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The Beginning of British Post-war Belarusian Studies 英国战后白俄罗斯研究的开端
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.318
E. Kodin
The initial period of British Belarusian studies was significantly different from the process of formation of research on Belarus in the United States. There was no intervention of special services; the state and political establishment of the kingdom showed no interest in Belarusian issues. In such a situation, the first works on Belarusian history in the UK were prepared by representatives of the insignificant Belarusian emigrant diaspora. The inspirer and organizer, as well as the author of historical publications, was the president of the Belarusian Central Rada, appointed to this post at the end of 1943 by the Nazis in occupied Minsk, Radoslaw Ostrowski. Radoslaw Ostrowski’s collaborationist track record is considerable. This includes the creation of civil administration bodies in Minsk, Briansk, Smolensk, Mogilev; the formation of Belarusian military units to fight partisans; cooperation with the CIA in post-war Germany with projects to prepare an anti-Soviet underground in Belarus, and more. Ostrowski considered the “Bolshevik Moscow” to be the “mortal enemy” of Belarus, which, in his assessment, did not want to see the Belarusian people free at any time. That was the reason for an explicitly anti-Russian attitude in all the London publications prepared by Radoslaw Ostrowski and his son Viktor, who was arrested in the fall of 1939 in Vilnius by the NKVD and sentenced to 8 years of camps, joined the army of General Anders, which at the end of the war was transferred to England and demobilized here.
英国白罗斯研究的初始阶段与美国白罗斯研究的形成过程有着显著的不同。没有特别服务的干预;王国的国家和政治机构对白俄罗斯的问题没有兴趣。在这种情况下,英国第一批关于白俄罗斯历史的作品是由无足轻重的白俄罗斯移民侨民的代表编写的。鼓动者和组织者,以及历史出版物的作者,是白俄罗斯中央拉达的主席,拉多斯瓦夫·奥斯特洛夫斯基(Radoslaw Ostrowski)在1943年底被占领明斯克的纳粹任命为这一职位。拉多斯瓦夫·奥斯特洛夫斯基的通敌记录相当可观。这包括在明斯克、布里扬斯克、斯摩棱斯克、莫吉廖夫建立民政机构;组建白俄罗斯军队打击游击队;在战后德国与中央情报局合作,在白俄罗斯建立反苏地下组织,等等。奥斯特洛夫斯基认为“布尔什维克的莫斯科”是白俄罗斯的“死敌”,在他的评估中,白俄罗斯在任何时候都不希望看到白俄罗斯人民获得自由。这就是为什么拉多斯瓦夫·奥斯特洛夫斯基和他的儿子维克多在伦敦出版的所有出版物中都有明确的反俄态度,维克多于1939年秋天在维尔纽斯被内务人民委员会逮捕并被判处8年劳改营,他加入了安德斯将军的军队,战争结束时,安德斯将军的军队被转移到英国并在这里遣散。
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引用次数: 0
Trade Activities and the Spread of Christianity by Portugal: Port of Faifo (Vietnam) 葡萄牙的贸易活动与基督教的传播:法伊佛港(越南)
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109
A. Truong, Thien Nguyen
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.
在16世纪和17世纪,Faifo(广南省会安)成为东南亚最繁忙的国际贸易港口之一,特别是在越南。与此同时,在欧洲,葡萄牙及其强大的海军发现了一条通往亚洲的新航线。利用这一知识,葡萄牙人成为最早探索这一地区的西方国家之一,并为在许多不同的国家和地区开展贸易和传教活动奠定了基础。其中,Faifo(越南)就是一个显著的例子。事实上,在近一个世纪的时间里(从16世纪下半叶到17世纪中叶),葡萄牙人在法伊福建立了商业关系,并在贸易活动中发挥了重要作用。与此同时,葡萄牙王室大力支持耶稣会牧师,帮助他们成为第一支以越南为基地的天主教传教力量,从而允许基督教在费佛以及其他地方的介绍和传播。然而,在17世纪末,由于许多不同的因素,葡萄牙逐渐失去了在法伊佛港的贸易和传教活动中的重要作用。本文考察了16、17世纪葡萄牙人在法伊佛的商业和传教活动。它还旨在为澄清16、17世纪越南与葡萄牙的交往关系作出具体贡献。
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引用次数: 0
The Russian Military near Cracow during the First World War 一战期间,克拉科夫附近的俄军
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.210
P. Krokosz
The article is devoted to the presence of Russian troops in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow. Autumn 1914 is remembered as the month of the biggest success of the Russian army that took place at the eastern front during World War I. One of the purposes of the Russians was to take control of Cracow, which was then a very strong fortress. The capture of the city opened the way towards Silesia and Vienna — the capital of Austria-Hungary. These actions did not bring about any effect, and in the winter of 1914 the Russian army was repelled from Cracow. The short stay of the Russians in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow was permanently etched on the memory of their inhabitants. Tsar’s soldiers, commonly referred to by them as “Muscovites” or “mongrels”, were seen as the enemy. There is no doubt that some frontline soldiers and Cossacks, performing reconnaissance functions committed destruction, theft, rape or murder in the occupied villages and towns. However, there were also those among soldiers and officers whose behavior was noble towards the local population. Many officers in the the Russian army were Poles who displayed dignity under war conditions. Well-educated tsarist commanders belonging to the nobility or aristocracy behaved similarly. The presentation of both bad and good demeanors will allow to refute the existing stereotypes regarding the behavior of Russian soldiers stationed in villages and towns near Cracow in 1914.
这篇文章专门讲述了1914年11月和12月俄罗斯军队在克拉科夫附近村镇的存在。1914年秋天被认为是第一次世界大战期间俄罗斯军队在东线取得最大成功的一个月,俄罗斯人的目的之一是控制克拉科夫,当时这是一个非常坚固的堡垒。该城的陷落开辟了通往西里西亚和奥匈帝国首都维也纳的道路。这些行动没有产生任何效果,1914年冬天,俄军被赶出克拉科夫。1914年11月和12月,俄国人在克拉科夫附近的村庄和城镇短暂停留,这永远铭刻在当地居民的记忆中。沙皇的士兵,通常被他们称为“莫斯科人”或“杂种”,被视为敌人。毫无疑问,一些执行侦察任务的前线士兵和哥萨克在被占领的村庄和城镇中进行了破坏、盗窃、强奸或谋杀。然而,也有一些士兵和军官对当地居民的行为是高尚的。俄国军队中的许多军官都是波兰人,他们在战争条件下表现出了尊严。受过良好教育的沙皇指挥官属于贵族或贵族阶层。对于1914年驻扎在克拉科夫附近村庄和城镇的俄罗斯士兵的行为,既有坏的也有好的表现,这将有助于反驳现有的刻板印象。
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引用次数: 0
Slavic Month Names in Old Russia 古俄罗斯的斯拉夫月名
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.201
V. V. Dolgov
The article examines Slavic / pagan month names that existed in Old Russia in the 11th–14th centuries. The author systematizes the sources that contain references to these names. These sources are divided into three groups according to the number of references to the studied names in them. The first group is menologies, which, as a rule, form a single complex with the liturgical Aprakos-Gospels. Most references to the Slavic month names can be found there. The second group is comprised of the Old Russian narrative sources. The sources of this group are represented by one chronicle. This is the Tale of Bygone Years. There is one mentioning of the Slavic month name in this chronicle — “Gruden” (November). The third group unites various sources, whose common feature is the origin and existence in everyday life of common people. This group of sources includes birch bark letters, penances, graffiti, etc. There are no references to Slavic month names and practically no examples of using months to count time in these sources. Based on the examined data, the author comes to the conclusion that the Slavic / pagan month names came to Russia along with the Old Bulgarian (Church Slavonic) manuscripts and had no direct connection with local East Slavic customs.
本文考察了11 - 14世纪存在于旧俄罗斯的斯拉夫/异教月份名称。作者对引用这些名字的资料进行了系统化整理。这些来源根据对研究名称的引用次数分为三组。第一组是menologies,作为一个规则,形成一个单一的复杂的礼仪阿普拉克斯-福音书。大多数关于斯拉夫月名的参考文献都可以在那里找到。第二组是由古俄罗斯的叙述资料组成的。这组资料的来源由一部编年史来表示。这就是《逝去岁月的故事》。在这本编年史中有一次提到斯拉夫月的名字——“格鲁登”(11月)。第三类集合了各种来源,它们的共同特征是在普通人的日常生活中起源和存在。这组来源包括桦树皮字母,忏悔,涂鸦等。在这些资料中没有提到斯拉夫的月份名称,实际上也没有使用月份来计算时间的例子。根据审查的数据,作者得出结论,斯拉夫/异教的月份名称是随着旧保加利亚(教会斯拉夫语)手稿一起来到俄罗斯的,与当地的东斯拉夫习俗没有直接联系。
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引用次数: 0
Phrygia According to the Works of Khorenatsi and Shirakatsi 根据Khorenatsi和Shirakatsi的作品
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.307
H. Harutyunyan
“Ancient Armenian Geography” (or “Ashkharatsuits”, literally — “World Map”) calls Phrygia the fifth among all the countries of Universal Asia, which is located between Lycia and Paphlagonia. Partly based on “The Geography” by Ptolemy, “Ancient Armenian Geography” complements the Greek author with its information. Outlining the borders of Phrygia, “Ashkharatsuits” shows the territorial limits that this state reached in the first half of the I millennium BC (especially in the 8th–6th centuries). These centuries can be characterized as the “golden era” of Phrygia since almost all of western Asia Minor was part of this kingdom, and Phrygia reached its apogee during this period. The authors of the Armenian source do not mention any historical person and speak exclusively about geography (administrative territorial divisions, urban map orography, hydrography, plains, etc.). All the data of the Armenian text have been scrupulously examined and compared/collated with the information of Ptolemy, as well as with the information ranging from the Bible and Strabo’s “Geography” to the works of the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus. Only a hermeneutic approach to the issue will make it possible to remove all the “brackets” since if the main text of “Ashkharatsuits” was written in the 5th century by Khorenatsi, then from a geographical perspective the source was supplemented in the 7th century by Shirakatsi. Information about the administrative division of Onoratia is also important, as well as its historical and geographical description — all this sheds light on the problem of studying both Onoratia and Phrygia. “Ashkharatsuits” traces the evolution undergone by Phrygia during its history.
“古亚美尼亚地理”(或“Ashkharatsuits”,字面意思是“世界地图”)称弗里吉亚是亚洲所有国家中的第五国,位于吕西亚和帕弗拉哥尼亚之间。部分基于托勒密的《地理学》,《古代亚美尼亚地理学》补充了希腊作者的信息。“Ashkharatsuits”概述了弗里吉亚的边界,显示了这个国家在公元前1千年上半叶(特别是在8 - 6世纪)所达到的领土界限。这几个世纪可以被描述为弗里吉亚的“黄金时代”,因为几乎整个小亚细亚西部都是这个王国的一部分,弗里吉亚在这一时期达到了顶峰。亚美尼亚资料的作者没有提到任何历史人物,只谈地理(行政领土划分、城市地貌图、水文、平原等)。亚美尼亚文本的所有数据都经过严格的检查,并与托勒密的信息,以及从圣经和斯特拉波的“地理”到罗马历史学家Ammianus Marcellinus的作品等信息进行了比较/整理。只有用解释学的方法来解决这个问题,才有可能删除所有的“括号”,因为如果《阿什哈拉集》的主要文本是在5世纪由Khorenatsi写的,那么从地理的角度来看,该来源在7世纪由Shirakatsi补充。关于奥诺拉提亚行政区划的信息,以及它的历史和地理描述也很重要——所有这些都阐明了研究奥诺拉提亚和弗里吉亚的问题。《阿什哈拉服》追溯了弗里吉亚在历史上的演变。
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引用次数: 0
The Russian City Dalnii through the Eyes of the Minister of War Aleksei Kuropatkin 战争部长阿列克谢·库罗帕特金眼中的俄罗斯城市达尔尼
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.406
R. Avilov
Using the unpublished documents from The Russian State Military Historical Archive, the article explores the history of visit to Dalian (Russian – Dalnii) city by the minister of war of the Russian Empire Aleksei N. Kuropatkin in 1903. The research is based on the diary written by the minister during the trip, and also on the collection of the documents he compiled. During the trip to the Far East, he visited a new Russian commercial port, which was being built on the Liaotung peninsula. The article describes how he inspected the administrative part of the city and technical facilities, and analyzes his criticism and recommendations. The documents presented to the minister of war by V. V. Sakharov, the chief of city administration in Dalian, provide information on the contemporary situation in the city; on the number of inhabitants and their nationality; on city planning and architecture; on the system of public land auctions, taxes and fees. The significance of Dalian city to the defense of the Russian Far East as a suitable naval base for Japan in the case of the attack on Port-Arthur is considered as well as the necessity of placing a stronger garrison in Dalian. It is noted that minister of war was skeptical of the development of Dalian as a large Russian commercial port in the Pacific. He also paid attention to the imbalance between generous funding of commercial projects of Sergei U. Vitte and inadequately subsidized defense projects.
本文利用俄罗斯国家军事历史档案馆未公开的文件,探讨了1903年俄罗斯帝国战争部长阿列克谢·n·库罗帕特金访问大连(俄罗斯-达尔尼)市的历史。这项研究是基于部长在旅行期间写的日记,以及他收集的文件。在远东之行中,他参观了俄罗斯正在辽东半岛兴建的一个新的商业港口。文章描述了他对城市行政部分和技术设施的考察,并分析了他的批评和建议。大连市行政长官v·v·萨哈罗夫(V. V. Sakharov)提交给陆军部部长的文件,提供了有关大连市当前形势的信息;居民人数及其国籍;城市规划与建筑;关于公共土地拍卖、税费制度。考虑到大连市作为日本攻击亚瑟港的海军基地对俄罗斯远东防御的重要性,以及在大连部署更强大驻军的必要性。值得注意的是,战争部长对大连作为俄罗斯在太平洋的大型商业港口的发展持怀疑态度。他还注意到谢尔盖·u·维特商业项目的慷慨资助与国防项目补贴不足之间的不平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse of Loyalty, Subjecthood and Citizenship: from Medieval to Modern Practices 忠诚、主体性与公民权的话语:从中世纪到现代的实践
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.315
M. Radulović
The article discusses historical, linguistic, and discursive aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. Тhe focus is on the historical lexico-semantic changes of the three nouns, which demonstrate that denotations are modified in different historical contexts. The analysis starts with D. Sperber and D. Wilson’s assumption that the correspondence between concepts and words may be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or a combination of these since it is quite implausible that there is an exhaustive one-to-one mapping between mental concepts and public words. Words can be used in different contexts and discourses, and the synchronic semasiological approach may not always provide the full specification of word meaning, especially when the meaning of abstract nouns is analyzed. As argued by H.-J. Schmid, the formation of concrete concepts is different from the formation of abstract concepts, the latter being more complex as it can depend on many different experiences, which can make it difficult to form a single stable abstract concept. In the report on their experiments, S. J. Crutch and E. K. Warrington’s assertion would be that abstract concepts are represented in an associative neural network while concrete concepts have a categorical organization. This suggests that concrete words are more likely to be understood adequately, and, vice versa, abstract words — inadequately. Moreover, our understanding of words and the world can change over time because our experiences and historical circumstances can and do change. This article considers the issue of abstract concept-formation with regard to both synchronic and diachronic lexico-semantic aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. These aspects are analyzed in accordance with the lexico-semantic frameworks provided by the second editionof the University of Glasgow’s Historical Thesaurus of English. The aim is to demonstrate that the meanings of the three nouns can be understood more adequately if their lexico-semantic features are compared and contrasted not only synchronically but also diachronically. Another aim is to show that a better understanding of the nouns relies on both synchronically and diachronically contextualized knowledge.
本文讨论了忠诚、主体性和公民身份这三个名词的历史、语言和话语方面。Тhe的重点是三个名词的历史词汇语义变化,这表明在不同的历史语境中,外延发生了变化。分析开始于D. Sperber和D. Wilson的假设,即概念和单词之间的对应关系可能是一对一的,一对多的,多对一的,或者是这些的组合,因为在心理概念和公共词汇之间存在详尽的一对一映射是相当不可信的。词语可以在不同的语境和语篇中使用,而共时符号学方法并不总是能提供完整的词义规范,特别是在分析抽象名词的意义时。正如h - j。施密德认为,具体概念的形成不同于抽象概念的形成,抽象概念的形成更为复杂,因为它可以依赖于许多不同的经验,这使得很难形成一个单一的稳定的抽象概念。在他们的实验报告中,S. J. Crutch和E. K. Warrington断言抽象概念在一个联想神经网络中表示,而具体概念有一个分类组织。这表明具体的单词更容易被充分理解,反之亦然,抽象的单词则不容易被充分理解。此外,我们对词语和世界的理解会随着时间的推移而改变,因为我们的经历和历史环境可以而且确实会改变。本文考虑了忠诚、主体性和公民身份这三个名词的共时和历时词汇语义方面的抽象概念形成问题。这些方面是根据格拉斯哥大学英语历史同义词词典第二版提供的词汇语义框架进行分析的。本文的目的是为了证明,如果将这三个名词的词汇语义特征在共时和历时上进行比较和对比,可以更充分地理解它们的意义。另一个目的是表明更好地理解名词依赖于共时和历时语境化知识。
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引用次数: 0
The Student Riots in Germany and their Aftermath 德国学生暴动及其后果
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.411
V. Baryshnikov, V. N. Borisenko, O. Y. Plenkov
This article deals with the peculiarities of the student protests of 1968 in Germany and their political and social consequences. Among the many protests in the West that year, they had particularly far-reaching consequences for German society. These consequences were related to the heavy legacy of the Nazis, who committed grave crimes against humanity during World War II. It is for this reason that the article places a special emphasis on overcoming the Nazi past, which played an extremely important role in the emergence and spread of youth protests in the FRG. Placing the German protests in the context of a generally rather homogeneous and synchronous protest movement in all Western countries against the old values of bourgeois society and its morals poses difficulty – it is no accident that one of the symbols of youth protest was John Lennon's single “Yesterday”. The past (“yesterday”) indeed came suddenly into the spotlight and was subjected to unrelenting criticism. But the changes in the political culture of society and its mentality were very significant. The mutation toward the triumph of leftist-liberal discourse in the West German public consciousness was so complete and total that it is possible to state, as German satirists joke, that the situation was similar to the way public opinion was controlled in the GDR. As a result, it can be rightly asserted that 1968 in the FRG was perhaps the most important reason for the triumph of left-liberal political discourse in Germany.
本文论述了1968年德国学生抗议活动的特点及其政治和社会后果。在那一年发生在西方的众多抗议活动中,它们对德国社会的影响尤为深远。这些后果与纳粹的沉重遗产有关,他们在第二次世界大战期间犯下了严重的反人类罪行。正是出于这个原因,本文特别强调克服纳粹的过去,这在德意志联邦共和国青年抗议活动的出现和传播中发挥了极其重要的作用。把德国的抗议活动放在所有西方国家反对资产阶级社会的旧价值观及其道德的普遍同质和同步的抗议运动的背景下,会带来困难——青年抗议的象征之一是约翰·列侬的单曲《昨天》,这并非偶然。过去(“昨天”)确实突然出现在聚光灯下,并受到无情的批评。但社会政治文化及其心态的变化是非常显著的。左派-自由主义话语在西德公众意识中走向胜利的转变是如此彻底和彻底,以至于有可能像德国讽刺作家开玩笑说的那样,这种情况与德意志民主共和国控制公众舆论的方式相似。因此,我们可以正确地断言,1968年的德国革命可能是德国左翼自由主义政治话语取得胜利的最重要原因。
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引用次数: 0
The Religious Factor in the Politics of the Spartan Kings 斯巴达国王政治中的宗教因素
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.105
L. Pechatnova
The purpose of this work is to show how exactly the Spartan kings used the religious factor in their politics. The author pays special attention to the cases of the interaction between the Spartan kings and the Delphic priests, and analyses the results of these relations. The families of the Spartan kings very early established close contacts with Delphi. It was already Lycurgus, who most likely belonged to the Agiads, was so close to the Delphic priests that he was able to obtain from them a full approval of his legislative reforms. The author points out that the Agiads were more influential in Delphi than the Euripontides. It can be explained by the fact that representatives of the Agiads, as an older royal family, very early acquired friends in Delphi and were able to pass down these relations to their descendants. The author concludes that the Spartan kings had great authority in Delphi, especially in the 5th century BC. They managed to carry out a series of radical political actions with the help of priests, in one case depriving an undesirable co-ruler of power, in the other case — restoring an exiled king to the throne, in the third case — restoring the reputation of an illegally repressed and executed member of the royal family. The author shows that Delphi, in controversial cases, as a rule, supported the kings defending their interests. The illegal methods by which the kings acted in Delphi suggest that Spartan rulers differed greatly in their mentality from their fellow citizens.
这部作品的目的是展示斯巴达国王如何准确地在他们的政治中使用宗教因素。作者特别关注了斯巴达国王与德尔菲祭司之间互动的案例,并分析了这种关系的结果。斯巴达国王的家族很早就与特尔斐建立了密切的联系。莱库尔格斯很可能是阿伽德人的一员,他与德尔菲的祭司关系非常密切,因此他能够从他们那里获得立法改革的完全批准。作者指出,在德尔斐,阿基阿德斯比欧里波多尼德斯更有影响力。这可以用一个事实来解释,即阿吉亚德家族的代表,作为一个古老的王室家族,很早就在德尔菲结识了朋友,并能够将这些关系传给他们的后代。作者的结论是,斯巴达国王在德尔菲有很大的权威,特别是在公元前5世纪。在牧师的帮助下,他们成功地实施了一系列激进的政治行动,其中一次剥夺了一个不受欢迎的共同统治者的权力,另一次恢复了一个被流放的国王的王位,第三次恢复了一个被非法镇压和处决的王室成员的名誉。作者指出,在有争议的案件中,特尔斐通常支持国王维护自己的利益。国王在特尔斐采取的非法手段表明,斯巴达统治者的心态与他们的同胞大相径庭。
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引用次数: 0
The Issues of Alcohol Production and Abuse in Russia in Mikhail Katkov's Publications 米哈伊尔·卡特科夫出版的俄罗斯酒精生产和滥用问题
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.405
V. Stepanov
The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of views on the issues of alcohol production and abuse by the largest ideologue of Russian conservatism M. N. Katkov – editor-publisher of the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” and the magazine “Russkii Vestnik”. It analyses the speeches of the famous publicist and his associates on the pages of these publications aimed at alterations in the excise system, in force since 1863, in order to limit the excessive consumption of strong alcoholic beverages and overcome its severe social consequences. The reasons that prompted the famous publicist in the early 1880s to launch a campaign for the introduction of a wine monopoly are explained: the decline of the popularity of the liberal economic doctrine in the West as a result of the world economic crisis of 1873–1878; the rise of the movement in European countries for the transfer of the drinking trade to the treasury under the influence of stagnation in agriculture; the expansion of state intervention in economic life in Russia. The article points out the arguments given by Katkov in favor of a monopoly, which, in his opinion, had to allow regulating the distillery industry, ending rampant drunkenness, eradicating drunkenness and corruption in the beverage business. It is particularly noted that Katkov considered this reform one of the main points of his program for creating a “national” economy in Russia, protected from the West by high customs barriers and assuming multilateral participation of the state in the development of the national economy, and these attitudes largely corresponded to the protectionist course of the government in the reign of the penultimate Russian tsar, Alexander III.
这篇文章致力于研究俄罗斯保守主义最大的理论家M. N. Katkov对酒精生产和滥用问题的看法演变,他是《莫斯科经济报》和《俄罗斯经济》杂志的编辑和出版人。它分析了著名的公关人员及其同事在这些出版物的页面上发表的演讲,这些演讲旨在改变自1863年以来生效的消费税制度,以限制过度消费烈性酒精饮料并克服其严重的社会后果。促使这位19世纪80年代初著名的公关家发起葡萄酒专卖运动的原因可以解释为:1873-1878年世界经济危机导致自由主义经济学说在西方的受欢迎程度下降;在农业停滞的影响下,欧洲国家兴起了将饮酒贸易转移到国库的运动;国家对俄罗斯经济生活干预的扩大这篇文章指出了Katkov支持垄断的论点,在他看来,垄断必须允许对酿酒厂进行监管,结束猖獗的酗酒,根除饮料行业的酗酒和腐败。特别值得注意的是,Katkov认为这项改革是他在俄罗斯创建“国民”经济计划的要点之一,通过高关税壁垒保护免受西方的影响,并假设国家在国民经济发展中的多边参与,这些态度在很大程度上与俄罗斯倒数第二位沙皇亚历山大三世统治时期政府的保护主义路线相对应。
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Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya
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