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Certain Problems of Researches of Slavery in the Caucasus as Holistic Phenomenon in Modern Russian-Speaking Historiography. Part I 现代俄语史学研究高加索地区奴隶制整体现象的若干问题第一部分
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.213
A. Peretyatko
The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian historiography of slavery in the Caucasus. The author comes to the conclusion that despite a heightened attention to local and individual cases, the works describing Caucasian slavery in general are rather few, and they have appeared relatively. Therefore, there is no unified comprehensive picture of slavery in the Caucasus, and even evaluation of its cruelty can differ dramatically. The first part of the article introduces terminological definition of Caucasian slavery and clarifies the context in which it should be studied. It shows that researchers usually don’t define the very concept of “slavery”, which leads to serious distortions: sometimes only one of the types of Caucasian slavery is termed “slavery”, whereas others are ignored; sometimes various forms of dependence are blended under one definition of “slavery”, etc. The author suggests that the term should be defined in the researches to avoid serious distortions of terminological and conceptual nature. As a context for the study of slavery, the author proposes using the history of the Black Sea slave trade locus. Russian influence in the region became predominant in the 19th century, and the main forms of Caucasian slavery were shaped under social conditions completely atypical of Russia. The very approach to slavery characteristic of the Caucasus was based on Mediterranean Islamic practices and cannot be properly understood outside of them. Finally, only in consideration of the relative mildness of certain forms of Mediterranean slavery can some Caucasian customs, such as selling one’s children into slavery, be understood.
这篇文章致力于分析高加索地区奴隶制的现代俄罗斯史学。作者得出的结论是,尽管对地方和个人案例的关注越来越高,但描述高加索奴隶制的作品总体上相当少,而且出现的相对较少。因此,对高加索地区的奴隶制没有一个统一的全面的描述,甚至对其残酷程度的评价也可能有很大的不同。文章的第一部分介绍了白种人奴隶制的术语定义,并阐明了研究白种人奴隶制的语境。研究表明,研究人员通常不定义“奴隶制”的概念,这导致了严重的扭曲:有时只有一种高加索奴隶制被称为“奴隶制”,而其他类型的奴隶制被忽视;有时,各种形式的依赖被混合在一个“奴隶制”的定义下,等等。作者建议在研究中对该术语进行界定,以避免严重的术语性和概念性扭曲。作为研究奴隶制的背景,作者建议使用黑海奴隶贸易轨迹的历史。俄罗斯在该地区的影响力在19世纪占据主导地位,高加索奴隶制的主要形式是在完全不符合俄罗斯的社会条件下形成的。高加索地区特有的对待奴隶制的方式是基于地中海伊斯兰教的做法,在这些做法之外无法得到适当的理解。最后,只有考虑到地中海奴隶制的某些形式相对温和,才能理解一些高加索习俗,比如把自己的孩子卖为奴隶。
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引用次数: 0
Stock Exchange and Commercial Banks during the First World War 第一次世界大战期间的证券交易所和商业银行
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.106
P. Lizunov
In connection with the recently published monograph on the First World War by the famous historian Irina Potkina “On the eve of the catastrophe. The state and economy of Russia in 1914–1917”, it is appropriate to evaluate a new book and the events that took place a century ago. The First World War is often referred to as “an unknown war” and “unfairly forgotten”, which is hardly true. The publication of scholarly books and articles, documents, memoirs, and fiction about the First World War prove the opposite. Over the past 100 years, the assessments, views and approaches to the study of the First World War have changed, but the interest in it has never faded. It should be acknowledged that there are still many unresearched and poorly studied topics. I. Potkina’s statements about the level of pre-war development and the importance of the Russian stock market and the banking sector cannot be fully accepted. She comes to the conclusion that during the war years, the Russian economy experienced processes similar to those in most European countries. It is hardly indisputable, especially the assertion about the positive results of the regulation of the credit and financial system. The policy of the tsarist government in relation to the exchange and banks contradicts this opinion. It is also difficult to point out the effectiveness of economic policy, especially in 1917. The authorities lost control over the political, economic and social processes in the country. Russia was going through a severe crisis that led to the overthrow of the autocracy.
关于著名历史学家伊琳娜·波基娜最近出版的关于第一次世界大战的专著《灾难前夕》。《1914-1917年俄罗斯的国家和经济》,评价一本新书和一个世纪前发生的事件是合适的。第一次世界大战经常被称为“一场未知的战争”和“不公平地被遗忘”,这几乎是不正确的。关于第一次世界大战的学术书籍、文章、文件、回忆录和小说的出版证明了相反的情况。在过去的100年里,对第一次世界大战的评估、观点和研究方法发生了变化,但对它的兴趣从未消退。应该承认,仍有许多未研究和研究不足的课题。波基纳关于战前发展水平以及俄罗斯股市和银行业重要性的言论不能完全被接受。她得出的结论是,在战争年代,俄罗斯经济经历了与大多数欧洲国家相似的过程。这几乎是无可争辩的,尤其是关于信贷和金融体系监管的积极结果的断言。沙皇政府对外汇和银行的政策与这种观点相矛盾。也很难指出经济政策的有效性,尤其是在1917年。当局失去了对该国政治、经济和社会进程的控制。当时的俄罗斯正经历一场严重的危机,导致独裁政权被推翻。
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引用次数: 0
Factors of the Fall of the Russian Empire and their Evaluation in Historical Science 俄罗斯帝国灭亡的因素及其史学评价
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.103
N. O. Voskresenskaya
Periods in the life of a country, when it radically changes its civilizational trajectory, cannot but attract the attention of researchers. For the Russian Empire, the First World War turned out to be the zone of such crucial revolutionary turbulence: the empire ceased to exist. What circumstances led to this turn of events? Was the wrong economic policy of the state authorities the main reason for the fall of the monarchy? The issues of state regulation of national economy of Russia during the First World War in the context of possible factors that caused the death of the empire are discussed in the monograph “On the Threshold of the Catastrophe. State and Economy of Russia in 1914–1917” by Irina V. Potkina, Dr. Sci. in History. The logic of the analysis led the scholar to the conclusion that the economic policy of the Provisional Government proved to be destructive for the country. The atmosphere of mutual distrust and suspicion in the Russian society also played an important role. This article continues this theme and shows that some mental and behavioral characteristics of Russian people contributed greatly to the country’s path to the disaster. Some people were involved in illegal activities under the influence of technologies for manipulating public consciousness practiced by opposition political parties. The Bolsheviks, whose activities, from the standpoint of modern Russian legislation, falls under the definition of “extremism”, enjoyed the greatest success. The author of the article concludes that it is necessary to correct the evaluation of historical events in the academic and educational literature.
在一个国家的生命中,当它从根本上改变其文明轨迹时,不能不引起研究人员的注意。对俄罗斯帝国来说,第一次世界大战变成了如此关键的革命动荡的地区:帝国不复存在。是什么情况导致了事态的转变?国家当局错误的经济政策是君主制灭亡的主要原因吗?专著《论浩劫的门槛》从可能导致帝国灭亡的因素出发,探讨了一战期间俄罗斯国家对国民经济的调控问题。《1914-1917年俄国的国家与经济》,伊莉娜·v·波基娜博士著。在历史上。分析的逻辑使这位学者得出结论,即临时政府的经济政策对国家具有破坏性。俄罗斯社会中相互不信任和猜疑的气氛也发挥了重要作用。这篇文章延续了这一主题,并展示了俄罗斯人的一些心理和行为特征对该国走向灾难的道路起了很大的作用。有些人在反对党操纵公众意识的技术的影响下参与了非法活动。布尔什维克的活动,从现代俄罗斯立法的角度来看,属于“极端主义”的定义,享有最大的成功。本文认为,有必要纠正学术和教育文献中对历史事件的评价。
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引用次数: 0
The House of Bourbon and Сonstitutional Revolutions in Southern Europe 波旁王朝与Сonstitutional南欧革命
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.111
Oleg V. Anisimov
The article examines the transfer of ideas and practices of constitutionalism from Spain to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1812–1820. On the basis of dispatches of the Russian envoy in Naples Gustav Stackelberg, the author analyses the features of the revolutionary events of the summer — autumn of 1820. The immediate objects of Count Stackelberg’s observation in Naples were the situation of the Bourbon monarchy and the new constitutional government; their relations with the Carbonari society; relations within the diplomatic corps and among representatives of the great powers. The article also examines texts of constitutional acts that formed the main milestones of the development of constitutionalism in Southern Europe: the Bayonne Statute of 1808, the Cadiz Constitution of 1812, the Sicilian Constitution of 1812, the French Charter of 1814, and the “constitution of Murat” of 1815. An attempt is made to compare the constitutional revolutions in Spain and Italy in 1820–1823: contradictions of domestic politics, the struggle of the Liberal Party and the opposition, support for the army, parliamentary activity, the fight against separatist movements, complications in foreign policy and opposition to the Holy Alliance, the role of Kings Ferdinand VII of Spain and Ferdinand I of Naples in the development of constitutional practice. This approach corresponds to modern trends in the history of the Restoration era, in which the concept of the “liberal international” is tested against Russian diplomatic sources. G. Stackelberg did not just observe the Neapolitan Revolution; he noted obvious parallels with the Spanish Revolution and reported on any attempts of covert contacts of revolutionaries from all over Europe. His political ideal was the French Charter of 1814, the application of which to the Neapolitan political situation he wanted to see in order to avoid the worst consequences of the intervention of the Austrian Empire. The author concludes that the borrowing of the Spanish constitution by the Neapolitans took place within the prepared framework, becoming a logical stage in the development of constitutionalism in countries close to each other not only in spirit, but being for a long time in the orbit of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic despotic influence. The article also shows that Stackelberg modernized the pattern of the era about the “pan-European conspiracy” and created its more moderate version based on his observations of the development of the constitutional revolution in Naples.
本文考察了1812-1820年间西班牙向两西西里王国的宪政思想和实践的转移。根据俄国驻那不勒斯使节古斯塔夫·斯塔克尔伯格的电报,分析了1820年夏秋两季革命事件的特点。斯塔克尔伯格伯爵在那不勒斯观察的直接对象是波旁王朝和新立宪政府的局势;他们与烧炭党社会的关系;外交使团内部和大国代表之间的关系。本文还考察了构成南欧宪政发展主要里程碑的宪法法案文本:1808年的巴约讷规约、1812年的加的斯宪法、1812年的西西里宪法、1814年的法国宪章和1815年的“缪拉宪法”。本文试图比较1820-1823年西班牙和意大利的宪政革命:国内政治的矛盾,自由党与反对派的斗争,对军队的支持,议会活动,对分离主义运动的斗争,外交政策的复杂性和对神圣联盟的反对,西班牙国王费迪南德七世和那不勒斯国王费迪南德一世在宪法实践发展中的作用。这种方法符合复辟时代历史上的现代趋势,其中“自由国际”的概念受到了俄罗斯外交来源的考验。G. Stackelberg不仅观察了那不勒斯革命;他指出了西班牙革命的明显相似之处,并报告了欧洲各地革命者秘密接触的任何企图。他的政治理想是1814年的法国宪章,他希望将其应用于那不勒斯的政治局势,以避免奥地利帝国干预的最坏后果。作者认为,那不勒斯人对西班牙宪法的借鉴是在事先准备好的框架内进行的,不仅在精神上彼此接近,而且长期处于法国革命和拿破仑专制影响的轨道中,成为宪政发展的一个合乎逻辑的阶段。文章还指出,斯塔克尔伯格基于对那不勒斯立宪革命发展的观察,对“泛欧阴谋”的时代模式进行了现代化改造,创造了更为温和的时代模式。
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引用次数: 0
Finnish-Turkish Relations as Reported by Envoy Yrjö-Koskinen 特使报告的芬兰与土耳其关系Yrjö-Koskinen
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.210
A. Rupasov
This article focuses on Finland’s relations with Turkey in 1940–1944. Although Turkey recognized Finland’s independence as early as 1918 and established diplomatic relations with Finland in 1926, Finland did not have a diplomatic mission in Ankara until 1940. The protracted nature of the relations was mainly determined by the lack of a basis (political or economic) for Finland’s interest in Turkey. A sharply changed situation following the Soviet-Finnish war (1939–1940) and the war in Europe inevitably required additional information for evaluation of the processes taking place. Neutral Turkey could provide such an opportunity even by virtue of the fact that the Finnish diplomatic representative was able to contact with diplomats of both Axis and Western powers (with the British Embassy before relations with Finland were severed by England in 1943). The content of the reports of the Finnish envoy A. A. Yrjö-Koskinen enable to imagine the extremely difficult situation of Turkey, which was under constant political pressure from the opposing sides. From the point of view of the Turkish state and military leadership, the victory of either side in the World War posed a risk to Turkey. In reality, Yrjö-Koskinen’s role as the head of Finland’s diplomatic mission was reduced to collecting somewhat chaotic information about world events, not always accompanied by his own analyses or comments. At the same time, the envoy’s reports to the Finnish Foreign Ministry showed the lack of any evident Turkish interest in the development of relations with Finland.
本文主要讨论1940-1944年芬兰与土耳其的关系。虽然土耳其早在1918年就承认芬兰的独立,并于1926年与芬兰建立外交关系,但芬兰直到1940年才在安卡拉设立外交使团。两国关系的长期性主要是由于芬兰在土耳其的利益缺乏基础(政治或经济)。在苏芬战争(1939-1940)和欧洲战争之后,形势发生了急剧变化,不可避免地需要更多的信息来评估正在发生的进程。芬兰特使A. A. Yrjö-Koskinen报告的内容使人能够想象土耳其处于敌对双方不断施加政治压力的极其困难的局势。从土耳其国家和军事领导人的角度来看,世界大战中任何一方的胜利都对土耳其构成了威胁。在现实中,Yrjö-Koskinen作为芬兰外交使团负责人的角色被简化为收集一些关于世界事件的混乱信息,并不总是伴随着他自己的分析或评论。与此同时,特使向芬兰外交部提交的报告显示,土耳其对发展与芬兰的关系没有任何明显的兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
Ideology of the Movement of Liberal Legalists and the Theory of Conservative Liberalism 自由法家运动的意识形态与保守自由主义理论
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.201
D. Rybin
The great reforms of Alexander II formed a movement of liberal lawyers in the Russian Empire who were seeking ways of modernization of the country’s socio-political system on European models. We propose referring to this group of lawyers as “liberal legalists”. Liberal legalists are understood as an association of liberal dignitaries of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries, mainly judiciaries and legal scholars. The ideology of legalists can be defined as conservative liberalism, and their ideological inspiration was the famous legal scholar B. N. Chicherin. The movement of liberal legalists has not been studied in historical science, yet this topic seems important for the formation of a holistic and objective picture of the socio-political history of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree of participation of legalists in the general conservative-liberal movement of the empire at the turn of the century deserves a separate discussion. This movement encompassed like-minded circles of zemstvo and urban intelligentsia, and part of the middle- and upper-class bourgeoisie. In contrast to the history of the organization of zemstvo unions described in scholarship, the history of legalist activity as a socio-political movement has not been identified or defined. The use of archives of legalist societies, memoirs and diaries of imperial lawyers enables to reconstruct this movement and determine its role in the liberation movement. The use of the problem-based approach and chronological method made it possible to carry out this reconstruction.
亚历山大二世的伟大改革在俄罗斯帝国形成了一场自由主义律师运动,他们正在寻求以欧洲模式实现国家社会政治制度现代化的途径。我们建议把这群律师称为“自由法家”。自由法学家被理解为19世纪下半叶至20世纪初俄罗斯帝国的自由主义显要人士的协会,主要是司法和法律学者。法家的思想可以定义为保守的自由主义,他们的思想灵感来自于著名的法学家b·n·奇切林。自由法家运动还没有在历史科学中被研究过,但这个话题似乎对19世纪下半叶和20世纪初俄罗斯帝国社会政治历史的整体和客观图景的形成很重要。在世纪之交,法学家参与帝国保守-自由运动的程度值得单独讨论。这场运动包括志趣相投的地方自治组织和城市知识分子,以及部分中产阶级和上层资产阶级。与学术界所描述的地方自治工会组织的历史相反,法家活动作为一种社会政治运动的历史还没有被确定或定义。利用法家社团的档案、帝国律师的回忆录和日记,可以重建这一运动,并确定其在解放运动中的作用。采用基于问题的方法和按时间顺序排列的方法使进行这种重建成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
The Russian Empire as a Regulator of the Hajj and Russian Orthodox Pilgrimage 俄罗斯帝国作为朝觐和俄罗斯东正教朝圣的监管者
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.215
Oleg V. Anisimov
The work by Eileen Kane on the Russian Empire’s experience of regulating the hajj — the Muslim pilgrimage from the Volga region, the Caucasus, and Central Asia to the Middle East — is of interest not only from the perspective of Asian and African studies or the history of religion. It is also, potentially, a comparative study as the author illustrates her observations and conclusions by referring to Russia’s policies towards the Christian populations of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire. E. Kane advances a debatable thesis that Russia provided unofficial support for the hajj undertaken by its subjects. Whereas the patronage of Russian Orthodox pilgrimage was fully in line with Russia’s geopolitical role in the Middle East as well as with the tsarist ideology, open declaration of its interest in an organized hajj was out of the question for the Russian government. The idea of regulating the hajj was consistent with Russia’s need to integrate its Muslim subjects into the empire in order to secure the imperial rule. In the Ottoman Empire, adherents of various religions united under one dynasty and entitled to its consular protection can be viewed from the perspective of comparative historical research and the authorities’ general idea of imperial unity. In this case, the modes of comparison can be the following: the appropriation by the authorities of the traditions of pilgrimage and the hajj; their modernization; controversies in implementing the policies; consular protection; the subjugation of the clergy to the imperial bureaucracy. The profound differences between the two religious cultures, Christianity and Islam, resulted in the differences between Russia’s Muslim and Orthodox presence in the Middle East. In the late 19th century, Orthodox subjects of the tsar upon arriving at the destination of their pilgrimage, were offered the services of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society: they could use the accommodation owned by the “Russian Palestine”, and were provided with spiritual guidance by the Russian Orthodox ecclesiastical mission in Jerusalem. Muslim subjects of the tsar did not enjoy the same level of official protection.
艾琳·凯恩(Eileen Kane)对俄罗斯帝国管理朝觐(从伏尔加河地区、高加索地区、中亚到中东的穆斯林朝圣)经验的研究,不仅从亚非研究或宗教史的角度来看,令人感兴趣。这也可能是一项比较研究,因为作者通过参考俄罗斯对奥斯曼帝国阿拉伯省份的基督徒人口的政策来说明她的观察和结论。凯恩提出了一个有争议的论点,即俄罗斯为其臣民进行的朝觐提供了非官方的支持。尽管对俄罗斯东正教朝圣的赞助完全符合俄罗斯在中东的地缘政治角色,也符合沙皇的意识形态,但对俄罗斯政府来说,公开宣布对有组织的朝觐感兴趣是不可能的。规范朝觐的想法与俄罗斯将其穆斯林臣民纳入帝国以确保帝国统治的需要是一致的。在奥斯曼帝国,各种宗教的信徒统一在一个王朝下,并享有其领事保护,可以从比较历史研究的角度和当局对帝国统一的总体观念来看待。在这种情况下,比较模式可以是:当局对朝圣和朝觐传统的挪用;他们的现代化;政策实施中的争议;领事保护;神职人员对帝国官僚的屈从。基督教和伊斯兰教这两种宗教文化之间的深刻差异,导致了俄罗斯穆斯林和东正教在中东存在的差异。在19世纪后期,沙皇的东正教臣民在到达他们朝圣的目的地时,被提供了帝国东正教巴勒斯坦协会的服务:他们可以使用“俄罗斯巴勒斯坦”拥有的住宿,并由俄罗斯东正教教会在耶路撒冷的传教团提供精神指导。沙皇的穆斯林臣民没有享受同等程度的官方保护。
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引用次数: 0
Everyday Life of the Staff in Koltuban Filtration Camp 科尔图班过滤营工作人员的日常生活
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.205
Artem V. Latyshev
The article examines the everyday life of the staff of Koltuban filtration camp. It operated from early 1942 to autumn 1943 in the west of the Chkalov (Orenburg) region. Its task was to filter Soviet soldiers who returned from captivity or who had been in the occupied territory. The article describes the identity of the camp commanders, the sources of recruitment of ordinary employees, their number, educational levels and gender composition. In many respects, the camp staff were close to inmates: forced mobilization for service, harsh material conditions, the desire to go to the front. Strict discipline was maintained among minor staff members, but large-scale theft and embezzlement was regularly carried out mainly by middle-ranking management. Everyday contacts between the guards and inmates primarily centred around trade and barter. Cases of aggression and cruelty are not reflected in the documents, neither are close contacts between the staff and the inmates. This article pays special attention to the tensions among the camp administration due to the uncertain status of the filtration camps. The special department not only maintained its independence in filtration but also claimed to play the main role in the management of the entire camp. The prosecutor sought to go beyond the boundaries of his functions. The commissar wanted to solve all issues on an equal footing with the head of the camp and make changes to the regime for inmates, which would turn the filtration camp into a kind of reserve military unit.
本文考察了科尔图班过滤营工作人员的日常生活。它从1942年初到1943年秋天在奇卡洛夫(奥伦堡)地区的西部运作。它的任务是筛选从囚禁中返回或曾在占领区的苏联士兵。文章描述了营地指挥官的身份、普通雇员的招聘来源、人数、教育水平和性别构成。在许多方面,集中营的工作人员与囚犯关系密切:被迫动员服役,物质条件恶劣,渴望去前线。对下级工作人员实行严格的纪律,但主要由中层管理人员经常进行大规模盗窃和挪用公款。看守和囚犯之间的日常接触主要集中在贸易和物物交换上。文件中没有反映侵略和残忍的案件,工作人员和囚犯之间的密切接触也没有反映出来。本文特别关注由于过滤营地地位不确定而导致的营地管理紧张局势。特殊部门不仅在过滤方面保持独立,而且声称在整个集中营的管理中起主要作用。检察官企图超越他的职权范围。政委希望与集中营负责人平等地解决所有问题,并改变囚犯的制度,这将使过滤营成为一种预备役军事单位。
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引用次数: 0
Russian History in the Monumental Sculpture of Pre-Revolutionary Saint Petersburg 革命前圣彼得堡纪念性雕塑中的俄罗斯历史
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.212
D. Sosnitsky
The article is devoted to the analysis of the complex of monumental sculptures of pre-revolutionary St Petersburg in terms of their influence on the construction of mass ideas about the history of Russia. The list of monuments created and installed in St Petersburg since the beginning of the 18th century until 1917 has been compiled on the basis on the analysis of reference books and researches. The article describes the circumstances of installation of some significant monuments, their interpretation of objects of historical memory (historical figures, events, phenomena). The author also analyses active participation of some emperors (Catherine II, Alexander III, Nicholas II) in the creation of projects for monuments to historical figures and events and their role in the formation of the sculptural appearance of StPetersburg. The study outlines three main groups of monuments and describes the quantitative proportion between them. It identifies the most popular heroes of the Russian history and concludes about the reasons for the popularity of various heroes and plots. The article provides calculations that demonstrate quantitative trends in the installation of monuments during the period in question. The study includes analysis of the press of St Petersburg devoted to the unveiling of some monuments and to expert opinions about the monuments. The article makes conclusions about the reasons for the dominance of monuments to rulers, statesmen, and representatives of the imperial family over other groups and analyses the image of the past formed by the monumental sculpture of St Petersburg in the imperial period.
这篇文章致力于分析革命前圣彼得堡的纪念性雕塑建筑群对俄罗斯历史的大众观念建设的影响。从18世纪初到1917年,在圣彼得堡建立和安装的纪念碑名单是在参考书籍和研究分析的基础上编制的。本文描述了一些重要纪念碑的安装情况,以及它们对历史记忆对象(历史人物、事件、现象)的解释。作者还分析了一些皇帝(叶卡捷琳娜二世、亚历山大三世、尼古拉斯二世)积极参与历史人物和事件纪念碑的创建项目,以及他们在圣彼得堡雕塑外观形成中的作用。该研究概述了三组主要的纪念碑,并描述了它们之间的数量比例。它确定了俄罗斯历史上最受欢迎的英雄,并总结了各种英雄和情节受欢迎的原因。这篇文章提供的计算表明了在这一时期纪念碑的数量趋势。这项研究包括对圣彼得堡专门为一些纪念碑揭幕的媒体的分析,以及对纪念碑的专家意见。文章总结了统治者、政治家和皇室代表的纪念碑凌驾于其他群体之上的原因,并分析了帝国时期圣彼得堡纪念性雕塑所形成的过去形象。
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引用次数: 0
Promoting Leningrad Cadres in the First Post-War Years 战后初期对列宁格勒干部的提拔
IF 0.2 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2023.206
Aleksei N. Fedorov
The article examines the mechanism, scale and reasons for promoting Leningrad cadres to central and regional bodies in 1946–1949. The prevailing opinion in Russian historiography is that during the first post-war years, hundreds of executives from Leningrad received significant posts in Moscow and different regions of the country thanks to A. A. Kuznetsov. The study of personnel policies of the 1940s reveals that A. A. Kuznetsov, as the head of the Cadre Department of the Central Committee, was responsible for the preparation of issues concerning cadres, but the decisions were made by the Secretariat and Politburo. The country’s top leadership, and especially J. V. Stalin, carefully controlled all key personnel reshuffles, so A. A. Kuznetsov could not freely promote his people. An analysis of the archival documents shows that there was no large-scale expansion of Leningrad cadres in the first post-war years. In 1945–1948, only 20–30 people from Leningrad annually received high positions. In contrast to appointees from other regions, they more often headed obkoms and oblispolkoms, and yet their share in the regional leadership of the USSR was small. The active promotion of Leningrad leaders was primarily due to the fact that many of them had university degrees nd solid managerial experience. The Central Committee tried to overcome the shortage of qualified middle-ranking managers with the help of Leningraders, as well as employees of central and metropolitan departments. For the same reason, some regional leaders were also interested in Leningraders. The promotion of Leningrad cadres continued even when G. M. Malenkov became again responsible for their selection and was stopped only because of the “Leningrad affair”.
本文考察了1946-1949年列宁格勒干部晋升中央和地方机关的机制、规模和原因。俄罗斯史学界的普遍观点是,在战后的头几年里,列宁格勒的数百名高管在库兹涅佐夫的帮助下,在莫斯科和俄罗斯其他地区获得了重要职位。对20世纪40年代人事政策的研究表明,库兹涅佐夫作为中央干部部部长,负责干部问题的准备工作,但决策是由书记处和政治局作出的。该国的最高领导层,尤其是j·v·斯大林,小心翼翼地控制着所有关键人员的人事调整,因此库兹涅佐夫不能自由提拔他的人。对档案文件的分析表明,列宁格勒干部在战后的头几年并没有大规模的扩张。1945-1948年,列宁格勒每年只有20-30人获得高层职位。与其他地区的被任命者相比,他们更多的是领导大城市和小城市,但他们在苏联地区领导中的份额很小。列宁格勒领导人的积极晋升主要是因为他们中的许多人拥有大学学位和扎实的管理经验。中央委员会试图在列宁格勒人以及中央和地方部门的雇员的帮助下,克服合格中层管理人员的短缺。出于同样的原因,一些地区领导人也对列宁格勒人感兴趣。列宁格勒干部的晋升甚至在g.m. Malenkov再次负责他们的选拔时仍在继续,只是因为“列宁格勒事件”而停止。
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Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya
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