Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.107
J. Bradley
Irina Viktorovna Potkina’s new book “In anticipation of a disaster. State and Economy of Russia in 1914–1917” reflects her significant contribution to the Russian history. The purpose of the article is to present a brief survey of the Anglo-American appraisal of recent Russian histo-riography based on a sample of thematic issues of the journal of translations, “Russian Studies in History”. This journal sheds light on current questions, new topics, methods and sources in Russian historiography to the benefit of Anglo-American readers. A sample of topics of the journal will present the evaluation of Anglo-American historians of the work of their Russian colleagues. Among the topics of post-Soviet historiography are: liberal and conservative ideologies at the turn of the 20th century; pre-revolutionary politics and parties; World War I, the February Revolution; administration of the Russian empire; religion in Imperial and Soviet Russia; and local history. The work of recent Russian historians has been aided by new sources and methods. The purpose of this work has been to achieve a better understanding of daily life, the formation of identities, and the agency of Russians of all social groups, not just of the political elite. In the opinion of various American and British historians, the goal of these histories is very promising.
{"title":"Anglo-American Evaluations of Recent Russian Historiography","authors":"J. Bradley","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2023.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.107","url":null,"abstract":"Irina Viktorovna Potkina’s new book “In anticipation of a disaster. State and Economy of Russia in 1914–1917” reflects her significant contribution to the Russian history. The purpose of the article is to present a brief survey of the Anglo-American appraisal of recent Russian histo-riography based on a sample of thematic issues of the journal of translations, “Russian Studies in History”. This journal sheds light on current questions, new topics, methods and sources in Russian historiography to the benefit of Anglo-American readers. A sample of topics of the journal will present the evaluation of Anglo-American historians of the work of their Russian colleagues. Among the topics of post-Soviet historiography are: liberal and conservative ideologies at the turn of the 20th century; pre-revolutionary politics and parties; World War I, the February Revolution; administration of the Russian empire; religion in Imperial and Soviet Russia; and local history. The work of recent Russian historians has been aided by new sources and methods. The purpose of this work has been to achieve a better understanding of daily life, the formation of identities, and the agency of Russians of all social groups, not just of the political elite. In the opinion of various American and British historians, the goal of these histories is very promising.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91331492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.112
Xiaochen Liu, Yizhi Sun
For a long time, Western countries relied on science to conduct diplomatic activities and scientific research. During the Cold War, there was a wide exchange and even confrontation between the East and West camps and the major powers in many scientific fields. After 1949, The People’s Republic of China initiated an active stage of learning from the Soviet Union, and the creation of Chinese science was supported by the Soviet scientific community. This influence was particularly noticeable in the field of Chinese biology, especially zoology. A large number of Soviet scientists came to China to impart their knowledge, and many classic Soviet scientific works were translated into Chinese. In the 1950s, Chinese scientists published a large number of translations and descriptions of works by T. D. Lysenko and I. V. Michurin in journals such as Bulletin of Biology and other periodicals, which laid the foundation for Michurin’s teachings in Chinese biology and zoology. In 1953, Indian Prime Minister Nehru gifted an elephant to Chinese children, but due to the lack of skills and experience in keeping elephants, Beijing approved the creation of courses for training personnel in animal care and invited the director of the Moscow Zoo I. P. Sosnovskii to give lectures in Beijing and Shanghai to train Chinese specialists. China systematically embraced the Soviet system of knowledge in the areas of animal breeding and cultivation, and shaping of zoo functions. From then on, China and the USSR had developed extremely close cooperation in animal exchanges, academic exchanges, and “animal diplomacy”, which has had an impact to this day.
{"title":"Animal Diplomacy between People’s Republic of China and Socialist States","authors":"Xiaochen Liu, Yizhi Sun","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2023.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.112","url":null,"abstract":"For a long time, Western countries relied on science to conduct diplomatic activities and scientific research. During the Cold War, there was a wide exchange and even confrontation between the East and West camps and the major powers in many scientific fields. After 1949, The People’s Republic of China initiated an active stage of learning from the Soviet Union, and the creation of Chinese science was supported by the Soviet scientific community. This influence was particularly noticeable in the field of Chinese biology, especially zoology. A large number of Soviet scientists came to China to impart their knowledge, and many classic Soviet scientific works were translated into Chinese. In the 1950s, Chinese scientists published a large number of translations and descriptions of works by T. D. Lysenko and I. V. Michurin in journals such as Bulletin of Biology and other periodicals, which laid the foundation for Michurin’s teachings in Chinese biology and zoology. In 1953, Indian Prime Minister Nehru gifted an elephant to Chinese children, but due to the lack of skills and experience in keeping elephants, Beijing approved the creation of courses for training personnel in animal care and invited the director of the Moscow Zoo I. P. Sosnovskii to give lectures in Beijing and Shanghai to train Chinese specialists. China systematically embraced the Soviet system of knowledge in the areas of animal breeding and cultivation, and shaping of zoo functions. From then on, China and the USSR had developed extremely close cooperation in animal exchanges, academic exchanges, and “animal diplomacy”, which has had an impact to this day.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90807173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.117
E. Kodin
American post-war Belarusian studies during its initial stage differed from similar processes in other countries. The CIA, which was interested in using the Belarusian emigration for its own purposes, the Congress, and some senators, with whom the leadership of the Belarusian- American Association actively worked, originally played a significant role. The CIA supported the activities of the Chairman of the Rada of the Belarusian People’s Republic (in exile) Nikolai Abramchik, who was one of the first Belarusian emigrants to publicly declare Moscow’s anti-Belarusian policy, using such concepts as the “Russian genocide of the Belarusian people”, “occupation of Belarusian lands”, etc., calling on America to “protect the oppressed Belarusian people”. In 1954, a special commission of the Congress held hearings on the topic “The Communist seizure and occupation of Belarus”, during which a kind of methodological guidelines for the “correct” study of the history of Belarus were determined. Against the background of McCarthyism and the fight against the “Red scare” allegedly coming from Moscow, it completely fitted into the so-called totalitarian concept in American Russian studies (then Sovietology), and hence Belarusian studies, which was being formed. It was in such a difficult political and ideological situation that the first study by N. P. Vakar “Belarus. The Creation of a Nation” was being created in the Russian Research Center of Harvard, which was published in 1956, and not only received general recognition in the American scholarly community, but also superseded all kinds of political pamphlets in the academic space.
{"title":"The Formation of American Post-war Belarusian Studies","authors":"E. Kodin","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.117","url":null,"abstract":"American post-war Belarusian studies during its initial stage differed from similar processes in other countries. The CIA, which was interested in using the Belarusian emigration for its own purposes, the Congress, and some senators, with whom the leadership of the Belarusian- American Association actively worked, originally played a significant role. The CIA supported the activities of the Chairman of the Rada of the Belarusian People’s Republic (in exile) Nikolai Abramchik, who was one of the first Belarusian emigrants to publicly declare Moscow’s anti-Belarusian policy, using such concepts as the “Russian genocide of the Belarusian people”, “occupation of Belarusian lands”, etc., calling on America to “protect the oppressed Belarusian people”. In 1954, a special commission of the Congress held hearings on the topic “The Communist seizure and occupation of Belarus”, during which a kind of methodological guidelines for the “correct” study of the history of Belarus were determined. Against the background of McCarthyism and the fight against the “Red scare” allegedly coming from Moscow, it completely fitted into the so-called totalitarian concept in American Russian studies (then Sovietology), and hence Belarusian studies, which was being formed. It was in such a difficult political and ideological situation that the first study by N. P. Vakar “Belarus. The Creation of a Nation” was being created in the Russian Research Center of Harvard, which was published in 1956, and not only received general recognition in the American scholarly community, but also superseded all kinds of political pamphlets in the academic space.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"436 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83643855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.319
Gleb Markelov, S. Semiachko
The article presents autographs of Nazarii Petrovich, Iakov Nazar’evich and Ivan Nazar’evich Melnitskii kept in the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academmy of Science, in the Ancient Storage (Drevlekhranilishche) named after V. I. Malyshev: their letters to their close relative Gavrila Alexandrovich Melnitskii and the Latin-Russian dictionary, the Latin part of which was written by Iakov Nazar’evich Melnitskii. The letters of Iakov and Ivan Melnitskii relate to the different circumstances of the Crimean campaigns of the late 17th century, in the first of which Nazarii Petrovich Melnitski was involved (he was responsible for escorting to Azov suppliers of provisions caught in embezzlement), while his sons Nikita and Semen participated in the second (Nikita served under the command of Patrick Gordon). A letter from Nazarii Melnitski tells about the circumstances of his dispatch to serve in the conquered Tavan’ and Kazykermen’. Letters date back to 1695, 1696, and 1698/99. They were sent from Moscow, presumably, to the estate of G. A. Melnitskii. The Latin-Russian dictionary, in the creation of which Iakov Nazar’evich Melnitskii played the main role, is not only of lexicographic interest. On the one hand, it allows us to evaluate the education of the Petrine generation of service people; on the other hand, — to make some observations regarding the organization of scribal work in creating such books. Iakov Melnitskii not only wrote the Latin part of the dictionary, but also organized people who filled out its Russian part, and paid for their work. Despite the fact that the Russian part of the dictionary was not completed, the book was bound. Iakov Melnitskii gave it a complete look, writing the chapters and placingthe output note on the binding sheets. The article suggests a paleographic analysis of the manuscripts under consideration and demonstrates both the general features characteristic of the manuscript culture of the beginning of the Petrine era and the individual features of each scribe. The article is supplemented by the publication of samples of the handwriting of stolniks Melnitskii and the texts of three their letters.
本文介绍了纳扎里·彼得罗维奇、亚科夫·纳扎尔·耶维奇和伊万·纳扎尔·耶维奇·梅尔尼茨基的亲笔签名，这些签名保存在俄罗斯科学院俄罗斯文学研究所(普希金之家)、以v·i·马利舍夫命名的古仓库(Drevlekhranilishche)中:他们写给近亲加夫里拉·亚历山德罗维奇·梅尔尼茨基的信和拉丁俄语词典，其中拉丁部分是由亚科夫·纳扎尔·耶维奇·梅尔尼茨基撰写的。Iakov和Ivan Melnitski的信件涉及17世纪晚期克里米亚战役的不同情况，在第一次战役中，Nazarii Petrovich Melnitski参与了(他负责护送被发现挪用公款的供应品到亚速)，而他的儿子Nikita和Semen参与了第二次战役(Nikita在Patrick Gordon的指挥下服役)。一封来自纳扎里·梅尔尼茨基的信讲述了他被派往被征服的塔凡和卡泽克曼服役的情况。信件可以追溯到1695年、1696年和1698/99年。这些信件大概是从莫斯科寄往g·a·梅尔尼茨基的庄园的。亚科夫·纳扎尔耶维奇·梅尔尼茨基(Iakov Nazar 'evich Melnitskii)在其创作中发挥了主要作用的拉丁俄语词典，不仅是词典编纂的兴趣。一方面，它可以让我们评估Petrine一代服务人员的教育;另一方面，对创作这些书的抄写工作的组织进行一些观察。Iakov Melnitskii不仅编写了词典的拉丁语部分，还组织人们填写俄语部分，并支付他们的工作费用。尽管字典的俄语部分还没有完成，但这本书已经装订好了。亚科夫·梅尔尼茨基把书看了一遍，写好了章节，把输出说明放在装订页上。本文建议对所研究的手稿进行古生物学分析，并论证了彼得林时代初期手稿文化的总体特征和每位抄写员的个人特征。这篇文章是由出版的stolniks Melnitskii的笔迹样本和他们的三封信的文本补充的。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.218
E. Anisimov
Prince Vasilii Dolgorukov was one of the charismatic figures of the Petrine epoch when he came to the fore among the closest associates of Peter I. He proved himself as a talented military commander and an active administrator. He enjoyed a special trust of Peter, who gave him difficult assignments. V. Vl. Dolgorukov’s career was suddenly cut short in 1718, when the case of Tsarevich Alexei, Peter’s heir, began. During the investigation in 1718, Alexei betrayed a lot of people involved in his escape, including Dolgorukov. It turned out that at the time of the aggravation of conflict, when the tsar demanded that his son reject the throne and become a monk, Dolgorukov tried to establish relations with the prince to gain his favor in the case of the death of the tsar. However, this attempt failed as he was an adversary for the circle of Alexei. Therefore, Alexei and his supporter A. V. Kikin tried to discredit Prince Dolgorukov during the investigation. They largely succeeded. Prince Dolgorukov could not refute most of their testimonies. He was saved from the death penalty by the petitions of influential figures and the fact that he was not involved in organizing the escape of the tsarevich. The archival documents published for the first time (materials of the investigative case of Prince V. Vl. Dolgorukov) allow us to consider the whole intrigue around Dolgorukov; the complex tense situation at the court; the relationships between people at the time of the conflict between Peter and Alexei, and during the investigation of the case of Tsarevich Alexei.
{"title":"Documents on the Role of Prince Vasily Dolgorukov in the Case of Tsarevich Alexei (1718)","authors":"E. Anisimov","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.218","url":null,"abstract":"Prince Vasilii Dolgorukov was one of the charismatic figures of the Petrine epoch when he came to the fore among the closest associates of Peter I. He proved himself as a talented military commander and an active administrator. He enjoyed a special trust of Peter, who gave him difficult assignments. V. Vl. Dolgorukov’s career was suddenly cut short in 1718, when the case of Tsarevich Alexei, Peter’s heir, began. During the investigation in 1718, Alexei betrayed a lot of people involved in his escape, including Dolgorukov. It turned out that at the time of the aggravation of conflict, when the tsar demanded that his son reject the throne and become a monk, Dolgorukov tried to establish relations with the prince to gain his favor in the case of the death of the tsar. However, this attempt failed as he was an adversary for the circle of Alexei. Therefore, Alexei and his supporter A. V. Kikin tried to discredit Prince Dolgorukov during the investigation. They largely succeeded. Prince Dolgorukov could not refute most of their testimonies. He was saved from the death penalty by the petitions of influential figures and the fact that he was not involved in organizing the escape of the tsarevich. The archival documents published for the first time (materials of the investigative case of Prince V. Vl. Dolgorukov) allow us to consider the whole intrigue around Dolgorukov; the complex tense situation at the court; the relationships between people at the time of the conflict between Peter and Alexei, and during the investigation of the case of Tsarevich Alexei.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82197822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.420
B. N. Mironov
The article evaluates the second edition of M. A. Babkin's monograph “The Priesthood and the Kingdom” in the context of numerous reviews of the first edition. Most historians think that the Russian Orthodox Church was an uncomplaining tool in the hands of the state during the synodal period. According to Babkin, the leadership of the Orthodox Church was dissatisfied with its position, was burdened by state control and sought to gain self-government. By supporting the Provisional Government, the hierarchs hoped to gain new prerogatives, but they miscalculated. The first edition of monograph caused heated debate. Many reviewers recognized the conclusions of the author; some objected to certain provisions, the adequacy of sources and methodology. According to B. N. Mironov, many of Babkin’s findings are well-reasoned, but he doubts the assessment of the degree of democracy of the hierarchs and the clergy in general and their ability to influence the course of events. In 1985, Gregory Freeze challenged the point of view about the Russian Orthodox Church as a servant of the state. In his opinion, after the reforms of Peter the Great and until 1917, the Church retained the status of an institution parallel to the state apparatus and firmly defended its prerogatives, remaining a force to be reckoned with by the authorities. By 1917, the alliance between the throne and the altar had disintegrated, and the Orthodox Church had become a prominent factor in the revolution. In fact, Babkin, using other sources and a theological approach, reasonably supported and developed Freeze’s opinion, which would be correctly called the concept of Freeze-Babkin.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.416
P. Dudin
Based on the works by English-speaking authors on the South Manchurian Railway published after 2000, the author explores the phenomenon of the Russian/Soviet presence in Manchuria and in East Asia. The object of study was under the jurisdiction of Russia for a short time, but remained a kind of barometer of the pre- and post-war regional order. This is due to the significant strengthening of Japan and the Japanese presence, so the “before – after” scheme is present in the reviewed studies, and the change in the disposition of the powers is one of the main narrative plots. A similar “before – after” scheme in a number of works reflects the transformation of the positions of individual Western scholars under the influence of the so-called “memory wars” against the background of changes in the system of international relations over the past 7–8 years. The works in question concentrate on those spheres of public life that were affected by the railway irrespective of its subordination. The conclusions of the article reveal that this topic is under-researched; that foreign scholars make little use of the Russian resources and the potential of Russian researchers; that some opportunistic studies seek to present Russia as an aggressor and an expansionist, and the imperial policy - as a failure and disaster for the region.
{"title":"Who and How is Studying the Russian Presence on the South Manchurian Railway","authors":"P. Dudin","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.416","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the works by English-speaking authors on the South Manchurian Railway published after 2000, the author explores the phenomenon of the Russian/Soviet presence in Manchuria and in East Asia. The object of study was under the jurisdiction of Russia for a short time, but remained a kind of barometer of the pre- and post-war regional order. This is due to the significant strengthening of Japan and the Japanese presence, so the “before – after” scheme is present in the reviewed studies, and the change in the disposition of the powers is one of the main narrative plots. A similar “before – after” scheme in a number of works reflects the transformation of the positions of individual Western scholars under the influence of the so-called “memory wars” against the background of changes in the system of international relations over the past 7–8 years. The works in question concentrate on those spheres of public life that were affected by the railway irrespective of its subordination. The conclusions of the article reveal that this topic is under-researched; that foreign scholars make little use of the Russian resources and the potential of Russian researchers; that some opportunistic studies seek to present Russia as an aggressor and an expansionist, and the imperial policy - as a failure and disaster for the region.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76382280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.312
Wiktor Gardocki
The article presents the mechanisms of censorship in the 1980s in the People’s Republic of Poland as well as its consequences that still affect the present. It examines examples of the works subjected to the control as well as the writers of the period, including those who were banned from printing in the country. It indicates fragments of texts once removed from books and discusses works that could not be published in Poland in the 1980s. References are made to the three literary spheres existing at that time in the People’s Republic of Poland: in the first, the “official” one, freedom of speech was significantly limited, and all texts were checked by the Main Office for the Control of Presentations and Public Performances (Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk); the second (drugi obieg), also described as the free, underground, independent publishing sphere, was not subject to censorship and was illegal, according to the laws in force at that time; the third sphere was émigré literature, by which we mean Polish language materials published abroad. The aim of this article is to show the complexity of this situation as well as its consequences for the present day.
本文介绍了1980年代波兰人民共和国的审查机制，以及其影响至今的后果。它审查了受管制的作品的例子，以及那个时期的作家，包括那些被禁止在该国印刷的作家。它显示了曾经从书籍中删除的文本片段，并讨论了20世纪80年代无法在波兰出版的作品。文中提到了波兰人民共和国当时存在的三个文学领域:在第一个领域，即“官方”领域，言论自由受到严重限制，所有文本都由控制表演和公开表演的总办公室(Główny Urząd Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk)检查;第二种(毒品出版)，也被描述为自由的、地下的、独立的出版领域，根据当时有效的法律，不受审查，是非法的;第三个领域是侨民文学，我们指的是在国外出版的波兰语材料。本文的目的是展示这种情况的复杂性及其对当今的影响。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.313
J. Hoffecker, V. Pitulko, Elena Pavlova
Previously, we addressed the problem of what variable(s) limited widespread human settlement of the Americas before ~15 ka. We concluded that while non-modern human taxa (e. g., Neanderthals) probably did not inhabit high-latitude environments (due to cold climate and/ or low plant and animal productivity) and thus could not disperse in the Western Hemispherevia Beringia, modern humans likely were denied access to mid-latitude North America >15 ka by coastal and interior ice sheets. Here we reexamine the problem with respect to modern humans in light of a revised chronology for glaciers and sea level, new research in paleo-genomics, and some new archaeological discoveries. During 35–30 ka, a lineage with west Eurasian roots occupied the Great Arctic Plain and may have expanded into eastern arctic Beringia and mid-latitude North America via an ice-free corridor. An East Asian lineage associated with microblade technology occupied the Lena Basin during the LGM and expanded onto the Great Arctic Plain >15 ka, possibly as early as the GI 2 interstadial (24–23 ka). Their immediate descendants probably occupied the southern Bering Land Bridge and Northwest Pacific coast >15 ka and dispersed widely in the Western Hemisphere during GI 1 (14.5–12.9 ka), primarily if not exclusively via a coastal route. The coalesced Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets blocked interior access to mid-latitude America until 13.8 ± 0.5 ka (and possibly later due to the length and narrow width of the ice-free corridor >13 ka).
{"title":"Beringia and the Settlement of the Western Hemisphere","authors":"J. Hoffecker, V. Pitulko, Elena Pavlova","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.313","url":null,"abstract":"Previously, we addressed the problem of what variable(s) limited widespread human settlement of the Americas before ~15 ka. We concluded that while non-modern human taxa (e. g., Neanderthals) probably did not inhabit high-latitude environments (due to cold climate and/ or low plant and animal productivity) and thus could not disperse in the Western Hemispherevia Beringia, modern humans likely were denied access to mid-latitude North America >15 ka by coastal and interior ice sheets. Here we reexamine the problem with respect to modern humans in light of a revised chronology for glaciers and sea level, new research in paleo-genomics, and some new archaeological discoveries. During 35–30 ka, a lineage with west Eurasian roots occupied the Great Arctic Plain and may have expanded into eastern arctic Beringia and mid-latitude North America via an ice-free corridor. An East Asian lineage associated with microblade technology occupied the Lena Basin during the LGM and expanded onto the Great Arctic Plain >15 ka, possibly as early as the GI 2 interstadial (24–23 ka). Their immediate descendants probably occupied the southern Bering Land Bridge and Northwest Pacific coast >15 ka and dispersed widely in the Western Hemisphere during GI 1 (14.5–12.9 ka), primarily if not exclusively via a coastal route. The coalesced Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets blocked interior access to mid-latitude America until 13.8 ± 0.5 ka (and possibly later due to the length and narrow width of the ice-free corridor >13 ka).","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79550286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.111
Van Sang Nguyen
The XYZ Affair was the most significant political incident during twenty years of the Franco- American alliance (1778–1798). It was the leading cause of the diplomatic crisis and the Quasi-War in relations between two countries from 1798 to 1800. Based on sources such as treaties, monographs, and other documents from the American side which are related to the topic, the article aims to analyze the crisis in Franco-American diplomacy after twenty years of establishing the alliances through the XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War. The study focuses on presenting the breakdown of trust in the Franco-American relations that led to the emergence of the XYZ Affair; the diplomatic crisis in the Franco-American relations known as the XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War between both countries and efforts of two countries to find a peaceful solution. The research shows that the XYZ Affair had been the biggest conflict case in the history of the Franco-American relations since 1778. In fact, America’s interest and honour in the XYZ Affair was the fundamental cause leading to the severe crisis in relations between two countries. The article contributes to clarifying the history of the XYZ Affair, the Quasi-War, the Franco-American relations, and a part of American diplomatic history in the first half of the founding era of the United States.
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