Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.318
E. Kodin
The initial period of British Belarusian studies was significantly different from the process of formation of research on Belarus in the United States. There was no intervention of special services; the state and political establishment of the kingdom showed no interest in Belarusian issues. In such a situation, the first works on Belarusian history in the UK were prepared by representatives of the insignificant Belarusian emigrant diaspora. The inspirer and organizer, as well as the author of historical publications, was the president of the Belarusian Central Rada, appointed to this post at the end of 1943 by the Nazis in occupied Minsk, Radoslaw Ostrowski. Radoslaw Ostrowski’s collaborationist track record is considerable. This includes the creation of civil administration bodies in Minsk, Briansk, Smolensk, Mogilev; the formation of Belarusian military units to fight partisans; cooperation with the CIA in post-war Germany with projects to prepare an anti-Soviet underground in Belarus, and more. Ostrowski considered the “Bolshevik Moscow” to be the “mortal enemy” of Belarus, which, in his assessment, did not want to see the Belarusian people free at any time. That was the reason for an explicitly anti-Russian attitude in all the London publications prepared by Radoslaw Ostrowski and his son Viktor, who was arrested in the fall of 1939 in Vilnius by the NKVD and sentenced to 8 years of camps, joined the army of General Anders, which at the end of the war was transferred to England and demobilized here.
{"title":"The Beginning of British Post-war Belarusian Studies","authors":"E. Kodin","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.318","url":null,"abstract":"The initial period of British Belarusian studies was significantly different from the process of formation of research on Belarus in the United States. There was no intervention of special services; the state and political establishment of the kingdom showed no interest in Belarusian issues. In such a situation, the first works on Belarusian history in the UK were prepared by representatives of the insignificant Belarusian emigrant diaspora. The inspirer and organizer, as well as the author of historical publications, was the president of the Belarusian Central Rada, appointed to this post at the end of 1943 by the Nazis in occupied Minsk, Radoslaw Ostrowski. Radoslaw Ostrowski’s collaborationist track record is considerable. This includes the creation of civil administration bodies in Minsk, Briansk, Smolensk, Mogilev; the formation of Belarusian military units to fight partisans; cooperation with the CIA in post-war Germany with projects to prepare an anti-Soviet underground in Belarus, and more. Ostrowski considered the “Bolshevik Moscow” to be the “mortal enemy” of Belarus, which, in his assessment, did not want to see the Belarusian people free at any time. That was the reason for an explicitly anti-Russian attitude in all the London publications prepared by Radoslaw Ostrowski and his son Viktor, who was arrested in the fall of 1939 in Vilnius by the NKVD and sentenced to 8 years of camps, joined the army of General Anders, which at the end of the war was transferred to England and demobilized here.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83077936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109
A. Truong, Thien Nguyen
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.
{"title":"Trade Activities and the Spread of Christianity by Portugal: Port of Faifo (Vietnam)","authors":"A. Truong, Thien Nguyen","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109","url":null,"abstract":"In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90692367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.210
P. Krokosz
The article is devoted to the presence of Russian troops in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow. Autumn 1914 is remembered as the month of the biggest success of the Russian army that took place at the eastern front during World War I. One of the purposes of the Russians was to take control of Cracow, which was then a very strong fortress. The capture of the city opened the way towards Silesia and Vienna — the capital of Austria-Hungary. These actions did not bring about any effect, and in the winter of 1914 the Russian army was repelled from Cracow. The short stay of the Russians in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow was permanently etched on the memory of their inhabitants. Tsar’s soldiers, commonly referred to by them as “Muscovites” or “mongrels”, were seen as the enemy. There is no doubt that some frontline soldiers and Cossacks, performing reconnaissance functions committed destruction, theft, rape or murder in the occupied villages and towns. However, there were also those among soldiers and officers whose behavior was noble towards the local population. Many officers in the the Russian army were Poles who displayed dignity under war conditions. Well-educated tsarist commanders belonging to the nobility or aristocracy behaved similarly. The presentation of both bad and good demeanors will allow to refute the existing stereotypes regarding the behavior of Russian soldiers stationed in villages and towns near Cracow in 1914.
{"title":"The Russian Military near Cracow during the First World War","authors":"P. Krokosz","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.210","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the presence of Russian troops in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow. Autumn 1914 is remembered as the month of the biggest success of the Russian army that took place at the eastern front during World War I. One of the purposes of the Russians was to take control of Cracow, which was then a very strong fortress. The capture of the city opened the way towards Silesia and Vienna — the capital of Austria-Hungary. These actions did not bring about any effect, and in the winter of 1914 the Russian army was repelled from Cracow. The short stay of the Russians in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow was permanently etched on the memory of their inhabitants. Tsar’s soldiers, commonly referred to by them as “Muscovites” or “mongrels”, were seen as the enemy. There is no doubt that some frontline soldiers and Cossacks, performing reconnaissance functions committed destruction, theft, rape or murder in the occupied villages and towns. However, there were also those among soldiers and officers whose behavior was noble towards the local population. Many officers in the the Russian army were Poles who displayed dignity under war conditions. Well-educated tsarist commanders belonging to the nobility or aristocracy behaved similarly. The presentation of both bad and good demeanors will allow to refute the existing stereotypes regarding the behavior of Russian soldiers stationed in villages and towns near Cracow in 1914.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72445122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.201
V. V. Dolgov
The article examines Slavic / pagan month names that existed in Old Russia in the 11th–14th centuries. The author systematizes the sources that contain references to these names. These sources are divided into three groups according to the number of references to the studied names in them. The first group is menologies, which, as a rule, form a single complex with the liturgical Aprakos-Gospels. Most references to the Slavic month names can be found there. The second group is comprised of the Old Russian narrative sources. The sources of this group are represented by one chronicle. This is the Tale of Bygone Years. There is one mentioning of the Slavic month name in this chronicle — “Gruden” (November). The third group unites various sources, whose common feature is the origin and existence in everyday life of common people. This group of sources includes birch bark letters, penances, graffiti, etc. There are no references to Slavic month names and practically no examples of using months to count time in these sources. Based on the examined data, the author comes to the conclusion that the Slavic / pagan month names came to Russia along with the Old Bulgarian (Church Slavonic) manuscripts and had no direct connection with local East Slavic customs.
{"title":"Slavic Month Names in Old Russia","authors":"V. V. Dolgov","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.201","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines Slavic / pagan month names that existed in Old Russia in the 11th–14th centuries. The author systematizes the sources that contain references to these names. These sources are divided into three groups according to the number of references to the studied names in them. The first group is menologies, which, as a rule, form a single complex with the liturgical Aprakos-Gospels. Most references to the Slavic month names can be found there. The second group is comprised of the Old Russian narrative sources. The sources of this group are represented by one chronicle. This is the Tale of Bygone Years. There is one mentioning of the Slavic month name in this chronicle — “Gruden” (November). The third group unites various sources, whose common feature is the origin and existence in everyday life of common people. This group of sources includes birch bark letters, penances, graffiti, etc. There are no references to Slavic month names and practically no examples of using months to count time in these sources. Based on the examined data, the author comes to the conclusion that the Slavic / pagan month names came to Russia along with the Old Bulgarian (Church Slavonic) manuscripts and had no direct connection with local East Slavic customs.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77107907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.307
H. Harutyunyan
“Ancient Armenian Geography” (or “Ashkharatsuits”, literally — “World Map”) calls Phrygia the fifth among all the countries of Universal Asia, which is located between Lycia and Paphlagonia. Partly based on “The Geography” by Ptolemy, “Ancient Armenian Geography” complements the Greek author with its information. Outlining the borders of Phrygia, “Ashkharatsuits” shows the territorial limits that this state reached in the first half of the I millennium BC (especially in the 8th–6th centuries). These centuries can be characterized as the “golden era” of Phrygia since almost all of western Asia Minor was part of this kingdom, and Phrygia reached its apogee during this period. The authors of the Armenian source do not mention any historical person and speak exclusively about geography (administrative territorial divisions, urban map orography, hydrography, plains, etc.). All the data of the Armenian text have been scrupulously examined and compared/collated with the information of Ptolemy, as well as with the information ranging from the Bible and Strabo’s “Geography” to the works of the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus. Only a hermeneutic approach to the issue will make it possible to remove all the “brackets” since if the main text of “Ashkharatsuits” was written in the 5th century by Khorenatsi, then from a geographical perspective the source was supplemented in the 7th century by Shirakatsi. Information about the administrative division of Onoratia is also important, as well as its historical and geographical description — all this sheds light on the problem of studying both Onoratia and Phrygia. “Ashkharatsuits” traces the evolution undergone by Phrygia during its history.
{"title":"Phrygia According to the Works of Khorenatsi and Shirakatsi","authors":"H. Harutyunyan","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.307","url":null,"abstract":"“Ancient Armenian Geography” (or “Ashkharatsuits”, literally — “World Map”) calls Phrygia the fifth among all the countries of Universal Asia, which is located between Lycia and Paphlagonia. Partly based on “The Geography” by Ptolemy, “Ancient Armenian Geography” complements the Greek author with its information. Outlining the borders of Phrygia, “Ashkharatsuits” shows the territorial limits that this state reached in the first half of the I millennium BC (especially in the 8th–6th centuries). These centuries can be characterized as the “golden era” of Phrygia since almost all of western Asia Minor was part of this kingdom, and Phrygia reached its apogee during this period. The authors of the Armenian source do not mention any historical person and speak exclusively about geography (administrative territorial divisions, urban map orography, hydrography, plains, etc.). All the data of the Armenian text have been scrupulously examined and compared/collated with the information of Ptolemy, as well as with the information ranging from the Bible and Strabo’s “Geography” to the works of the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus. Only a hermeneutic approach to the issue will make it possible to remove all the “brackets” since if the main text of “Ashkharatsuits” was written in the 5th century by Khorenatsi, then from a geographical perspective the source was supplemented in the 7th century by Shirakatsi. Information about the administrative division of Onoratia is also important, as well as its historical and geographical description — all this sheds light on the problem of studying both Onoratia and Phrygia. “Ashkharatsuits” traces the evolution undergone by Phrygia during its history.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73159149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.406
R. Avilov
Using the unpublished documents from The Russian State Military Historical Archive, the article explores the history of visit to Dalian (Russian – Dalnii) city by the minister of war of the Russian Empire Aleksei N. Kuropatkin in 1903. The research is based on the diary written by the minister during the trip, and also on the collection of the documents he compiled. During the trip to the Far East, he visited a new Russian commercial port, which was being built on the Liaotung peninsula. The article describes how he inspected the administrative part of the city and technical facilities, and analyzes his criticism and recommendations. The documents presented to the minister of war by V. V. Sakharov, the chief of city administration in Dalian, provide information on the contemporary situation in the city; on the number of inhabitants and their nationality; on city planning and architecture; on the system of public land auctions, taxes and fees. The significance of Dalian city to the defense of the Russian Far East as a suitable naval base for Japan in the case of the attack on Port-Arthur is considered as well as the necessity of placing a stronger garrison in Dalian. It is noted that minister of war was skeptical of the development of Dalian as a large Russian commercial port in the Pacific. He also paid attention to the imbalance between generous funding of commercial projects of Sergei U. Vitte and inadequately subsidized defense projects.
本文利用俄罗斯国家军事历史档案馆未公开的文件，探讨了1903年俄罗斯帝国战争部长阿列克谢·n·库罗帕特金访问大连(俄罗斯-达尔尼)市的历史。这项研究是基于部长在旅行期间写的日记，以及他收集的文件。在远东之行中，他参观了俄罗斯正在辽东半岛兴建的一个新的商业港口。文章描述了他对城市行政部分和技术设施的考察，并分析了他的批评和建议。大连市行政长官v·v·萨哈罗夫(V. V. Sakharov)提交给陆军部部长的文件，提供了有关大连市当前形势的信息;居民人数及其国籍;城市规划与建筑;关于公共土地拍卖、税费制度。考虑到大连市作为日本攻击亚瑟港的海军基地对俄罗斯远东防御的重要性，以及在大连部署更强大驻军的必要性。值得注意的是，战争部长对大连作为俄罗斯在太平洋的大型商业港口的发展持怀疑态度。他还注意到谢尔盖·u·维特商业项目的慷慨资助与国防项目补贴不足之间的不平衡。
{"title":"The Russian City Dalnii through the Eyes of the Minister of War Aleksei Kuropatkin","authors":"R. Avilov","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.406","url":null,"abstract":"Using the unpublished documents from The Russian State Military Historical Archive, the article explores the history of visit to Dalian (Russian – Dalnii) city by the minister of war of the Russian Empire Aleksei N. Kuropatkin in 1903. The research is based on the diary written by the minister during the trip, and also on the collection of the documents he compiled. During the trip to the Far East, he visited a new Russian commercial port, which was being built on the Liaotung peninsula. The article describes how he inspected the administrative part of the city and technical facilities, and analyzes his criticism and recommendations. The documents presented to the minister of war by V. V. Sakharov, the chief of city administration in Dalian, provide information on the contemporary situation in the city; on the number of inhabitants and their nationality; on city planning and architecture; on the system of public land auctions, taxes and fees. The significance of Dalian city to the defense of the Russian Far East as a suitable naval base for Japan in the case of the attack on Port-Arthur is considered as well as the necessity of placing a stronger garrison in Dalian. It is noted that minister of war was skeptical of the development of Dalian as a large Russian commercial port in the Pacific. He also paid attention to the imbalance between generous funding of commercial projects of Sergei U. Vitte and inadequately subsidized defense projects.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80991194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.315
M. Radulović
The article discusses historical, linguistic, and discursive aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. Тhe focus is on the historical lexico-semantic changes of the three nouns, which demonstrate that denotations are modified in different historical contexts. The analysis starts with D. Sperber and D. Wilson’s assumption that the correspondence between concepts and words may be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or a combination of these since it is quite implausible that there is an exhaustive one-to-one mapping between mental concepts and public words. Words can be used in different contexts and discourses, and the synchronic semasiological approach may not always provide the full specification of word meaning, especially when the meaning of abstract nouns is analyzed. As argued by H.-J. Schmid, the formation of concrete concepts is different from the formation of abstract concepts, the latter being more complex as it can depend on many different experiences, which can make it difficult to form a single stable abstract concept. In the report on their experiments, S. J. Crutch and E. K. Warrington’s assertion would be that abstract concepts are represented in an associative neural network while concrete concepts have a categorical organization. This suggests that concrete words are more likely to be understood adequately, and, vice versa, abstract words — inadequately. Moreover, our understanding of words and the world can change over time because our experiences and historical circumstances can and do change. This article considers the issue of abstract concept-formation with regard to both synchronic and diachronic lexico-semantic aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. These aspects are analyzed in accordance with the lexico-semantic frameworks provided by the second editionof the University of Glasgow’s Historical Thesaurus of English. The aim is to demonstrate that the meanings of the three nouns can be understood more adequately if their lexico-semantic features are compared and contrasted not only synchronically but also diachronically. Another aim is to show that a better understanding of the nouns relies on both synchronically and diachronically contextualized knowledge.
本文讨论了忠诚、主体性和公民身份这三个名词的历史、语言和话语方面。Тhe的重点是三个名词的历史词汇语义变化，这表明在不同的历史语境中，外延发生了变化。分析开始于D. Sperber和D. Wilson的假设，即概念和单词之间的对应关系可能是一对一的，一对多的，多对一的，或者是这些的组合，因为在心理概念和公共词汇之间存在详尽的一对一映射是相当不可信的。词语可以在不同的语境和语篇中使用，而共时符号学方法并不总是能提供完整的词义规范，特别是在分析抽象名词的意义时。正如h - j。施密德认为，具体概念的形成不同于抽象概念的形成，抽象概念的形成更为复杂，因为它可以依赖于许多不同的经验，这使得很难形成一个单一的稳定的抽象概念。在他们的实验报告中，S. J. Crutch和E. K. Warrington断言抽象概念在一个联想神经网络中表示，而具体概念有一个分类组织。这表明具体的单词更容易被充分理解，反之亦然，抽象的单词则不容易被充分理解。此外，我们对词语和世界的理解会随着时间的推移而改变，因为我们的经历和历史环境可以而且确实会改变。本文考虑了忠诚、主体性和公民身份这三个名词的共时和历时词汇语义方面的抽象概念形成问题。这些方面是根据格拉斯哥大学英语历史同义词词典第二版提供的词汇语义框架进行分析的。本文的目的是为了证明，如果将这三个名词的词汇语义特征在共时和历时上进行比较和对比，可以更充分地理解它们的意义。另一个目的是表明更好地理解名词依赖于共时和历时语境化知识。
{"title":"Discourse of Loyalty, Subjecthood and Citizenship: from Medieval to Modern Practices","authors":"M. Radulović","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.315","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses historical, linguistic, and discursive aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. Тhe focus is on the historical lexico-semantic changes of the three nouns, which demonstrate that denotations are modified in different historical contexts. The analysis starts with D. Sperber and D. Wilson’s assumption that the correspondence between concepts and words may be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or a combination of these since it is quite implausible that there is an exhaustive one-to-one mapping between mental concepts and public words. Words can be used in different contexts and discourses, and the synchronic semasiological approach may not always provide the full specification of word meaning, especially when the meaning of abstract nouns is analyzed. As argued by H.-J. Schmid, the formation of concrete concepts is different from the formation of abstract concepts, the latter being more complex as it can depend on many different experiences, which can make it difficult to form a single stable abstract concept. In the report on their experiments, S. J. Crutch and E. K. Warrington’s assertion would be that abstract concepts are represented in an associative neural network while concrete concepts have a categorical organization. This suggests that concrete words are more likely to be understood adequately, and, vice versa, abstract words — inadequately. Moreover, our understanding of words and the world can change over time because our experiences and historical circumstances can and do change. This article considers the issue of abstract concept-formation with regard to both synchronic and diachronic lexico-semantic aspects of the nouns loyalty, subjecthood, and citizenship. These aspects are analyzed in accordance with the lexico-semantic frameworks provided by the second editionof the University of Glasgow’s Historical Thesaurus of English. The aim is to demonstrate that the meanings of the three nouns can be understood more adequately if their lexico-semantic features are compared and contrasted not only synchronically but also diachronically. Another aim is to show that a better understanding of the nouns relies on both synchronically and diachronically contextualized knowledge.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81172239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.411
V. Baryshnikov, V. N. Borisenko, O. Y. Plenkov
This article deals with the peculiarities of the student protests of 1968 in Germany and their political and social consequences. Among the many protests in the West that year, they had particularly far-reaching consequences for German society. These consequences were related to the heavy legacy of the Nazis, who committed grave crimes against humanity during World War II. It is for this reason that the article places a special emphasis on overcoming the Nazi past, which played an extremely important role in the emergence and spread of youth protests in the FRG. Placing the German protests in the context of a generally rather homogeneous and synchronous protest movement in all Western countries against the old values of bourgeois society and its morals poses difficulty – it is no accident that one of the symbols of youth protest was John Lennon's single “Yesterday”. The past (“yesterday”) indeed came suddenly into the spotlight and was subjected to unrelenting criticism. But the changes in the political culture of society and its mentality were very significant. The mutation toward the triumph of leftist-liberal discourse in the West German public consciousness was so complete and total that it is possible to state, as German satirists joke, that the situation was similar to the way public opinion was controlled in the GDR. As a result, it can be rightly asserted that 1968 in the FRG was perhaps the most important reason for the triumph of left-liberal political discourse in Germany.
{"title":"The Student Riots in Germany and their Aftermath","authors":"V. Baryshnikov, V. N. Borisenko, O. Y. Plenkov","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.411","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the peculiarities of the student protests of 1968 in Germany and their political and social consequences. Among the many protests in the West that year, they had particularly far-reaching consequences for German society. These consequences were related to the heavy legacy of the Nazis, who committed grave crimes against humanity during World War II. It is for this reason that the article places a special emphasis on overcoming the Nazi past, which played an extremely important role in the emergence and spread of youth protests in the FRG. Placing the German protests in the context of a generally rather homogeneous and synchronous protest movement in all Western countries against the old values of bourgeois society and its morals poses difficulty – it is no accident that one of the symbols of youth protest was John Lennon's single “Yesterday”. The past (“yesterday”) indeed came suddenly into the spotlight and was subjected to unrelenting criticism. But the changes in the political culture of society and its mentality were very significant. The mutation toward the triumph of leftist-liberal discourse in the West German public consciousness was so complete and total that it is possible to state, as German satirists joke, that the situation was similar to the way public opinion was controlled in the GDR. As a result, it can be rightly asserted that 1968 in the FRG was perhaps the most important reason for the triumph of left-liberal political discourse in Germany.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86002132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.105
L. Pechatnova
The purpose of this work is to show how exactly the Spartan kings used the religious factor in their politics. The author pays special attention to the cases of the interaction between the Spartan kings and the Delphic priests, and analyses the results of these relations. The families of the Spartan kings very early established close contacts with Delphi. It was already Lycurgus, who most likely belonged to the Agiads, was so close to the Delphic priests that he was able to obtain from them a full approval of his legislative reforms. The author points out that the Agiads were more influential in Delphi than the Euripontides. It can be explained by the fact that representatives of the Agiads, as an older royal family, very early acquired friends in Delphi and were able to pass down these relations to their descendants. The author concludes that the Spartan kings had great authority in Delphi, especially in the 5th century BC. They managed to carry out a series of radical political actions with the help of priests, in one case depriving an undesirable co-ruler of power, in the other case — restoring an exiled king to the throne, in the third case — restoring the reputation of an illegally repressed and executed member of the royal family. The author shows that Delphi, in controversial cases, as a rule, supported the kings defending their interests. The illegal methods by which the kings acted in Delphi suggest that Spartan rulers differed greatly in their mentality from their fellow citizens.
{"title":"The Religious Factor in the Politics of the Spartan Kings","authors":"L. Pechatnova","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.105","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this work is to show how exactly the Spartan kings used the religious factor in their politics. The author pays special attention to the cases of the interaction between the Spartan kings and the Delphic priests, and analyses the results of these relations. The families of the Spartan kings very early established close contacts with Delphi. It was already Lycurgus, who most likely belonged to the Agiads, was so close to the Delphic priests that he was able to obtain from them a full approval of his legislative reforms. The author points out that the Agiads were more influential in Delphi than the Euripontides. It can be explained by the fact that representatives of the Agiads, as an older royal family, very early acquired friends in Delphi and were able to pass down these relations to their descendants. The author concludes that the Spartan kings had great authority in Delphi, especially in the 5th century BC. They managed to carry out a series of radical political actions with the help of priests, in one case depriving an undesirable co-ruler of power, in the other case — restoring an exiled king to the throne, in the third case — restoring the reputation of an illegally repressed and executed member of the royal family. The author shows that Delphi, in controversial cases, as a rule, supported the kings defending their interests. The illegal methods by which the kings acted in Delphi suggest that Spartan rulers differed greatly in their mentality from their fellow citizens.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81216273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.405
V. Stepanov
The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of views on the issues of alcohol production and abuse by the largest ideologue of Russian conservatism M. N. Katkov – editor-publisher of the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” and the magazine “Russkii Vestnik”. It analyses the speeches of the famous publicist and his associates on the pages of these publications aimed at alterations in the excise system, in force since 1863, in order to limit the excessive consumption of strong alcoholic beverages and overcome its severe social consequences. The reasons that prompted the famous publicist in the early 1880s to launch a campaign for the introduction of a wine monopoly are explained: the decline of the popularity of the liberal economic doctrine in the West as a result of the world economic crisis of 1873–1878; the rise of the movement in European countries for the transfer of the drinking trade to the treasury under the influence of stagnation in agriculture; the expansion of state intervention in economic life in Russia. The article points out the arguments given by Katkov in favor of a monopoly, which, in his opinion, had to allow regulating the distillery industry, ending rampant drunkenness, eradicating drunkenness and corruption in the beverage business. It is particularly noted that Katkov considered this reform one of the main points of his program for creating a “national” economy in Russia, protected from the West by high customs barriers and assuming multilateral participation of the state in the development of the national economy, and these attitudes largely corresponded to the protectionist course of the government in the reign of the penultimate Russian tsar, Alexander III.
这篇文章致力于研究俄罗斯保守主义最大的理论家M. N. Katkov对酒精生产和滥用问题的看法演变，他是《莫斯科经济报》和《俄罗斯经济》杂志的编辑和出版人。它分析了著名的公关人员及其同事在这些出版物的页面上发表的演讲，这些演讲旨在改变自1863年以来生效的消费税制度，以限制过度消费烈性酒精饮料并克服其严重的社会后果。促使这位19世纪80年代初著名的公关家发起葡萄酒专卖运动的原因可以解释为:1873-1878年世界经济危机导致自由主义经济学说在西方的受欢迎程度下降;在农业停滞的影响下，欧洲国家兴起了将饮酒贸易转移到国库的运动;国家对俄罗斯经济生活干预的扩大这篇文章指出了Katkov支持垄断的论点，在他看来，垄断必须允许对酿酒厂进行监管，结束猖獗的酗酒，根除饮料行业的酗酒和腐败。特别值得注意的是，Katkov认为这项改革是他在俄罗斯创建“国民”经济计划的要点之一，通过高关税壁垒保护免受西方的影响，并假设国家在国民经济发展中的多边参与，这些态度在很大程度上与俄罗斯倒数第二位沙皇亚历山大三世统治时期政府的保护主义路线相对应。
{"title":"The Issues of Alcohol Production and Abuse in Russia in Mikhail Katkov's Publications","authors":"V. Stepanov","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.405","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of views on the issues of alcohol production and abuse by the largest ideologue of Russian conservatism M. N. Katkov – editor-publisher of the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” and the magazine “Russkii Vestnik”. It analyses the speeches of the famous publicist and his associates on the pages of these publications aimed at alterations in the excise system, in force since 1863, in order to limit the excessive consumption of strong alcoholic beverages and overcome its severe social consequences. The reasons that prompted the famous publicist in the early 1880s to launch a campaign for the introduction of a wine monopoly are explained: the decline of the popularity of the liberal economic doctrine in the West as a result of the world economic crisis of 1873–1878; the rise of the movement in European countries for the transfer of the drinking trade to the treasury under the influence of stagnation in agriculture; the expansion of state intervention in economic life in Russia. The article points out the arguments given by Katkov in favor of a monopoly, which, in his opinion, had to allow regulating the distillery industry, ending rampant drunkenness, eradicating drunkenness and corruption in the beverage business. It is particularly noted that Katkov considered this reform one of the main points of his program for creating a “national” economy in Russia, protected from the West by high customs barriers and assuming multilateral participation of the state in the development of the national economy, and these attitudes largely corresponded to the protectionist course of the government in the reign of the penultimate Russian tsar, Alexander III.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79832855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：