Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.409
Sandra Cvikić
This paper provides a study case of the First World War Croatian Major General Otmar Babić. It investigates the post-First World War national identity construction and shifting state loyalties of this Austro-Hungarian high-ranking military official in three different state regimes: the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Independent State of Croatia. In view of the limited scope of this paper, the presented preliminary findings are narrowly focused on the text – on Otmar Babić’s statements in various types of narrations. His personal records are treated as narrations that belong to the historization of warfare experience – a military history from below. Therefore, this micro-level sociological study has analyzed developed discourse and discursive practices reflected in the correspondence between Major General Babić and state institutions, and his private, more intimate, writings expressed in poetry. Otmar Babic’s statements have been analyzed and treated as social representations expressed in discourse about the impact of the First World War on his life. Foucauldian discourse analysis applied as methodology has therefore, enabled to do qualitative sociological research into the shifting nature of Otmar Babić’s identity construction in different state regimes, as well as into his shifting state loyalties after the First World War when he was retired. Otmar Babić’s case provides a subjective account of the military past and post-war life and represents a source of First World War history from a personal perspective and a true testimony to the long lost Croatian cultural memory.
{"title":"Identity Construction and State Loyalties of Otmar Babić","authors":"Sandra Cvikić","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.409","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a study case of the First World War Croatian Major General Otmar Babić. It investigates the post-First World War national identity construction and shifting state loyalties of this Austro-Hungarian high-ranking military official in three different state regimes: the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Independent State of Croatia. In view of the limited scope of this paper, the presented preliminary findings are narrowly focused on the text – on Otmar Babić’s statements in various types of narrations. His personal records are treated as narrations that belong to the historization of warfare experience – a military history from below. Therefore, this micro-level sociological study has analyzed developed discourse and discursive practices reflected in the correspondence between Major General Babić and state institutions, and his private, more intimate, writings expressed in poetry. Otmar Babic’s statements have been analyzed and treated as social representations expressed in discourse about the impact of the First World War on his life. Foucauldian discourse analysis applied as methodology has therefore, enabled to do qualitative sociological research into the shifting nature of Otmar Babić’s identity construction in different state regimes, as well as into his shifting state loyalties after the First World War when he was retired. Otmar Babić’s case provides a subjective account of the military past and post-war life and represents a source of First World War history from a personal perspective and a true testimony to the long lost Croatian cultural memory.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81501058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.303
B. Mironov
In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — a replacement of the traditional type of population reproduction with the modern one. A significant part of the population had rationalized demographic behavior; demographic indicators had improved; the efficiency of population reproduction had increased; intra-family relations had been humanized; and individual birth control had been developed — mainly in cities. The demographic transition began earlier than is commonly thought — among the townspeople of the Saint Petersburg province, where obvious signs of birth control and a decrease in mortality and marriage were already revealed in the first half of the 19th century. The province was in the lead because it was the most urbanized and one of the most cosmopolitan, and Saint Petersburg was the most cosmopolitan city in Russia, which had intensive economic and cultural ties with the West, where demographic transition had already begun at the end of the 18th century in France. In the second half of the 19th century, it spread among the entire urban population, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries — among the entire rural population of Russia, but to varying degrees in individual provinces. Demographic indicators had improved because of the progress of medicine and sanitation, the expansion of free medical care, an increase in the cultural level of the population, a change in demographic mentality, and the beginning of birth control, as well as due to an increase in the standard of living of the general population.
{"title":"Saint Petersburg at the Forefront of Demographic Transition in Russia","authors":"B. Mironov","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.303","url":null,"abstract":"In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — a replacement of the traditional type of population reproduction with the modern one. A significant part of the population had rationalized demographic behavior; demographic indicators had improved; the efficiency of population reproduction had increased; intra-family relations had been humanized; and individual birth control had been developed — mainly in cities. The demographic transition began earlier than is commonly thought — among the townspeople of the Saint Petersburg province, where obvious signs of birth control and a decrease in mortality and marriage were already revealed in the first half of the 19th century. The province was in the lead because it was the most urbanized and one of the most cosmopolitan, and Saint Petersburg was the most cosmopolitan city in Russia, which had intensive economic and cultural ties with the West, where demographic transition had already begun at the end of the 18th century in France. In the second half of the 19th century, it spread among the entire urban population, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries — among the entire rural population of Russia, but to varying degrees in individual provinces. Demographic indicators had improved because of the progress of medicine and sanitation, the expansion of free medical care, an increase in the cultural level of the population, a change in demographic mentality, and the beginning of birth control, as well as due to an increase in the standard of living of the general population.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88429802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.217
V. Shorokhov
The study investigates the materials of the Russian ambassade S. Islen’ev and M. Griazev to the court of the Qizilbash shah Safī, stored in the funds of Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The archival file is a set of documents reflecting the process of the exchange of embassies between the Russian Tsardom and the Safavid Empire in 1635–1637. The aim of the embassy of S. I. Islen’ev and M. K. Griazev was to discuss some topical issues of bilateral relations such as duties, restitution cases, the purchase of Iranian niter etc. In addition, the documents describe the features of the court ceremonial in relation to foreign guests. The good preservation of the documents gives researchers the opportunity to study the ambassade at great length. As for the results of the embassy of Islen’ev and Griazev, they can be regarded as moderately positive. The high level of bilateral relations and their positive nature (“friendship and love”) were confirmed. In addition, the Safavid side once again confirmed the need to verify the membership of embassies and trade missions. On the other hand, the attempt of the tsar’s ambassadors to purchase niter in the shah’s possessions ended in failure. In general, the embassy of S. Islen’ev and M. Griazev was an ordinary diplomatic mission in terms of tasks and results, but this is its value for a scholar. Sustainability of the bilateral agenda and the presence of well-known “stumbling blocks” in its framework contributed to the regularity of Russian-Safavid ties.
该研究调查了俄罗斯大使S. Islen 'ev和M. Griazev向齐齐尔巴什·沙阿·萨夫斯宫廷提交的材料，这些材料保存在俄罗斯国家古代行为档案馆的资金中。该档案文件是反映1635年至1637年俄罗斯沙皇与萨法维帝国交换大使馆过程的一套文件。S. I. Islen 'ev和M. K. Griazev大使馆的目的是讨论双边关系中的一些热点问题，如关税、赔偿案件、购买伊朗石油等。此外，这些文件还描述了与外国客人有关的宫廷仪式的特点。这些文件的完好保存使研究人员有机会对大使进行详细的研究。至于Islen 'ev和Griazev大使馆的结果，可以认为是适度积极的。双方确认了双边关系的高水平及其积极性质(“友谊和爱情”)。此外，萨法维方面再次确认有必要核查大使馆和贸易代表团的成员。另一方面，沙皇的大使们试图在沙阿的属地购买镍的尝试以失败告终。总的来说，就任务和结果而言，伊斯连耶夫和格里亚泽夫的大使馆是一个普通的外交使团，但这是它对学者的价值。双边议程的可持续性及其框架中众所周知的“绊脚石”的存在有助于俄萨关系的正常发展。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.309
Emir Yener
The naval campaign of the Dnieper Liman, fought from the autumn of 1787 to the end of 1788, was one of the most decisive maritime confrontations in the modern history of the Eastern Mediterranean. Fought in conjunction with two major siege operations, the campaign between the naval forces of the Ottoman and Russian empires decided the fate of the key Turkish fortress of Özi (Ochakov), which controlled the mouth of the Dnieper. The campaign was part of the Russian empress Catherine II’s second war with the Ottomans, a confrontation initiated by the Porte in response to Catherine II’s provocative “Greek Project” and fought with the aim of liberating the Crimean Khanate, annexed by Russia through force of arms in 1783. For the Ottoman side, the decisive operation was the storming and reduction of the Russian fortress of Kinburn, which blocked access to the Crimean interior. Since both Russians and Turks were fighting at the furthest point from their supply lines, gaining naval support and superiority was of paramount importance. Conscious of the role of sea power, Ottomans had prepared the greatest armada they ever put to the seas since the Morean Wars of 1684–1718, greatly outnumbering their adversary, the nascent Russian Black Sea Fleet. The protracted campaign of Liman resulted in the most shattering and costly Ottoman naval defeat of the Russo-Turkish Wars. Russia’s much trumpeted but in reality barren victory at Chesma in 1770 pales in comparison regarding the strategic results of the Liman campaign. The incident also serves as a perfect case study to reassess the Age of Sail in the Mediterranean.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.207
A. Cherkasov
This work is the first attempt to restore the combat path of a common soldier Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov. He fought on the Northern, Leningrad, 3rd Baltic, and 1st Ukrainian fronts. The work is based on a wide range of archival materials, most of which are introduced into the scholarship for the first time. Documents from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense, and the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia, Folklore Archive of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences National Archives of the Republic of Karelia, Central State Archives of Historical and Political Documents, Central State Archives of St Petersburg were used in the study. In conclusion, the author states that Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov in the rank of a common soldier witnessed almost the entire Great Patriotic War — as a shooter in the combat composition of rifle units, in the infantry (the only exception was the period from August to September 1941 when soldier Cherkasov was the commander of a mortar crew). The service in army units was interrupted five times by wounds received in battles, and each time Ivan Ivanovich got back in line. His combat career began in the 2nd Leningrad Division of the People’s Militia; then there were the 168th and 128th rifle divisions. He served in the latter from the summer of 1942 to May 1945.
{"title":"The Combat Path of a Common Soldier Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov","authors":"A. Cherkasov","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.207","url":null,"abstract":"This work is the first attempt to restore the combat path of a common soldier Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov. He fought on the Northern, Leningrad, 3rd Baltic, and 1st Ukrainian fronts. The work is based on a wide range of archival materials, most of which are introduced into the scholarship for the first time. Documents from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense, and the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia, Folklore Archive of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences National Archives of the Republic of Karelia, Central State Archives of Historical and Political Documents, Central State Archives of St Petersburg were used in the study. In conclusion, the author states that Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov in the rank of a common soldier witnessed almost the entire Great Patriotic War — as a shooter in the combat composition of rifle units, in the infantry (the only exception was the period from August to September 1941 when soldier Cherkasov was the commander of a mortar crew). The service in army units was interrupted five times by wounds received in battles, and each time Ivan Ivanovich got back in line. His combat career began in the 2nd Leningrad Division of the People’s Militia; then there were the 168th and 128th rifle divisions. He served in the latter from the summer of 1942 to May 1945.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89922712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.407
Gleb Schmidt
On the wave of religious enthusiasm and monastic reform under Cluny’s influence, monasteries focused their particular attention on the memory of the institution. Collective memory recorded and structured interactions of the brethren with the society, preserving the names of benefactors, patrons, and other emblematic figures. It helped communities shape their identities, demarcating their monastic networks and protecting and reclaiming their property from any exterior intervention or usurpation. This article considers three documents that have almost entirely escaped scholarly attention. This small dossier is a significant of example of how the brethren of Saint-Thierry in Reims disputed their property rights to the small demesne of Villers-Franqueux against powerful, local noblement and the Archbishops of Reims in the third quarter of the 11th century. Engaged in this property dispute, the community deployed different legal measures and appealed to exterior royal authority. The monks did not hesitate to forge the material and mention an influential person of the moment, Queen Anna, who ruled as regent around that time, in order to solidify their position. This manifold and detailed ‘protective narrative’ constructed by the monks of Saint-Thierry was also supplemented by hagiographical texts intended to provide the community’s claims to Villers-Franqueux with a sacred, transcendent legitimacy, which had to present the deeds of the monastery’s adversaries as not only illegal but also as going against God’s will. All of this, as the subsequent history of Saint-Thierry suggests, allowed the community to overcome in the struggle and retain Villers-Franqueux, which became one of the core elements of its demesne.
{"title":"The Monks of Saint-Thierry in a Property Dispute with the Archbishop of Reims","authors":"Gleb Schmidt","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.407","url":null,"abstract":"On the wave of religious enthusiasm and monastic reform under Cluny’s influence, monasteries focused their particular attention on the memory of the institution. Collective memory recorded and structured interactions of the brethren with the society, preserving the names of benefactors, patrons, and other emblematic figures. It helped communities shape their identities, demarcating their monastic networks and protecting and reclaiming their property from any exterior intervention or usurpation. This article considers three documents that have almost entirely escaped scholarly attention. This small dossier is a significant of example of how the brethren of Saint-Thierry in Reims disputed their property rights to the small demesne of Villers-Franqueux against powerful, local noblement and the Archbishops of Reims in the third quarter of the 11th century. Engaged in this property dispute, the community deployed different legal measures and appealed to exterior royal authority. The monks did not hesitate to forge the material and mention an influential person of the moment, Queen Anna, who ruled as regent around that time, in order to solidify their position. This manifold and detailed ‘protective narrative’ constructed by the monks of Saint-Thierry was also supplemented by hagiographical texts intended to provide the community’s claims to Villers-Franqueux with a sacred, transcendent legitimacy, which had to present the deeds of the monastery’s adversaries as not only illegal but also as going against God’s will. All of this, as the subsequent history of Saint-Thierry suggests, allowed the community to overcome in the struggle and retain Villers-Franqueux, which became one of the core elements of its demesne.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80304511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.317
M. Daniš
The presented study synthesizes both established as well as most recent knowledge on the life and work of Professor Eugen Yulianovich Perfecky, who worked in Slovakia from 1922 until his death in 1947. He was, among other things, a graduate of the University of St Petersburg and an outstanding student of Professor A. A. Shakhmatov. The first group of Russian scholars came to Czechoslovakia in 1921, and in the same year, at the suggestion and recommendation of Prof. Vatroslav Jagič and Lubomír Niederle, he received an invitation to the newly established Comenius University in Bratislava. Within E. Perfecky’s scholarly work, the two most important areas of research were: the history of Subcarpathian Rus’ and analytical and comparative research of medieval chronicles. E. Perfecky was a supporter of the Ukrainian orientation of the national culture of Subcarpathian Russia. The outcomes of his research, particularly in the comparative studies of Russian chronicles with German, Polish, Hungarian, and Czech chronicles, significantly advanced the respective expertise, thus making him a worthy successor to the Russian textological research of early Russian chronicles pioneered by A. A. Shakhmatov. E. Perfecky maintanted a great scholarly network and worked closely with C. Slavists, such as J. Bidlo, L. Niederle, K. Jirechek, M. Weingart, J. Macurek. He cooperated with Professor Jagiсh in Vienna, with the Norwegian Slavist O. Brok, and other leading Slavists in Poland and Germany. E. Perfecky also collaborated with a number of Russian and Ukrainian emigrant historians. In Slovakia, E. Perfecky laid a solid foundation for further historical research of Russian chronicles as well as for studies of the history of Eastern Europe.
所提出的研究综合了Eugen Yulianovich Perfecky教授的生活和工作的既有知识和最新知识，他从1922年开始在斯洛伐克工作，直到1947年去世。除其他外，他毕业于圣彼得堡大学，是a . a .沙赫马托夫教授的杰出学生。第一批俄罗斯学者于1921年来到捷克斯洛伐克，同年，在Vatroslav jagije教授和Lubomír Niederle教授的建议和推荐下，他收到了布拉迪斯拉发新成立的Comenius大学的邀请。在E. Perfecky的学术工作中，两个最重要的研究领域是:Subcarpathian Rus的历史和中世纪编年史的分析和比较研究。E. Perfecky是苏喀尔巴阡山脉俄罗斯民族文化的乌克兰方向的支持者。他的研究成果，特别是在俄罗斯编年史与德国、波兰、匈牙利和捷克编年史的比较研究方面，大大提高了各自的专业知识，从而使他成为沙赫马托夫开创的早期俄罗斯编年史的俄罗斯考据学研究的有价值的继承者。E. Perfecky保持着一个庞大的学术网络，并与J. Bidlo, L. Niederle, K. Jirechek, M. Weingart, J. Macurek等C. slavist密切合作。他与维也纳的贾格斯赫教授、挪威的斯拉夫主义者O.布洛克以及波兰和德国的其他主要斯拉夫主义者合作。佩费基还与一些俄罗斯和乌克兰移民历史学家合作。在斯洛伐克，E. Perfecky为俄国编年史的进一步研究以及东欧历史的研究奠定了坚实的基础。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.408
Naira Hambardzumyan
The aim of the research is to study the activities of Armenian national, charitable organizations, boards of trustees, unions, colleges and schools established in the large cities of the Ottoman Empire with considerable Armenian population, particularly in Constantinople, in the second half of the 19th century. The charities helped schools and colleges with clothing, daily allowance, stationery, and financial means. The study undertakes to classify these companies and unions according to the purpose of their humanitarian and patriotic activities and their ideological basis. It is important not only in terms of systematization of charities and colleges but also in terms of women's issues in Armenology. The relevance of the study concerns the formation of ideas about women's issues and the awakening of women's self-consciousness in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. As a result, in the context of women's emancipation processes, not only the function of the Armenian charitable associations and colleges founded in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century, but also their goals, plans, strategies, and ideological bases have been studied. In addition, the research examines the issues of women's rights, emancipation, education, and upbringing in the period in question. Charities, schools and colleges founded by women functioned as a result of activities for the benefit of the nation. Many graduates of these institutions later became teachers, worked in newly opened schools and colleges, and spread progressive ideas of women's emancipation.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.107
T. Kudryavtseva
The article examines speech XXIV by Athenian orator Lysias “On the Refusal of a Pension” (V–IV c. BCE) This text provides not only an excellent example of a legal speech written by a renowned Attic orator but also invaluable material for the study of social policy of Athenian democracy, namely — adaptation and survival of people with disabilities in the ancient Greek polis. The author of the article agrees with those researchers who have no doubts concerning the authorship of the speech and its intention to be delivered during the litigation on dokimasia of “infirm” people in the Council 500. The article considers the information about the disabled people in Athens and the allowance granted to them, and analyses topoi frequently used by litigants in legal speeches. Similarly to other Athenian trials, the outcome of this is not known, nor is the fate of the disabled person and whether he managed to assert his position. The analysis of the strategies of litigants indicates that appealing to pathos, enhancing the image of a good citizen, and discrediting the opponent in combination with irony, humor, and dramatization of the trial, to a certain extent, often made an impact on judges and resulted in a favorable decision The whole repertoire of these tactics was effectively utilized by the orator in speech XXIV, therefore is reasonable to suggest that the success was almost guaranteed. It is also noteworthy that the Athenian law that granted the allowance to adynatoi was unique for the Ancient Greece and, in all probability, was connected with the development of Athenian democracy.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu02.2022.302
T. Minaeva
The article is devoted to the study of the participation of Western European merchants in the concession export trade of Russia in the reign of Peter I. Concession as a way of solving financial problems was often used in the trade and customs policy of Russia in the 17th–18th centuries. Having ascended the throne, Peter I continued to actively use the concession form of foreign trade of the country. Stateowned goods were transferred to the concession: caviar, rhubarb, flax, bristles, sheep wool, timber, forest chemical products. The concession export trade was mainly of interest to English and Dutch merchants, who had a large trade turnover and established themselves as reliable business partners of the government and the tsar personally, both in commercial and in diplomatic affairs. The state used the concessions not only as a solution to financial issues but also as a means to carry out foreign trade in wartime conditions, to obtain profitable trade orders abroad, to organize the sale of state-owned goods, which were not always of high quality, to attract merchants to the development of the port of Saint Petersburg, to encourage entrepreneurs who provided services to the Russian government.
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