. Dolgov的研究成果反映在2020年出版的专著《苏联科学的诞生:20世纪20年代至30年代的科学家》中。作者以20世纪20年代至30年代的社会经济政策为中心，对科学界进行了分析，提供了关于学术配给的规模、按类别划分的科学家分布、莫斯科、彼得格勒-列宁格勒和各省苏共(b)党员和候选人的科学家人数的宝贵数据。结论是，在研究期间，科学界是一个等级森严的群体。在决定一个科学家在这个层次中的地位的因素中，无党派/党派和社会出身是主要的因素。在研究中，特别注重对科学家和学者的公共角色的分析。对苏联科学的积极表现的需求，包括在国际舞台上，表现在其成果的普及形式的扩大，科幻文学的兴起和通俗科学电影的出现。总的来说，E. A.多尔戈娃的专著是重要的基础研究，毫无疑问，它将在现代俄罗斯科学史上占有应有的地位。
{"title":"The Scientific Community of the Early Soviet Era in the Context of the Social History of Russian Science","authors":"E. Sinelnikova","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.415","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the study of Moscow historian E. A. Dolgova, dedicated to the structural transformations of the Russian scientific community in the 1920s–1930s. Working in the problematic field of the social history of science, the author managed to consider and analyze a significant complex of sources. There are interesting materials extracted from a number of federal and regional archives. The results of E. A. Dolgov’s research work is reflected in the monograph “The Birth of Soviet Science: Scientists in the 1920s–1930s”, published in 2020. Analyzing the scientific community in the focus of socio-economic policy of the 1920s–1930s, the author provides valuable data on the size of the academic ration, the distribution of scientists by category, the number of scientists-members of the party and candidates of the CPSU(b) in Moscow, Petrograd-Leningrad and the provinces. It was concluded that the scientific community in the period under study functioned as a hierarchical one. Among the factors determining the status position of a scientist in this hierarchy, the leading ones were non-partisanship/ partisanship and social origin. In the study, the special attention paid to the analysis of scientist and scholars’ public role. The demand for a positive representation of Soviet science, including in the international arena, found expression in the expansion of forms of popularization of its results, the rise of science fiction literature and the emergence of popular science cinema. In general, E. A. Dolgova’s monograph is major fundamental research, and, no doubt, will take its rightful place in modern Russian history of science historiography.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.407
S. Nefedov
The main goal of P. A. Stolypin’s reform was to increase yields in peasant farms. The unification of peasant allotments into farms opened the way for the use of more advanced agricultural machinery. Historians argue about the extent to which the reforms affected the dynamics of yields on the eve of the First World War. In recent years, mathematical methods have been used to solve this problem. However, the application of these methods requires careful selection of both independent and dependent variables. In this paper, the share of consolidated lands in the total area of allotment lands in different provinces is used as an independent variable, and the dependent variable is the net grain yield on allotment lands. Correlation analysis shows that, in general, in 43 provinces of European Russia, land consolidation explained 30 % of the yield dynamics. But at the same time, there were very large regional differences. In 26 provinces of Great Russia, the reform did not have a significant impact on yields; in many provinces, yields decreased. The failure of the reform in Great Russia was due to the presence of strong peasant communities here, who practiced land redistribution and resisted the spread of farms. On the contrary, in 11 marginal western and southern provinces, the reform was marked by success. For a long time, communities with hereditary home ownership dominated here, and these communities generally supported Stolypin’s program. The spread of farms has led to a significant increase in yields here, and 50 % of this growth is due to the consolidation of peasant allotments.
{"title":"Regional Effects of the Stolypin Reform","authors":"S. Nefedov","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.407","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of P. A. Stolypin’s reform was to increase yields in peasant farms. The unification of peasant allotments into farms opened the way for the use of more advanced agricultural machinery. Historians argue about the extent to which the reforms affected the dynamics of yields on the eve of the First World War. In recent years, mathematical methods have been used to solve this problem. However, the application of these methods requires careful selection of both independent and dependent variables. In this paper, the share of consolidated lands in the total area of allotment lands in different provinces is used as an independent variable, and the dependent variable is the net grain yield on allotment lands. Correlation analysis shows that, in general, in 43 provinces of European Russia, land consolidation explained 30 % of the yield dynamics. But at the same time, there were very large regional differences. In 26 provinces of Great Russia, the reform did not have a significant impact on yields; in many provinces, yields decreased. The failure of the reform in Great Russia was due to the presence of strong peasant communities here, who practiced land redistribution and resisted the spread of farms. On the contrary, in 11 marginal western and southern provinces, the reform was marked by success. For a long time, communities with hereditary home ownership dominated here, and these communities generally supported Stolypin’s program. The spread of farms has led to a significant increase in yields here, and 50 % of this growth is due to the consolidation of peasant allotments.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.210
A. N. Fеdorov
The article explores the reasons, course, and results of studying the professional qualities of the first secretaries of regional party committees in 1946–1948. This survey was prompted by the desire of the Soviet top leadership in the first post-war years to improve regional leadership and thereby increase the efficiency of the management system. For this purpose, the Cadres department of the Central Committee of the AUCP(b) compiled special characteristics for the first secretaries of obkom, kraikom and republican committees, which included an assessment of their organizational skills and career prospects. The assessment of these leaders was not based on the usual formal criteria (education level, political training and work experience), but according to the fulfillment of the center’s tasks, leadership style and authority among local managers. In the opinion of the Central Committee, the ability to establish work of the party apparatus and normal relations with local managers allowed regional leaders to cope with their duties. Despite the weak analysis of the data, vague assessment criteria and their arbitrary application, softening and correcting the estimates, disappointing results were obtained. It turned out that many of the first secretaries of regional party committees did not have elementary managerial skills, practiced a dictatorial leadership style, and chronically failed to perform economic tasks. Based on this, it was necessary to replace half of the regional leaders, but Cadres department of the Central Committee proposed to dismiss only 10 % of the first secretaries and keep at work another 20 % due to short-term retraining. Nevertheless, in 1946–1948, even such modest plans could not be implemented due to the lack of a cadre reserve, and therefore the renewal of the corps of regional leaders was delayed until the early 1950s.
{"title":"Weak Secretaries: How the Central Committee Assessed the Professionalism of Soviet Regional Leaders in 1946–1948","authors":"A. N. Fеdorov","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.210","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the reasons, course, and results of studying the professional qualities of the first secretaries of regional party committees in 1946–1948. This survey was prompted by the desire of the Soviet top leadership in the first post-war years to improve regional leadership and thereby increase the efficiency of the management system. For this purpose, the Cadres department of the Central Committee of the AUCP(b) compiled special characteristics for the first secretaries of obkom, kraikom and republican committees, which included an assessment of their organizational skills and career prospects. The assessment of these leaders was not based on the usual formal criteria (education level, political training and work experience), but according to the fulfillment of the center’s tasks, leadership style and authority among local managers. In the opinion of the Central Committee, the ability to establish work of the party apparatus and normal relations with local managers allowed regional leaders to cope with their duties. Despite the weak analysis of the data, vague assessment criteria and their arbitrary application, softening and correcting the estimates, disappointing results were obtained. It turned out that many of the first secretaries of regional party committees did not have elementary managerial skills, practiced a dictatorial leadership style, and chronically failed to perform economic tasks. Based on this, it was necessary to replace half of the regional leaders, but Cadres department of the Central Committee proposed to dismiss only 10 % of the first secretaries and keep at work another 20 % due to short-term retraining. Nevertheless, in 1946–1948, even such modest plans could not be implemented due to the lack of a cadre reserve, and therefore the renewal of the corps of regional leaders was delayed until the early 1950s.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.211
E. V. Kamaeva
In the 1960s and 1970s there was a significant increase in juvenile delinquency in urban and rural areas. The tightening of measures to combat it did not radically change the situation, and the country’s leadership began to pay great attention to educational work, which was mainly entrusted to the Komsomol. One of the priority directions in the work of the Komsomol in this period was the organization of summer vacations for children. There was a search and testing of new forms of work, which was expressed in the creation of new types of summer camps for schoolchildren. On the basis of a wide range of archival materials, primarily reports from the departments of the school Komsomol, the process of creating camps in the city and the countryside is analyzed, and the problems that the Komsomol committees faced in the process of this work are highlighted. First of all, there is a lack of funding. It is shown that the labor and recreation camps for high school students who were striving to exist on the principles of self-sufficiency, created during this period, began to acquire great popularity. At the same time, labor, military, sports, and tourist camps for adolescents registered in the children’s room of the police began to be created. In this regard, there was a problem with training counselors for such camps. The Moscow city committee of the Komsomol was the first to begin training counselors from among student activists. The analysis of archival materials shows that regarding urban schoolchildren during the study period, various types of camps were created for all age groups. The situation was different in rural areas. For the first time, inter-collective farm camps began to appear in the districts, however, they did not become widespread.
{"title":"Summer Camps for Schoolchildren in the System for the Prevention of Teenage Neglect and Crime in the 1960s — mid-1970s","authors":"E. V. Kamaeva","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.211","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1960s and 1970s there was a significant increase in juvenile delinquency in urban and rural areas. The tightening of measures to combat it did not radically change the situation, and the country’s leadership began to pay great attention to educational work, which was mainly entrusted to the Komsomol. One of the priority directions in the work of the Komsomol in this period was the organization of summer vacations for children. There was a search and testing of new forms of work, which was expressed in the creation of new types of summer camps for schoolchildren. On the basis of a wide range of archival materials, primarily reports from the departments of the school Komsomol, the process of creating camps in the city and the countryside is analyzed, and the problems that the Komsomol committees faced in the process of this work are highlighted. First of all, there is a lack of funding. It is shown that the labor and recreation camps for high school students who were striving to exist on the principles of self-sufficiency, created during this period, began to acquire great popularity. At the same time, labor, military, sports, and tourist camps for adolescents registered in the children’s room of the police began to be created. In this regard, there was a problem with training counselors for such camps. The Moscow city committee of the Komsomol was the first to begin training counselors from among student activists. The analysis of archival materials shows that regarding urban schoolchildren during the study period, various types of camps were created for all age groups. The situation was different in rural areas. For the first time, inter-collective farm camps began to appear in the districts, however, they did not become widespread.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.215
V. Goldin
This article describes the life path and scientific activity of the famous British historian professor Paul Dukes (1934–2021). He received his higher education in England and the USA and initially studied and taught American history. However, later on Dukes defended his PhD thesis on Russian history. Receiving recognition as a specialist in the history of 17th and 18th century Russia, Dukes fruitfully studied other epochs of the Russian past. He was the author of several editions of History of Russia. Medieval, Modern, Contemporary. The history of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its influence on the world occupied an important place in his studies. Dukes worked fruitfully in the International Commission for the study of the Russian revolutions of the International Congress of Historical Sciences. He successfully combined the study of the all-Russian history with the history of the regions of Russia: the Urals, Russian North, and Far East. Professor Dukes facilitated collaboration of Russian and British historians. He made a great contribution to the study of European history. Studying Russia and Europe Dukes considered Russia an integral and organic part of Europe. The American history also occupied an important place in his studies including the relations between USA and Russia. During the 2010s, Professor Dukes referred to the topic of Antropocene Era. He studied from the point of view of historical science the impact of human activity on the natural environment and climate and called for the interdisciplinary approach in the understanding the climate agenda as a global problem of nowadays.
{"title":"Personality in the Science: Professor Paul Dukes","authors":"V. Goldin","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.215","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the life path and scientific activity of the famous British historian professor Paul Dukes (1934–2021). He received his higher education in England and the USA and initially studied and taught American history. However, later on Dukes defended his PhD thesis on Russian history. Receiving recognition as a specialist in the history of 17th and 18th century Russia, Dukes fruitfully studied other epochs of the Russian past. He was the author of several editions of History of Russia. Medieval, Modern, Contemporary. The history of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its influence on the world occupied an important place in his studies. Dukes worked fruitfully in the International Commission for the study of the Russian revolutions of the International Congress of Historical Sciences. He successfully combined the study of the all-Russian history with the history of the regions of Russia: the Urals, Russian North, and Far East. Professor Dukes facilitated collaboration of Russian and British historians. He made a great contribution to the study of European history. Studying Russia and Europe Dukes considered Russia an integral and organic part of Europe. The American history also occupied an important place in his studies including the relations between USA and Russia. During the 2010s, Professor Dukes referred to the topic of Antropocene Era. He studied from the point of view of historical science the impact of human activity on the natural environment and climate and called for the interdisciplinary approach in the understanding the climate agenda as a global problem of nowadays.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"9 40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.315
K. Yudin
The subject of this article is the film policy of the Soviet leadership in the period of “cold warming.” The term is used as a conditional-instrumental designation of the period — the second half of the 1950s to the late 1970s, clearly manifested as a management style in which elements of “détente” in the field of culture, cinematography, which appeared much earlier than this phenomenon in international relations, continuously coexisted with an atmosphere of tension between the USSR and the USA. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including archival documents used here or are subjected to in-depth analysis for the first time, this article addresses political, ideological, institutional, media, and communicative aspects of Soviet film politics in historical dynamics, from Khrushchev’s “modernization” to Brezhnev’s “conservative appeasement”. The leading role of such structures as the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, film export organization, and Ideological Commissions of the Central Committee of the CPSU in following established traditions of state pragmatism is established. This was expressed in the opening of external information “gateways” on the principle of duality. Import and “free” transmission of foreign film production, the assumption of private and departmental interaction with Western, American cinema figures, the reception of “alien” artistic and administrative-organizational experience of improving the filmmaker, were interrupted by strict control, demonstrative strengthening of censorship, and control and supervisory activity of party-state structures to counter “bourgeois media attacks”. As a result, this led to the return of excessive ideological and political principles, the inertial construction of barriers, the re-conceptualization of figurative-visual stereotypes and dogmatic prejudices.
{"title":"Soviet Film Policy of the Second Half of 1950s — Late 1970s","authors":"K. Yudin","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.315","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this article is the film policy of the Soviet leadership in the period of “cold warming.” The term is used as a conditional-instrumental designation of the period — the second half of the 1950s to the late 1970s, clearly manifested as a management style in which elements of “détente” in the field of culture, cinematography, which appeared much earlier than this phenomenon in international relations, continuously coexisted with an atmosphere of tension between the USSR and the USA. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including archival documents used here or are subjected to in-depth analysis for the first time, this article addresses political, ideological, institutional, media, and communicative aspects of Soviet film politics in historical dynamics, from Khrushchev’s “modernization” to Brezhnev’s “conservative appeasement”. The leading role of such structures as the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, film export organization, and Ideological Commissions of the Central Committee of the CPSU in following established traditions of state pragmatism is established. This was expressed in the opening of external information “gateways” on the principle of duality. Import and “free” transmission of foreign film production, the assumption of private and departmental interaction with Western, American cinema figures, the reception of “alien” artistic and administrative-organizational experience of improving the filmmaker, were interrupted by strict control, demonstrative strengthening of censorship, and control and supervisory activity of party-state structures to counter “bourgeois media attacks”. As a result, this led to the return of excessive ideological and political principles, the inertial construction of barriers, the re-conceptualization of figurative-visual stereotypes and dogmatic prejudices.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.305
G. Kornoukhova
This article examines problems of selling Russian sugar in Persia towards the end of the Russian Empire’s existence during the first decades of the 20th century. The article clarifies Russian sugar exporters’ achievements and what problems they faced promoting their products on the Persian market. The source base made it possible to establish the dynamics of export indicators, the specifics of the price situation, and consumers’ demands in Persia for this period. The author examines the peculiarities of the sale of Russian sugar in the northern and southern regions of the country and the competitive advantages of the two rival powers, Russia and France. Special attention is paid to the issue of sugar sales in Persia during World War I: problems faced by sugar exporters and the project to introduce a sugar monopoly in Persia. The analysis leads to conclusions about the dynamic development of Russian sugar exports to Persia. Thanks to the simultaneous efforts by the Russian government and Russian business circles, the Russian Empire was able to monopolize the North Persian sugar market and achieve certain gains in the markets of southern Persia. A decisive role in this matter was played by the government’s initiative, thanks to which a regular sea connection with the ports of the Persian Gulf was established, as well as the opportunity to sell Russian sugar at competitive prices. It is also important that government measures were carried out in parallel with the growing activity of Russian entrepreneurs, who were engaged in the production and export of sugar to the large Middle East market.
{"title":"Russian Sugar Exports to Persia in 1900–1917","authors":"G. Kornoukhova","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.305","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines problems of selling Russian sugar in Persia towards the end of the Russian Empire’s existence during the first decades of the 20th century. The article clarifies Russian sugar exporters’ achievements and what problems they faced promoting their products on the Persian market. The source base made it possible to establish the dynamics of export indicators, the specifics of the price situation, and consumers’ demands in Persia for this period. The author examines the peculiarities of the sale of Russian sugar in the northern and southern regions of the country and the competitive advantages of the two rival powers, Russia and France. Special attention is paid to the issue of sugar sales in Persia during World War I: problems faced by sugar exporters and the project to introduce a sugar monopoly in Persia. The analysis leads to conclusions about the dynamic development of Russian sugar exports to Persia. Thanks to the simultaneous efforts by the Russian government and Russian business circles, the Russian Empire was able to monopolize the North Persian sugar market and achieve certain gains in the markets of southern Persia. A decisive role in this matter was played by the government’s initiative, thanks to which a regular sea connection with the ports of the Persian Gulf was established, as well as the opportunity to sell Russian sugar at competitive prices. It is also important that government measures were carried out in parallel with the growing activity of Russian entrepreneurs, who were engaged in the production and export of sugar to the large Middle East market.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.209
N. N. Nazarenko, A. Bashkin
The authors show that the dynamics of the birth rate of the BSSR population is characterized by a gradual drop from the mid-1920s to mid-1930s to a minimum in 1933–1934, with fluctuations within the limits of the trend; the death rate is generally stable with the similar fluctuation within the trend. The dynamics of the birth and death rates in 1933–1934 are shown as population waves with a maximum (fall) in seasonal birth (death) rate is compensated by its seasonal increase (drop). The death rate increase and negative natural growth of the population in the urban environment are localized and insignificant. For the majority of the BSSR, its demographic indicators are not pointing to a demographic crisis: either a high birth rate with a relatively low death rate was prevailing, or a drop in the birth rate didn’t result in the abrupt natural growth decrease, which remained positive. A lower birth rate and a higher death rate can be attributed to different causes other than famine. The only two regions with a high death rate and a negative natural growth of population were Narovlyansk and Elsk — two districts on the border with Ukraine. This is the exact area of the BSSR affected by the famine as confirmed by the official papers and the demographic indicators. The loss of the BSSR population due to the drop in birth rate in 1932–1934 is approximately 64,000 people; the direct decrease due to the death rate is 4,100 people; both are within the limits of the trend fluctuations and cannot be considered as a demographic crisis. In general, the indicators in the BSSR do not point to the demographic catastrophe.
{"title":"Regional Features of Birth Rate and Mortality during the Famine of 1932–1933 in the Byelorussian SSR","authors":"N. N. Nazarenko, A. Bashkin","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.209","url":null,"abstract":"The authors show that the dynamics of the birth rate of the BSSR population is characterized by a gradual drop from the mid-1920s to mid-1930s to a minimum in 1933–1934, with fluctuations within the limits of the trend; the death rate is generally stable with the similar fluctuation within the trend. The dynamics of the birth and death rates in 1933–1934 are shown as population waves with a maximum (fall) in seasonal birth (death) rate is compensated by its seasonal increase (drop). The death rate increase and negative natural growth of the population in the urban environment are localized and insignificant. For the majority of the BSSR, its demographic indicators are not pointing to a demographic crisis: either a high birth rate with a relatively low death rate was prevailing, or a drop in the birth rate didn’t result in the abrupt natural growth decrease, which remained positive. A lower birth rate and a higher death rate can be attributed to different causes other than famine. The only two regions with a high death rate and a negative natural growth of population were Narovlyansk and Elsk — two districts on the border with Ukraine. This is the exact area of the BSSR affected by the famine as confirmed by the official papers and the demographic indicators. The loss of the BSSR population due to the drop in birth rate in 1932–1934 is approximately 64,000 people; the direct decrease due to the death rate is 4,100 people; both are within the limits of the trend fluctuations and cannot be considered as a demographic crisis. In general, the indicators in the BSSR do not point to the demographic catastrophe.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.417
E. Tverdyukova
{"title":"The Requisition of My Car… Must be Furnished Legally”: Letters from P. P. Bekel to the Automobile Department of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet (1918)","authors":"E. Tverdyukova","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.417","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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