Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.217
M. Y. Krapivin
{"title":"Intelligence Work of the Cheka Bodies among the Orthodox Clergy (Based on the Materials of the Secret Office Work of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, 1921)","authors":"M. Y. Krapivin","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.410
E. Mineeva, A. Zykina, T. Ivanova
School education has traditionally been the most important area in the history of every nation and region. The official authorities often used the school to their advantage, to carry out certain policies and manage the territory. The aim of the work is to study the modernization processes in the field of school education, which were carried out in the autonomies of the Middle Volga region during the 1920s. In the comparative aspect, this problem has not been previously considered in Russian historiography. The study was carried out mainly on the basis of the analysis of diverse sources, especially archival materials. Using the example of such national autonomous entities as Mari El and Chuvashia, both general trends and distinctive features that existed during the formation of the new Soviet school system are shown. It can be argued that the educational policy of the 1920s was not fully sound, since the radical transformations of that time period led to extremely undesirable consequences. Among the positive results of the formation of a new school and the modernization policy in the field of education, we can name quantitative changes marked by an increase in the number of educational institutions, the number of teachers and the contingent of students. The policy of the educational program, proclaimed in the 1920s by the Soviet government, was also not brought to the end. The reasons for the failures were both objective (the consequences of the Civil War, famine, insufficient funding for education) and subjective (public dissatisfaction with certain measures in the field of school affairs, the refusal of individual teachers to cooperate with the new government, etc.) factors. As a result, in the early 1930s, the course of the Soviet government in relation to secondary schools was seriously revised.
{"title":"Modernization of the School Education System in the National Autonomies of the Middle Volga in the 1920s","authors":"E. Mineeva, A. Zykina, T. Ivanova","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.410","url":null,"abstract":"School education has traditionally been the most important area in the history of every nation and region. The official authorities often used the school to their advantage, to carry out certain policies and manage the territory. The aim of the work is to study the modernization processes in the field of school education, which were carried out in the autonomies of the Middle Volga region during the 1920s. In the comparative aspect, this problem has not been previously considered in Russian historiography. The study was carried out mainly on the basis of the analysis of diverse sources, especially archival materials. Using the example of such national autonomous entities as Mari El and Chuvashia, both general trends and distinctive features that existed during the formation of the new Soviet school system are shown. It can be argued that the educational policy of the 1920s was not fully sound, since the radical transformations of that time period led to extremely undesirable consequences. Among the positive results of the formation of a new school and the modernization policy in the field of education, we can name quantitative changes marked by an increase in the number of educational institutions, the number of teachers and the contingent of students. The policy of the educational program, proclaimed in the 1920s by the Soviet government, was also not brought to the end. The reasons for the failures were both objective (the consequences of the Civil War, famine, insufficient funding for education) and subjective (public dissatisfaction with certain measures in the field of school affairs, the refusal of individual teachers to cooperate with the new government, etc.) factors. As a result, in the early 1930s, the course of the Soviet government in relation to secondary schools was seriously revised.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.416
A. N. Kashevarov
The article analyzes the new book “The Russian Church Abroad under Metropolitan Philaret (Voznesensky), 1964–1985” by the Moscow historian A. A. Kostryukov. Despite the presence of a number of works on the history of the Russian Church Abroad in the 1960s–1980s, major studies that comprehensively characterize the period of the reign of Metropolitan Filaret, before the appearance of the book by A. A. Kostryukov, was not in historiography. The absolute merit of the monograph under review is an objective and unbiased study of the relationship of the Russian Church Abroad with the Moscow Patriarchate and other Local Churches, as well as the exposure of myths, misconceptions and the identification of “blank spots” in relation to a number of topics important for the history of the Church Abroad: the condemnation of ecumenism, unfulfilled hopes in relation to the “catacomb church” in the USSR, on the canonization of the royal family, the new martyrs and confessors of Russia. The monograph also outlines the key problems and important events in the history of other branches of the Russian Church Abroad in the last quarter of the 20th century — the Western European Exarchate of Russian Parishes, which was administratively subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the North American Metropolis, which in 1970 received from the Moscow Patriarchate the status of autocephalous (independent) under the name of the Orthodox Church in America. Thus, A. A. Kostryukov studied the complex processes concerning the entire Russian church diaspora, including its connections and relations, both with the Moscow Patriarchate and with other Local Churches and, above all, with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. On the whole, the work under review is the first fundamental work on the history of the Russian Church Abroad in the third quarter of the 20th century.
本文分析了莫斯科历史学家A. A. Kostryukov的新书《菲列特主教治下的海外俄罗斯教会(沃兹涅先斯基)，1964-1985》。尽管有许多关于20世纪60年代至80年代俄罗斯海外教会历史的作品，但在a . a . Kostryukov的书出现之前，全面描述大都会菲拉列特统治时期的主要研究并没有出现在史学中。正在审查的专著的绝对优点是对俄罗斯海外教会与莫斯科宗主教区和其他地方教会的关系进行客观和公正的研究，以及揭露神话，误解和确定与一些对海外教会历史重要的主题有关的“空白点”:对大公主义的谴责，与苏联“地下墓穴教堂”有关的未实现的希望，对皇室的封圣，俄罗斯的新殉道者和忏悔者。这本专著还概述了20世纪最后25年俄罗斯海外教会其他分支历史上的关键问题和重要事件——西欧俄罗斯教区大主教管区，在行政上隶属于君士坦丁堡牧首，以及北美大都会，1970年从莫斯科牧首管区获得自主(独立)地位，以美国东正教会的名义。因此，A. A. Kostryukov研究了整个俄罗斯教会流散的复杂过程，包括它与莫斯科宗主教区和其他地方教会，尤其是与君士坦丁堡宗主教区的联系和关系。总的来说，本书是20世纪30年代第一部研究海外俄国教会历史的基础性著作。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.208
E. V. Bodrova, V. V. Kalinov
Using on published and unpublished documents, the problem of “searches” at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s is investigated. Mechanisms to achieve growth of oil production and oil exports to meet the needs of forced industrialization in the USSR are a central theme. The documents studied suggest that there were projects in this period that provided various options for the reorganization of the management of the oil industry and the use of mechanisms to ensure the implementation of five-year plans. While the management of Grozneft proposed strengthening cost accounting, expanding independence, and expanding the rights of each business unit and to increase the pace of technical reconstruction, representatives of the most important Azerbaijani oil region at that time insisted on the need to send significant financial resources to the government, complained about staff shortages and equipment. However, for central authorities, deficiencies in trust management seemed to be a preferable explanation for the failure to fulfill plans. The documents also indicate a very difficult situation for the Soviet oil trusts that developed on the world energy market during this period. The study concludes that projects that assumed greater independence of oil regions and an increase in government funding could not be arranged by the central government. The stake was placed on an ever-increasing centralization of management, strict submission to dictated from above plans. Their failure was accompanied by the arrests of a cohort of brilliant oil workers. Despite the repressions, a very difficult geopolitical situation, thanks to experienced specialists and previously gained positions in the world energy market, it was possible to force production and oil export of Soviet oil products. Moreover, the share of crude oil export in the late 1930s was very minor.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.112
N. Bogomazov
The article discusses the book Forgotten Personnel. Female labor on the railways of the Russian Empire, written by V. A. Serdiuk. This book belongs to the popular scholarly trend of “gender history,” but it is not only a work on the history of women on the railways and an analysis of their work experience. The book is equally a study of the history of Russian railways in general: the author, using new data, presents a fresh look at the development of Russian railways from 1838 to 1917. The strength of the work is the presence in each of chapter of a separate paragraph on the development of the same “gender” processes on foreign railroads, especially in the USA, Great Britain, France, and Germany. This allows us to better understand Russian problems. The monograph shows that “in terms of the number of female employees and the degree of their involvement in railway activities”, Russia was second only to France. At the same time, the article presents some comments. First of all, there is insufficient analysis of the period of Nicholas II, especially the First World War. Although general trends are shown, such as the increase in the number of women employed in the railways, nevertheless, a number of aspects require further and more detailed study. This is especially important for the railways located in the theater of military operations. However, the monograph by V. A. Serdiuk is largely a pioneering work that significantly expands our understanding of the problem.
本文讨论了《被遗忘的人员》一书。《俄罗斯帝国铁路上的女工》，作者v·a·塞尔迪乌克。这本书属于流行的学术思潮“性别史”，但它不仅仅是一部关于铁路女性的历史和对她们工作经历的分析。这本书同样是对俄罗斯铁路历史的研究:作者使用新的数据，对1838年至1917年俄罗斯铁路的发展进行了全新的审视。这本书的优势在于，每一章都有一个单独的段落，介绍了外国铁路，特别是美国、英国、法国和德国的相同“性别”过程的发展。这使我们能够更好地理解俄罗斯的问题。该专著显示，“就女性雇员的数量和她们参与铁路活动的程度而言”，俄罗斯仅次于法国。同时，本文也提出了一些看法。首先，对尼古拉二世时期，特别是第一次世界大战的分析不足。虽然总的趋势已经显示出来，例如在铁路部门工作的妇女人数增加，但是，一些方面需要进一步和更详细的研究。这对于位于军事行动战区的铁路尤其重要。然而，V. a . Serdiuk的专著在很大程度上是一个开创性的工作，极大地扩展了我们对这个问题的理解。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.115
N. Antipin
{"title":"Mass Political Repressions in Chelyabinsk Region, 1937–1938: Testimony of the Security Officer","authors":"N. Antipin","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67779934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.212
D. Zhukov, V. Kanishchev
The object of study is the demographic characteristics of the Russian rural population of the European part of Russia (at the level of individual governorates, regions, and republics) from the beginning of the twentieth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. These data are analyzed in the context of general demographic trends. The goal is to identify regions with similar demographic indicators during several chronological periods (1902, 1940, 2002, 2020) and to observe the transformation of demographic characteristics in different periods of history and in different regions of European Russia. This provides the necessary material for making assumptions about the connection between demographic types and natural-geographical, economic-geographical, and ethnogeographical factors. The principal research method, multivariate cluster analysis, is a tool for identifying stable groups of typologically homogeneous objects. The clustering of regions was carried out on the basis of three key demographic indicators: fertility, mortality, and natural growth. The authors came to the conclusion that, as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, Russian agrarian society was already at different demographic stages, evolving from a traditional to a modernized society. In the middle of the century, discrepancies in the rates of demographic transition became noticeable, manifested in some conventional “dividing” lines such as the ones between Russian oblasts and some national republics; the ones between agro-industrial and industrial-agrarian regions; the ones between southern and northern territories; and, finally, the ones between the regions and republics close to and distant from Moscow. The entwinement of these lines gave rise to various cluster groupings and, apparently, led to some consequent variability in the types of demographic characteristics in different regions, which is also recorded at the beginning of the twentieth century. The authors also pay attention to types of “demographic responses” of different regions to the coronavirus pandemic.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.216
V. Aksenov
This review examines a monograph by Polish historian Maciej Górny that examines the phenomenon of the “war of the spirit” in scientific discourse between 1912 and 1923. The “war of the spirit” is broadly understood as a reflection on national character in the context of the actualization of a clear distinction between one’s community and that of the alien enemy, and narrowly as “an irregular cycle of outbreaks of nationalism in science, each inextricably linked to the horror of war, defeat and violence”. The characters of the book are European intellectuals and the psychological, anthropological, and spiritual characteristics of warring nations, and the role of such sciences as geography, anthropology, psychology, and psychiatry in the “war of the spirit” is revealed. The Polish researcher points out the complex relationship between intellectual concepts and propaganda settings, believing that the phenomenon of “war of the spirit” is broader than the phenomenon of military-patriotic propaganda. The author of the review, while appreciating the work of his Polish colleague, believes that the study conducted within the methodological framework of intellectual history could have benefited if the methodology of the history of emotions had been used. The review points out that many of the marginalized concepts and stereotypes discussed in the book were typical for all strata of the warring societies, were based on archetypal images, and were fueled by emotions running high during the war. The author calls the “war of spirit” a natural state of a society for development of the main characterological images of “their own” and “alien” in the conditions of military and political conflict. Author points out that the concept of an ideological “war of the spirit” does not fully correspond to its content and considers it more accurate to speak of an emotional “war of patriotism”.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.409
I. A. Tropov, A. Konkin
The article is devoted to the analysis of sources of personal origin, reflecting the views of the military personnel of the White Guard North-Western Army on the events of the civil war that unfolded in the north-westernregion of Russia in 1918–1920. These documents make it possible to obtain the necessary, valuable and in many cases unique first-hand information from people who directly participated in the civil war. Meanwhile, the ego-documents of the participants in the white movement in the North-West of Russia rarely become the subject of special study. The study was based mainly on previously unpublished documents from the Large fund of the Archive-Museum of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad (ASHRA Archive-Museum). The features of understanding by the military personnel of the circumstances of the emergence of the white movement in the region, including the role of the “great powers” in this process, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the problems of motivation of military personnel who voluntarily joined the ranks of the White formations, their attitude towards the civilian population and towards the enemy — the Red Army soldiers, including prisoners. The question of the level of provision of the White Guard detachments with food and uniforms is revealed. The analysis of ego-documents created by representatives of the white movement in the North-West of Russia significantly expands the knowledge available in science about the features of civil confrontation in the region, contributes to a deep understanding of the role of the human factor in extreme everyday life.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2022.413
V. A. Somov, E. Volkova
Modern historiography of Soviet society is at the stage of forming an impartial assessment of its place in the history of Russian civilization. The most famous articles on the history of the USSR are often a documented expression of the author’s research position, which does not always strive for impartiality. Such studies evoke the feeling of an ongoing “civil war” — now on the “fronts” of science and journalism. Moreover, a number of authors concentrate on studying, mainly, the negative features of the “Soviet project”, transferring these characteristics to the entire Soviet society. Following in line with the noumenal approach to the study of Soviet society, the authors call on the scientific community to move from a detailed factual description of the Soviet era to identifying its basic characteristics, while abandoning politicized assessments. The purpose of the study is to determine the main components of the Soviet mentality based on an analysis of its key manifestations in different periods of the history of the Soviet state. To achieve this goal, markers of the socio-historical identity of the Soviet person are introduced, such as “revolution”, “idea”, “atheism”, “war”, “doublethink”, etc. It was established that the set of mental characteristics was not constant, they were updated in depending on the specific historical situation. The noumenal characteristics of a Soviet person were historically formed as a result of the dialectical interaction of the ideal type of a “non-party Bolshevik” — a socially oriented collectivist with a heightened sense of duty and his antipode — the notorious “Sovok” — an irresponsible careerist and social opportunist. In conclusion, it is noted, that the Soviet mentality can be defined more as a vector of promising targeted development than as a stable socio-psychological type.
{"title":"Soviet Mentality: Markers of Socio-Historical Identity","authors":"V. A. Somov, E. Volkova","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2022.413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.413","url":null,"abstract":"Modern historiography of Soviet society is at the stage of forming an impartial assessment of its place in the history of Russian civilization. The most famous articles on the history of the USSR are often a documented expression of the author’s research position, which does not always strive for impartiality. Such studies evoke the feeling of an ongoing “civil war” — now on the “fronts” of science and journalism. Moreover, a number of authors concentrate on studying, mainly, the negative features of the “Soviet project”, transferring these characteristics to the entire Soviet society. Following in line with the noumenal approach to the study of Soviet society, the authors call on the scientific community to move from a detailed factual description of the Soviet era to identifying its basic characteristics, while abandoning politicized assessments. The purpose of the study is to determine the main components of the Soviet mentality based on an analysis of its key manifestations in different periods of the history of the Soviet state. To achieve this goal, markers of the socio-historical identity of the Soviet person are introduced, such as “revolution”, “idea”, “atheism”, “war”, “doublethink”, etc. It was established that the set of mental characteristics was not constant, they were updated in depending on the specific historical situation. The noumenal characteristics of a Soviet person were historically formed as a result of the dialectical interaction of the ideal type of a “non-party Bolshevik” — a socially oriented collectivist with a heightened sense of duty and his antipode — the notorious “Sovok” — an irresponsible careerist and social opportunist. In conclusion, it is noted, that the Soviet mentality can be defined more as a vector of promising targeted development than as a stable socio-psychological type.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67789156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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