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Technological Peculiarities of Old Russian Books as Reflected in Early Modern Inventories of Monastic Libraries 近代早期《修道院图书馆目录》所反映的俄罗斯古籍的技术特点
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.415
D. Tsypkin, E. Simonova, M. Shibaev
The paper analyzes inventories of the late 15th–17th centuries from four major Russian monasteries: St Cyril’s of Belozersk, The Solovetsky monastery, Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery, and The Holy Trinity – St Sergius monastery. These inventories list the monasteries’ property for its safekeeping. The inventories of monastic libraries contain valuable information about the system of book keeping and the development of bibliography in Old Rus’. They also provide some clues for attribution of books, which can help in reconstructing the concepts of bookmaking technologies in Early Modern period. These technological notes in descriptions of books are organized according to the system created by the inventories compilers: the format, the binding, the artistic values, the type and technique of writing, the page’s composition, the writing material, the state of preservation. The paper shows that the major goal in creating these inventories was to single out the most important elements allowing to recognize the book. Yet the description of these elements was not uniform. The attention was mainly directed to external attribution of a book. From the second half of the 16th century the cursive writing and the so-called metnoe pismo (a sort of scrittura usuale) were already recognized as different from standard book writing and had to be distinguished and indicated in book inventories. The inventories reflected those characteristics of books that were important for the librarians and therefore shaped certain semantic structures in professional mentality of Old Russian bookmen. For modern scholars they can serve as markers that follow the process of the development of book technologies in Early Modern period.
本文分析了15世纪末至17世纪俄罗斯四大修道院的清单:别洛泽斯克的圣西里尔修道院、索洛维茨基修道院、约瑟夫-沃洛科兰斯克修道院和圣三一-圣谢尔盖修道院。这些清单列出了修道院保管的财产。修道院图书馆的目录包含了有关旧罗斯簿记制度和书目发展的宝贵信息。它们也为书籍的归属提供了一些线索,有助于重建近代早期图书制作技术的概念。这些书籍描述中的技术注释是根据目录编纂者创建的系统进行组织的:格式,装订,艺术价值,写作类型和技巧,页面组成,写作材料,保存状态。论文表明,创建这些清单的主要目标是挑出最重要的元素来识别这本书。然而,对这些元素的描述并不统一。注意力主要集中在一本书的外部归属上。从16世纪下半叶开始,草书和所谓的metnoe pismo(一种常见的经文)已经被认为不同于标准的书籍写作,必须在书籍目录中加以区分和注明。这些清单反映了图书的特征,这些特征对图书馆员来说很重要,从而形成了古俄罗斯图书人职业心理中的某些语义结构。对于现代学者来说,它们可以作为跟踪近代早期图书技术发展进程的标志。
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引用次数: 0
Historiographic Reflections in the Field of the Bitsilli Studies 比西利研究领域的史学反思
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.120
V. V. Levchenko, Halyna Levchenko
The article examines the monograph by the Israeli historian M. Birman “P. Bitsilli (1879– 1953). Life and Work”, which offers “a consolidated review of life and work” by the Russian and Bulgarian scholar and humanist Peter Bitsilli. It is noted that the monograph was written in the genre of intellectual biography, conventional for historiography, when the personal life and creative activities of the investigated historical figure are closely intertwined with broad cultural and historical contexts of the era. The article emphasizes that in contrast to the biographies of people of the past widespread in the scholarly literature, this narrative centres around a historical person, whose name remained in oblivion for more than half a century after his death, both in academic sphere and in historical memory. Despite the fact that the book poses many questions about the daily life and intellectual activity of a scholar, it does not provide the answers on the basis of research methods. It is not grounded on a rich source base; similarly to many other modern studies, the book is lacking in the information related to the considerable surviving number of archival documents, the materials of which would give answers to many questions regarding the biography of P. Bitsilli. Despite some shortcomings, omissions in the presentation of the material in the book, many questions posed for the first time by the author have been addressed and arouse genuine interest. One of the characteristic features of the reviewed work is its bibliographic component.
本文考察了以色列历史学家M.伯曼(M. Birman)的专著。比茨利(1879 - 1953)。《生活与工作》,该书提供了俄罗斯和保加利亚学者、人文主义者彼得·比茨利对“生活与工作的综合回顾”。值得注意的是,这本专著是以思想者传记的形式写成的,这是史学的传统,被调查的历史人物的个人生活和创作活动与那个时代的广泛文化和历史背景紧密交织在一起。文章强调,与学术文献中广泛流传的过去人物传记不同,这种叙述以一位历史人物为中心,他的名字在他死后的半个多世纪里在学术领域和历史记忆中都被遗忘了。虽然该书对学者的日常生活和智力活动提出了许多问题,但并没有以研究方法为基础给出答案。它不是建立在一个丰富的资源基础上;与许多其他现代研究一样,这本书缺乏与大量幸存的档案文件有关的信息,这些档案文件的材料可以回答关于P. Bitsilli传记的许多问题。尽管书中材料的呈现有一些缺点和遗漏,但作者首次提出的许多问题都得到了解决,并引起了真正的兴趣。审查工作的特点之一是它的书目成分。
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引用次数: 0
The Origins of Conservative Ideology in Russia 俄国保守意识形态的起源
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.419
T. Andreeva
The review is devoted to the analysis of the book “Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries. Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I” by the famous American historian Alexander Martin dedicated to the history of Russian conservatism in the first quarter of the 19th century. The author explores the process of formation of conservative ideology in politics, Russian social thought, culture, and also reveals its origins, defines features that are distinctive from the liberal doctrine. Against the broad background of the political and cultural life of Russia at that time, the complex relationship of various systems of conservative ideology is shown. It is demonstrated that the religious conservatism of such prominent defenders of Catholicism and Orthodoxy as Mestre and Sturdza, the clash of their opposite positions, disputes about the historical fate and civilizational purpose of Christianity, as well as the romantic nationalism of A. S. Shishkov and S. N. Glinka and the noble conservatism of N. M. Karamzin and F. V. Rostopchin reflected the search for new forms of anti-revolutionary conservative worldview. The position of Alexander Martin is especially noteworthy in relation to the significant contribution of conservative thinkers of Alexander's reign to the formation of state policy in the interests of Russia, the formation of the foundations of civil society, the development of national identity, Russian culture and language. The author comes to a reasonable conceptual conclusion that although the early conservatives did not develop a single ideology, they laid the foundation for various forms of Russian conservatism in the second quarter of the 19th – early 20th centuries.
这篇评论专门分析了《浪漫主义者、改革家、反动派》这本书。《亚历山大一世统治时期的俄罗斯保守主义思想与政治》一书是美国著名历史学家亚历山大·马丁专门研究19世纪前25年俄罗斯保守主义历史的著作。本文探讨了保守主义思想在政治、俄国社会思想、文化等方面的形成过程,揭示了其根源,明确了与自由主义不同的特征。在当时俄罗斯政治文化生活的大背景下,保守主义意识形态的各种体系之间的复杂关系得以展现。本文论证了梅斯特和斯图尔扎等天主教和东正教的杰出捍卫者的宗教保守主义,他们对立立场的冲突,关于基督教历史命运和文明目的的争论,以及a.s.希什科夫和s.n.格林卡的浪漫民族主义和n.m.卡拉姆津和f.v.罗斯托普钦的高尚保守主义,反映了对反革命保守世界观新形式的探索。亚历山大·马丁的地位尤其值得注意的是,亚历山大统治时期的保守派思想家对俄罗斯利益国家政策的形成、公民社会基础的形成、民族认同、俄罗斯文化和语言的发展做出了重大贡献。作者得出了一个合理的概念性结论,即早期保守主义者虽然没有形成单一的意识形态,但他们为19世纪下半叶至20世纪初各种形式的俄罗斯保守主义奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Wilhelm Friebe and Mikhail Chulkov on Russian Mercantilism 威廉·弗里比和米哈伊尔·丘尔科夫论俄国重商主义
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.403
Tilman Plath
On the basis of two treatises on the history of trade, the article considers the economic views of two scientists from different circles – German- and Russian-speaking scientific communities in St. Petersburg during the Enlightenment. It shows that although Chulkov and Friebe had no contact with each other, they held fairly similar views on the European concept of mercantilism. Both considered themselves to be great patriots of the Russian empire. As far as a detailed understanding of the term wealth, Chulkov was more inclined towards an almost religious framework, while Friebe clearly revolved around exclusively monetary issues. Both supported the independence of the local industry. According to the doctrine of mercantilism, both advocated trade, but Chulkov focused on domestic trade, while Friebe - on foreign trade. With regard to the impact of trade on the social dimension of society, Chulkov certainly backed the interests of Russian merchants, while for Friebe ethnicity was crucial. He depicted Baltic Germans performing especially brilliantly in trade in contrast to Jews portrayed in the darkest antisemitic manner. Accordingly, Chulkov considered the new Baltic provinces foreign, but Friebe, who himself lived there, regarded this territory as the key to modernization of Russia. In general, this article is an example of how the Russian science developed its own character against the background of the European phenomenon of enlightenment, with a special focus on economic thinking in late mercantilism.
在两篇关于贸易历史的论文的基础上,本文考察了启蒙运动时期圣彼得堡德语和俄语科学界的两位不同领域的科学家的经济观点。这表明,虽然丘尔科夫和弗里贝彼此没有接触,但他们对欧洲重商主义概念的看法相当相似。两人都认为自己是俄罗斯帝国的伟大爱国者。至于对财富一词的详细理解,丘尔科夫更倾向于一种近乎宗教的框架,而弗里比显然只围绕着货币问题。他们都支持当地工业的独立。根据重商主义的教义,两人都主张贸易,但丘尔科夫侧重于国内贸易,而弗里贝侧重于对外贸易。关于贸易对社会社会层面的影响,丘尔科夫当然支持俄罗斯商人的利益,而对弗里贝来说,种族是至关重要的。他描绘了波罗的海的德国人在贸易上表现得特别出色,而犹太人则以最黑暗的反犹方式被描绘出来。因此,丘尔科夫认为新的波罗的海省份是外来的,但弗里比本人就住在那里,他认为这片领土是俄罗斯现代化的关键。总的来说,这篇文章是俄罗斯科学如何在欧洲启蒙现象的背景下发展自己的特点的一个例子,特别关注晚期重商主义的经济思想。
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引用次数: 0
The End of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经济互助委员会的结束
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.213
Junko Fujisawa
This paper analyzes the negotiations within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance during the final years of its existence, focusing on the Soviet reform proposals and M. S. Gorbachev’s vision of the “Common European Home” as well as on Eastern European reaction to them. In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev tried to found a “unified market” for the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance by introducing a market-oriented reform of the organization. However, this attempt did not materialize because of the East German and Romanian objections. After the collapse of Eastern European socialist regimes in 1989, the Soviet leadership urged the member-states to accelerate the reform of this international organization, hoping to achieve the pan-European economic integration through close cooperation between the totally reformed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Community. Although the Central European countries, namely Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, aspired to join the EC individually, they agreed to participate in a successor organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance because the EC was not ready to accept them. Accordingly, by the beginning of 1991, all the member-states agreed to establish a consultative organization, which would be named the Organization for International Economic Cooperation). However, as the Soviet Union failed to sustain trade with the Central European countries, the three countries lost interest in the project. As a result, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was disbanded without any successor organization. In other words, it did not collapse automatically after 1989 but came to an end as a result of various factors, such as rapidly declining trade between the member-states, Western disinterest in the cooperation with it, and the Central European policy changes.
本文分析了经济互助委员会在其存在的最后几年里的谈判,重点是苏联的改革建议和戈尔巴乔夫关于“欧洲共同家园”的愿景,以及东欧对这些建议的反应。在20世纪80年代后半期,戈尔巴乔夫试图通过对该组织进行市场化改革,为经济互助委员会建立一个“统一市场”。然而,由于东德和罗马尼亚的反对,这一尝试没有实现。1989年东欧社会主义政权垮台后,苏联领导人敦促成员国加快改革这一国际组织,希望通过改革后的经济互助委员会与欧共体的密切合作,实现泛欧经济一体化。虽然中欧国家,即捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利和波兰,希望单独加入欧共体,但它们同意参加一个接替经济互助理事会的组织,因为欧共体还没有准备好接受它们。因此,到1991年初,所有成员国都同意建立一个协商组织,该组织将被命名为国际经济合作组织。然而,由于苏联未能维持与中欧国家的贸易,这三个国家对该项目失去了兴趣。结果,经济互助理事会被解散,没有任何后继组织。换句话说,在1989年之后,它并不是自动崩溃的,而是由于成员国之间贸易的迅速下降、西方对与它合作的不感兴趣以及中欧政策的变化等各种因素而结束的。
{"title":"The End of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance","authors":"Junko Fujisawa","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.213","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the negotiations within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance during the final years of its existence, focusing on the Soviet reform proposals and M. S. Gorbachev’s vision of the “Common European Home” as well as on Eastern European reaction to them. In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev tried to found a “unified market” for the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance by introducing a market-oriented reform of the organization. However, this attempt did not materialize because of the East German and Romanian objections. After the collapse of Eastern European socialist regimes in 1989, the Soviet leadership urged the member-states to accelerate the reform of this international organization, hoping to achieve the pan-European economic integration through close cooperation between the totally reformed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Community. Although the Central European countries, namely Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, aspired to join the EC individually, they agreed to participate in a successor organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance because the EC was not ready to accept them. Accordingly, by the beginning of 1991, all the member-states agreed to establish a consultative organization, which would be named the Organization for International Economic Cooperation). However, as the Soviet Union failed to sustain trade with the Central European countries, the three countries lost interest in the project. As a result, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was disbanded without any successor organization. In other words, it did not collapse automatically after 1989 but came to an end as a result of various factors, such as rapidly declining trade between the member-states, Western disinterest in the cooperation with it, and the Central European policy changes.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87397022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Matthias Bel and the Russian Academic Milieu during the Enlightenment 马蒂亚斯·贝尔与启蒙时期的俄国学术环境
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.209
Taťána Součková
Since the 1950s the Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian scholars have carried out research aimed at analysing the personal correspondence of Matthias Bel, a Hungarian polymath and one of the most significant intellectuals of the first half of the 18th century in the Habsburg monarchy. Analysis of Bel’s letters has revealed many interesting facts about Bel’s life as a Baroque scholar. It has also brought to light the sphere of his collaborations with various colleagues, both domestic and foreign ones. Amongst Bel’s contacts, there were also German scientists from the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, most importantly, Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer and Christian Goldbach. With the recent emergence of the projects supporting the publication of the bilingual Latin-Slovak translations of Bel’s major work Notitia Hungariae novae historico geographica, historians have been seeking for to widen a range of its possible interpretations or to compare Bel’s opus magnum with similar works of his contemporaries. The study thus focuses on the analysis of a trace, which Bel’s communication left in the Russian historical milieu in the first half of the 18th century. On the basis of historical sources, and with corresponding relevant scholarship, a connection with Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev’s work Istoriia rossiiskaia is outlined. With Bayer being in contact with both Bel and Tatishchev, a rather unexpected bridge was built between the Hungarian and Russian science in the era of the early Enlightenment. The aim of the study is to introduce new, and yet unpublished discoveries about the work of Matthias Bel and Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev.
自20世纪50年代以来,捷克、斯洛伐克和匈牙利的学者进行了一项研究,旨在分析马蒂亚斯·贝尔的私人信件。马蒂亚斯·贝尔是匈牙利的博学家,也是18世纪上半叶哈布斯堡王朝最重要的知识分子之一。对贝尔信件的分析揭示了贝尔作为巴洛克学者的许多有趣的事实。它也揭示了他与国内外各种同事的合作领域。在贝尔的联系人中,还有圣彼得堡科学院的德国科学家,最重要的是戈特利布·齐格弗里德·拜耳和克里斯蒂安·哥德巴赫。随着贝尔的主要著作《匈牙利新历史地理》拉丁斯洛伐克语双语译本的出版,历史学家们一直在寻求扩大其可能的解释范围,或将贝尔的杰作与同时代的类似作品进行比较。因此,研究的重点是分析贝尔的传播在18世纪上半叶俄罗斯历史环境中留下的痕迹。在历史资料和相应的相关学术研究的基础上,概述了与Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev的著作《俄罗斯历史》的联系。随着拜耳与贝尔和塔蒂舍夫的接触,在早期启蒙时代,匈牙利和俄罗斯的科学之间架起了一座意想不到的桥梁。这项研究的目的是介绍Matthias Bel和Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev的工作中尚未发表的新发现。
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引用次数: 0
Geoarchaeology, Age and Chronology of the Zhokhov Site 乔霍夫遗址的地质考古、年代和年代学
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.413
V. Pitulko
The Zhokhov site, investigated in 1989–1990 and 2000–2005, is located at 76°N in a remote part of the East Siberian Arctic. Excavations yielded tens of thousands of artifacts and faunal remains including the oldest anthropological remains known in the high arctic regions up to date. The culture-bearing deposits appear to represent the backfill of ice wedge casts formed after the site was abandoned when the island area became isolated due to the development of the post-glacial marine transgression. A large sample of radiocarbon ages obtained on various materials (n = 102) provides a chronology for the site, which was occupied 8300–7800 14С years ago. There were multiple occupation episodes, but it is not possible to estimate their duration with precision (within less than 50–100 years). The most intense human activity occurred within the interval 8050–7900 radiocarbon years BP, or ca. 9000 calBP but overall human occupation of the site spans roughly 2000 years. This is the oldest known archaeological site in the high-latitude Arctic. The identification and analysis of habitation episodes at the Zhokhov site has important implications for the study of Palaeolithic sites. The radiocarbon chronology indicates that repeated / cyclic human habitation at the same place is possible for up to 2000 years and possibly longer. Repeated or cyclic human occupation in the Zhokhov island area was possible due to locally available food and material resources. Thus, the radiocarbon dates provide more than chronomentric or chronological data; they are a source of information source about human ecology and its role in the evolution of culture.
在1989-1990年和2000-2005年调查的Zhokhov地点位于北纬76°,位于东西伯利亚北极的一个偏远地区。挖掘工作产生了数以万计的人工制品和动物遗骸,包括迄今为止在北极高纬度地区已知的最古老的人类遗骸。这些含有文化的沉积物似乎代表了冰楔铸件的回填,这些冰楔铸件是在冰川后海侵的发展使岛屿地区变得孤立而被遗弃后形成的。从各种材料上获得的大量放射性碳年龄样本(n = 102)为该遗址提供了年表,该遗址位于8300-7800 14С年前。有多次占领事件,但无法精确估计其持续时间(少于50-100年)。最强烈的人类活动发生在8050-7900放射性碳年BP之间,或约9000 calBP,但人类在该遗址的总体占领时间约为2000年。这是高纬度北极地区已知的最古老的考古遗址。若霍夫遗址居住时期的鉴定和分析对旧石器时代遗址的研究具有重要意义。放射性碳年代学表明,人类在同一地点的重复/循环居住可能长达2000年甚至更长时间。由于当地可获得的食物和物质资源,人类有可能在Zhokhov岛地区重复或循环居住。因此,放射性碳测年提供的不仅仅是时间中心或年代数据;它们是关于人类生态及其在文化进化中的作用的信息源。
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引用次数: 1
The Court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania and Queen of Poland Elena Ivanovna 立陶宛大公夫人和波兰王后埃琳娜·伊万诺夫娜的宫廷
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.301
A. Korzinin
The article is a comprehensive study of the composition of the court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania Elena Ivanovna, daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and Sophia Paleologina. The author comes to the conclusion that initially Ivan III tried to surround his daughter with Moscow noblemen and Russian servants in a foreign land However, by September 1495, almost the entire retinue of Elena was sent to Moscow on the orders of Alexander Kazimirovich, her husband. The court of the Grand Duchess was re-formed on the model of the court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania and the Queens of Poland. All key positions in it (court-master, chancellor, сook, carver) were occupied by Lithuanian Catholic noblemen. The female court of Elena Ivanovna was headed by the court-master who supervised ladies-in-waiting (all of them were of Lithuanian origin and, probably, Catholics, with the exception of one lady of the Orthodox faith who came with the princess from Moscow). Only by 1511, the Orthodox princess became the court-master. Few Orthodox service people who arrived in Lithuania from Russia held administrative positions in the princess’s domain. In 1509, after the rebellion of Prince M. L. Glinskii and his departure to Moscow, a number of key figures (I. S. Sapega, M. Iundilovich) left the court of the Grand Duchess. The remaining courtiers (Mitia Ivanovich, Kgetovt Kalinikovich, and others), although formally in her service, in fact followed the instructions of the Lithuanian lords and were loyal to king Sigismund the Old.
本文综合研究了莫斯科大公伊凡三世的女儿立陶宛大公伊莲娜·伊万诺夫娜和索菲亚·帕莱洛吉娜的宫廷构成。作者得出的结论是,最初伊凡三世试图在异国他乡用莫斯科贵族和俄罗斯仆人包围他的女儿。然而,到1495年9月,埃琳娜的几乎所有随从都被她的丈夫亚历山大·卡齐米罗维奇(Alexander Kazimirovich)派往莫斯科。大公夫人的宫廷以立陶宛大公夫人和波兰女王的宫廷为蓝本进行了改组。它的所有关键职位(宫廷大臣、大法官、牧师、雕刻师)都由立陶宛天主教贵族占据。埃琳娜·伊万诺夫娜的女宫廷由监督宫女的宫长领导(所有宫女都是立陶宛裔,可能是天主教徒,除了一位随公主从莫斯科来的东正教女士)。直到1511年,东正教公主才成为宫廷主人。从俄罗斯来到立陶宛的东正教服务人员很少在公主领地担任行政职务。1509年,在王子m·l·格林斯基(M. L. gllinskii)的叛乱和他前往莫斯科之后,一些关键人物(I. S. Sapega, M. Iundilovich)离开了大公夫人的宫廷。其余的朝臣(米蒂亚·伊万诺维奇、克格托夫特·卡里尼科维奇等)虽然形式上为她服务,但实际上服从立陶宛领主的指示,忠于老国王西吉斯蒙德。
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引用次数: 0
Ancient Derbent in the History of the Early Christian World 早期基督教世界历史上的古代Derbent
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.314
A. Kudryavtsev
Derbent has gone down in history as an outstanding monument of world fortification erected in the 5th–7th centuries AD to protect against the invasions of nomads of Eurasia. Extensivearchaeological research of Derbent, under the guidance of the author, revealed completely new stages of the city’s existence, and Derbent emerged not only as the main military and political stronghold of the world powers of the medieval East in the Caucasus but also as the largest economic and religious center of the region, where Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism penetrated and developed early. Derbent acquired a special significance in the history of the Christian world of the Caucasus during the reign of the Sasanian kings Yezdegerd II (439–457) and Peroz (459–484), ardent opponents of Christianity, when the struggle of the peoples of the Caucasus with the “teaching of magicians” severely aggravated. The Derbent fortifications began to play an important role in the anti-Iranian uprisings of the Caucasian rulers who relied on the nomads and mountaineers of the North Caucasus in their fight against the Sasanians. It was in the 60s of the 5th centuries, as our excavations have shown, that a cruciform temple was erected in the citadel of Derbent, which was transformed at the beginning of the 17th century into a reservoir. The most recent geophysical research, conducted in 2020, using georadar and laser scanning and photogrammetry confirmed the data obtained during the excavations about the religious purpose of the cross-domed structure in the citadel and its identification with the Christian temple of the 5th century, one of the oldest in Russia.
德尔本特作为世界防御工事的杰出纪念碑而载入史册,它建于公元5 - 7世纪,旨在抵御欧亚大陆游牧民族的入侵。在作者的指导下,对德尔本特进行了广泛的考古研究,揭示了这座城市存在的全新阶段,德尔本特不仅是中世纪东方世界大国在高加索地区的主要军事和政治据点,而且是该地区最大的经济和宗教中心,基督教、伊斯兰教、琐罗亚斯德教和犹太教在这里渗透和发展得很早。在萨珊国王叶兹德格尔德二世(439-457)和佩罗兹(459-484)统治期间,当高加索人民与“魔术师教学”的斗争严重加剧时,德尔本特在高加索基督教世界的历史上获得了特殊的意义。德尔本特的防御工事开始在高加索统治者的反伊朗起义中发挥重要作用,他们依靠北高加索的游牧民族和登山者来对抗萨珊人。正如我们的发掘所显示的那样,在5世纪60年代,在德尔本特的城堡里建造了一座十字形神庙,在17世纪初被改造成一个水库。最新的地球物理研究是在2020年进行的,利用地质雷达、激光扫描和摄影测量技术,证实了挖掘过程中获得的数据,即城堡中十字形圆顶结构的宗教目的,以及它与俄罗斯最古老的5世纪基督教寺庙之一的身份。
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引用次数: 0
The Formation and Significance of Assyrian Narrative for the Soviet Historiography of Antiquity 亚述叙事对苏联古代史学的形成及其意义
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.115
S. Krikh
The author of the article, using the method of backward chronology, highlights characteristic features of the narrative about Assyria from the beginning of the 21st century until the middle of the 20th century, and points out that I. M. Dyakonoff, who used to be the leading Assyriologist, gradually had delegated to his pupils almost all of the aspects of Assyrian history, retaining the history of Sumer within his major research scope. On the basis of archival documents, the author shows that the Assyrian narrative of I. M. Dyakonoff had been generally shaped even before the war, during his work on the chapters for the multi-volume “World History”. His Assyrian narrative was formed under the influence of the “Cambridge History of Antiquity” and V. V. Struve’s lectures: in the first case, this was evident in the presentation of a large amount of material; in the second case — in the desire to search for non-obvious explanations of the essence of historical processes. Moreover, I. M. Diakonoff did not share V. V. Struve’s views on the Assyrian history and attempted to present his position. The author concludes that the shift of I. M. Diakonoff’s interests from Assyrian history to mainly the history of Sumer was inevitable and was very unlikely to have been caused by the desire to supersede academician V. V. Struve in his status of the classic of Soviet scholarship. Two main factors influenced this transition: first, the features of Soviet historical scholarship, which presupposed a search for in-depth explanations almost exclusively in the socio-economic field, and secondly, the specificity of Assyrian sources, which contained scanty information about socio-economic processes.
本文作者运用回溯年表的方法,突出了21世纪初至20世纪中叶关于亚述的叙事特征,并指出,曾经的亚述学权威Dyakonoff逐渐将亚述历史的几乎所有方面都委托给了他的学生,而将苏美尔的历史保留在他的主要研究范围内。在档案文件的基础上,作者表明,甚至在战争之前,在他为多卷本的“世界历史”的章节工作期间,亚述叙事就大致形成了。他的亚述叙事是在《剑桥古代史》和v·v·斯特鲁夫讲座的影响下形成的:第一种情况,这在大量材料的呈现上是显而易见的;在第二种情况下,在寻找历史过程本质的非明显解释的愿望中。此外,Diakonoff不同意V. V. Struve对亚述历史的看法,并试图表明他的立场。作者的结论是,Diakonoff的兴趣从亚述历史转向主要研究苏美尔历史是不可避免的,不太可能是由于想要取代V. V. Struve院士在苏联学术经典中的地位而引起的。有两个主要因素影响了这一转变:第一,苏联历史学术的特点,它要求几乎完全在社会经济领域寻找深入的解释;第二,亚述文献的特殊性,其中包含的关于社会经济过程的信息很少。
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Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya
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