This essay examines Rainer Maria Rilke's reception of the sculptor and poet Michelangelo in the context of interest in the Renaissance around 1900, focusing first on the Stundenbuch, the Florenzer Tagebuch and the story ʻVon einem, der die Steine belauschtʼ (from the prose collection: Geschichten vom lieben Gott). Drawing on Friedrich Nietzsche and his concept of Artistenmetaphysik, Rilke portrays Michelangelo as a ‘superman’ (ʻÜbermenschenʼ) and a desperate seeker for God. Rilke's translation of ʻSe ʼl mie rozzo martelloʼ then shows how he uses Michelangelo's poetic self-reflection to express a poetics of transformation (‘Verwandlung’) that focuses on the concept of ‘work’. Thus, Michelangelo becomes a figure of identification and reflection for Rilke in two respects: as a poet, he refers back to Rilke himself, as a sculptor to Auguste Rodin, who in his time was often perceived as a new Michelangelo.
{"title":"DIE ARBEIT DES ÜBERSETZENS: RILKE UND MICHELANGELO („SE ’L MIE ROZZO MARTELLO‘‘)","authors":"Astrid Dröse, Jörg Robert","doi":"10.1111/glal.12438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12438","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay examines Rainer Maria Rilke's reception of the sculptor and poet Michelangelo in the context of interest in the Renaissance around 1900, focusing first on the <i>Stundenbuch</i>, the <i>Florenzer Tagebuch</i> and the story ʻVon einem, der die Steine belauschtʼ (from the prose collection: <i>Geschichten vom lieben Gott</i>). Drawing on Friedrich Nietzsche and his concept of Artistenmetaphysik, Rilke portrays Michelangelo as a ‘superman’ (ʻÜbermenschenʼ) and a desperate seeker for God. Rilke's translation of ʻSe ʼl mie rozzo martelloʼ then shows how he uses Michelangelo's poetic self-reflection to express a poetics of transformation (‘Verwandlung’) that focuses on the concept of ‘work’. Thus, Michelangelo becomes a figure of identification and reflection for Rilke in two respects: as a poet, he refers back to Rilke himself, as a sculptor to Auguste Rodin, who in his time was often perceived as a new Michelangelo.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 2","pages":"194-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rilke loved Venice and visited or passed through a dozen times between 1897 and 1920. He wrote extensively about the city in prose and verse between 1898 and 1908, including a cycle of poems in the Neue Gedichte and a polemical ‘Aufzeichnung’ in Malte Laurids Brigge. His letters from and about Venice have numerous lexical and imagistic echoes or prefigurations of his literary responses to the city. This article traces his interactions with Venice, his consistent hostility to tourism (and its reasons), and in particular the development of his poetic ways of seizing the city's fragile identity via a conviction that Venice's historical power, despite its precarious foundations, always underpins its surface glamour. Unlike most of his literary contemporaries, he did not regard Venice as the locus classicus of decadent decline; quite the reverse. Close readings both of canonical works and of much less familiar texts allow an elucidation of what might be called Rilke's ‘Venetian poetics’, which are closely associated with the technique of ‘aussparen’ (borrowed from painting). The failure of this technique in the context of his aborted biography of Admiral Carlo Zeno marks the end of his attempts to capture the city's essence in his creative writings.
{"title":"FROM TRASH TO TREASURE: RILKE AND VENICE REVISITED","authors":"Robert Vilain","doi":"10.1111/glal.12437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12437","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rilke loved Venice and visited or passed through a dozen times between 1897 and 1920. He wrote extensively about the city in prose and verse between 1898 and 1908, including a cycle of poems in the <i>Neue Gedichte</i> and a polemical ‘Aufzeichnung’ in <i>Malte Laurids Brigge</i>. His letters from and about Venice have numerous lexical and imagistic echoes or prefigurations of his literary responses to the city. This article traces his interactions with Venice, his consistent hostility to tourism (and its reasons), and in particular the development of his poetic ways of seizing the city's fragile identity via a conviction that Venice's historical power, despite its precarious foundations, always underpins its surface glamour. Unlike most of his literary contemporaries, he did not regard Venice as the <i>locus classicus</i> of decadent decline; quite the reverse. Close readings both of canonical works and of much less familiar texts allow an elucidation of what might be called Rilke's ‘Venetian poetics’, which are closely associated with the technique of ‘aussparen’ (borrowed from painting). The failure of this technique in the context of his aborted biography of Admiral Carlo Zeno marks the end of his attempts to capture the city's essence in his creative writings.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 2","pages":"127-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on Celan's conception of poetry as a means of orienting the individual towards the ‘completely Other’, this paper emphasises poetry's ability to create community without reproducing exclusionary group identities. The analysis reveals a latent politics in Celan's poetry, emphasising its ability to gather disparate individuals into a community. Through close readings of each poem, I argue that in ‘Tenebrae’ and ‘Psalm’, Celan's use of inversion empties religious imagery of positive religious claims while preserving its form and structure. In ‘Tenebrae’, for example, the poem instructs the ‘Lord’ to pray to the anonymous collective ‘us’, implicitly constituting a community by using the collective pronoun. Similarly, in ‘Psalm’, Celan's inversion of traditional liturgical form creates a space for collective mourning and also subverts the positive religious content. Engaging with previous scholarship on Celan's poetics, the article offers a new perspective on the political dimensions of his work, arguing that religious imagery plays a significant role in forming political imagination through his poetry. I conclude by emphasising the importance of Celan's poetry in bringing about a community of readers, thereby suggesting that poetry can bind individuals into a collective endowed with political agency.
{"title":"LITURGICAL POLITICS IN THE POETRY OF PAUL CELAN*","authors":"Lukas Hoffman","doi":"10.1111/glal.12439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12439","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drawing on Celan's conception of poetry as a means of orienting the individual towards the ‘completely Other’, this paper emphasises poetry's ability to create community without reproducing exclusionary group identities. The analysis reveals a latent politics in Celan's poetry, emphasising its ability to gather disparate individuals into a community. Through close readings of each poem, I argue that in ‘Tenebrae’ and ‘Psalm’, Celan's use of inversion empties religious imagery of positive religious claims while preserving its form and structure. In ‘Tenebrae’, for example, the poem instructs the ‘Lord’ to pray to the anonymous collective ‘us’, implicitly constituting a community by using the collective pronoun. Similarly, in ‘Psalm’, Celan's inversion of traditional liturgical form creates a space for collective mourning and also subverts the positive religious content. Engaging with previous scholarship on Celan's poetics, the article offers a new perspective on the political dimensions of his work, arguing that religious imagery plays a significant role in forming political imagination through his poetry. I conclude by emphasising the importance of Celan's poetry in bringing about a community of readers, thereby suggesting that poetry can bind individuals into a collective endowed with political agency.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 2","pages":"237-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines Döblin's use of original Chinese poetry – not only by the most famous poets of the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu and Bai Juyi, but also by the less widely known poet of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Mei. Some of the original sources that Döblin traced through translations into German and commentaries have never been identified before. The poems are not used to emphasise an atmosphere but to form a framework for strategic and existential arguments. This becomes evident in the scene examined below, where the beautiful rebel Liang tries to assert herself against the politics and aesthetics of her adversary by means of a poem. At the same time, her poetic choice hints at her own deviant sexuality and the novel's distinct rendition of human drives and needs. Other well-known Chinese poems enhance the description of events in the emperor's palace, which enables us to construct a relevant ‘Chinese’ poetics for the entire novel – not in the strict forms of Chinese classical poetry, but simply in a new prose structure which allows the melancholy and sublimity of the underlying tone to fade in favour of a complexity that is nevertheless true-to-life.
Der Aufsatz untersucht Döblins Gebrauch chinesischer Gedichte, aus der Feder sowohl der bekanntesten Dichter der Tang-Dynastie, Du Fu und Bai Juyi, als auch des eher unbekannten Dichters der Qing-Dynastie, Yuan Mei. Einige der Quellen, deren deutschen Übersetzungen und Kommentaren Döblin dabei folgt, weist dieser Aufsatz erstmals nach. Döblin setzt die Gedichte nicht atmosphärisch, sondern im Rahmen strategisch-existenzieller Auseinandersetzungen ein. Dies wird besonders deutlich in der hier untersuchten Romanszene, bei der sich die schöne Rebellin Liang durch die Wahl ihres Gedichts gegen die politische und ästhetische Haltung ihres Kontrahenten durchzusetzen versucht. Zugleich zeigt sich in Liangs Gedichtwahl ihre deviante Sexualität und damit die dem Roman eigene Ästhetisierung von Triebstrukturen. Weitere bekannte chinesische Gedichte werden für die Darstellung des Geschehens im Kaiserpalast verwendet, wodurch sich Zeichen einer für den gesamten Roman relevanten „chinesischen“ Poetologie konstruieren lassen: Nicht in den strengen Formen der klassischen Dichtung, sondern erst in deren Neukonstruktion als Prosa, die den melancholisch-erhabenen Grundton zugunsten einer lebensnahen, jedoch komplexen Alltäglichkeit zurücktreten lässt.
{"title":"DIE GEDICHTE IN DÖBLINS DIE DREI SPRÜNGE DES WANG-LUN: ZEICHEN EINER CHINESISCHEN POETOLOGIE","authors":"Ying Jiang, Frank Mardaus","doi":"10.1111/glal.12440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12440","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines Döblin's use of original Chinese poetry – not only by the most famous poets of the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu and Bai Juyi, but also by the less widely known poet of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Mei. Some of the original sources that Döblin traced through translations into German and commentaries have never been identified before. The poems are not used to emphasise an atmosphere but to form a framework for strategic and existential arguments. This becomes evident in the scene examined below, where the beautiful rebel Liang tries to assert herself against the politics and aesthetics of her adversary by means of a poem. At the same time, her poetic choice hints at her own deviant sexuality and the novel's distinct rendition of human drives and needs. Other well-known Chinese poems enhance the description of events in the emperor's palace, which enables us to construct a relevant ‘Chinese’ poetics for the entire novel – not in the strict forms of Chinese classical poetry, but simply in a new prose structure which allows the melancholy and sublimity of the underlying tone to fade in favour of a complexity that is nevertheless true-to-life.</p><p>Der Aufsatz untersucht Döblins Gebrauch chinesischer Gedichte, aus der Feder sowohl der bekanntesten Dichter der Tang-Dynastie, Du Fu und Bai Juyi, als auch des eher unbekannten Dichters der Qing-Dynastie, Yuan Mei. Einige der Quellen, deren deutschen Übersetzungen und Kommentaren Döblin dabei folgt, weist dieser Aufsatz erstmals nach. Döblin setzt die Gedichte nicht atmosphärisch, sondern im Rahmen strategisch-existenzieller Auseinandersetzungen ein. Dies wird besonders deutlich in der hier untersuchten Romanszene, bei der sich die schöne Rebellin Liang durch die Wahl ihres Gedichts gegen die politische und ästhetische Haltung ihres Kontrahenten durchzusetzen versucht. Zugleich zeigt sich in Liangs Gedichtwahl ihre deviante Sexualität und damit die dem Roman eigene Ästhetisierung von Triebstrukturen. Weitere bekannte chinesische Gedichte werden für die Darstellung des Geschehens im Kaiserpalast verwendet, wodurch sich Zeichen einer für den gesamten Roman relevanten „chinesischen“ Poetologie konstruieren lassen: Nicht in den strengen Formen der klassischen Dichtung, sondern erst in deren Neukonstruktion als Prosa, die den melancholisch-erhabenen Grundton zugunsten einer lebensnahen, jedoch komplexen Alltäglichkeit zurücktreten lässt.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 2","pages":"256-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is impossible to leaf through any collection of Paul Celan's oeuvre without catching a glimpse of the word ‘Auge’. Apart from ‘Der Meridian’, eyes appear in the titles of his poems, within poems and indirectly through poems about visibility and invisibility. The recurrence of the word ‘Auge’ in Celan's poetry invites his reader to reflect on the significance of this image and ask how it might define his poetics. Poems that feature the word ‘Auge’ present a wide array of poetic accounts of the nature of vision. This essay considers two of them: the first, presented by poems such as ‘Auge der Zeit’ and ‘Ortswechsel’, undoes ocularcentrism, an epistemological bias that privileges vision over other senses and takes effect through its association with the power of the sun. The second, presented by Celan's poem ‘Sprachgitter’ read in close comparison with Rainer Maria Rilke's ‘Der Panther’, undoes the ocularcentric notion of being or the ontological basis of the ocular. This essay argues that rather than through the eye, poetic sense in Celan's poetry is to be found through conversation with ‘an other’.
Es ist unmöglich, eine Sammlung von Paul Celans Werken durchzublättern, ohne einen Blick auf das Wort „Auge‘‘ zu erhaschen. Abgesehen von „Der Meridian‘‘ tauchen Augen in den Titeln seiner Gedichte, innerhalb von Gedichten und indirekt in Themen über Sichtbarkeit und Unsichtbarkeit auf. Die Wiederkehr des Wortes „Auge‘‘ in Celans Gedichten lädt den Leser ein, über die Bedeutung dieses Bildes nachzudenken und zu fragen, wie es seine Poetik definieren könnte. Gedichte, in denen das Wort „Auge‘‘ vorkommt, bieten ein breites Spektrum an poetischen Darstellungen über die Natur des Sehens. In diesem Essay werden zwei davon betrachtet: Die erste, die sich in Gedichten wie „Auge der Zeit‘‘ und „Ortswechsel‘‘ findet, widerlegt den Okularzentrismus, eine erkenntnistheoretische Voreingenommenheit, die das Sehen gegenüber anderen Sinnen privilegiert und durch seine Assoziation mit der Kraft der Sonne zum Tragen kommt. Die zweite, die Celans Gedicht „Sprachgitter‘‘ im engen Vergleich zu Rainer Maria Rilkes „Der Panther‘‘ untersucht, stellt diese Assoziationen mit dem Sehen in Frage. Der Essay argumentiert, dass der poetische Sinn in Celans Gedichten im Gegensatz zum „Auge‘‘ mit einem Anderen im Gespräch ist.
{"title":"UNDOING THE OCULAR: POETIC SENSE IN PAUL CELAN'S ‘ORTSWECHSEL’ AND ‘SPRACHGITTER’*","authors":"Sneha Chowdhury","doi":"10.1111/glal.12436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12436","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is impossible to leaf through any collection of Paul Celan's oeuvre without catching a glimpse of the word ‘Auge’. Apart from ‘Der Meridian’, eyes appear in the titles of his poems, within poems and indirectly through poems about visibility and invisibility. The recurrence of the word ‘Auge’ in Celan's poetry invites his reader to reflect on the significance of this image and ask how it might define his poetics. Poems that feature the word ‘Auge’ present a wide array of poetic accounts of the nature of vision. This essay considers two of them: the first, presented by poems such as ‘Auge der Zeit’ and ‘Ortswechsel’, undoes ocularcentrism, an epistemological bias that privileges vision over other senses and takes effect through its association with the power of the sun. The second, presented by Celan's poem ‘Sprachgitter’ read in close comparison with Rainer Maria Rilke's ‘Der Panther’, undoes the ocularcentric notion of being or the ontological basis of the ocular. This essay argues that rather than through the eye, poetic sense in Celan's poetry is to be found through conversation with ‘an other’.</p>\u0000 <p>Es ist unmöglich, eine Sammlung von Paul Celans Werken durchzublättern, ohne einen Blick auf das Wort „Auge‘‘ zu erhaschen. Abgesehen von „Der Meridian‘‘ tauchen Augen in den Titeln seiner Gedichte, innerhalb von Gedichten und indirekt in Themen über Sichtbarkeit und Unsichtbarkeit auf. Die Wiederkehr des Wortes „Auge‘‘ in Celans Gedichten lädt den Leser ein, über die Bedeutung dieses Bildes nachzudenken und zu fragen, wie es seine Poetik definieren könnte. Gedichte, in denen das Wort „Auge‘‘ vorkommt, bieten ein breites Spektrum an poetischen Darstellungen über die Natur des Sehens. In diesem Essay werden zwei davon betrachtet: Die erste, die sich in Gedichten wie „Auge der Zeit‘‘ und „Ortswechsel‘‘ findet, widerlegt den Okularzentrismus, eine erkenntnistheoretische Voreingenommenheit, die das Sehen gegenüber anderen Sinnen privilegiert und durch seine Assoziation mit der Kraft der Sonne zum Tragen kommt. Die zweite, die Celans Gedicht „Sprachgitter‘‘ im engen Vergleich zu Rainer Maria Rilkes „Der Panther‘‘ untersucht, stellt diese Assoziationen mit dem Sehen in Frage. Der Essay argumentiert, dass der poetische Sinn in Celans Gedichten im Gegensatz zum „Auge‘‘ mit einem Anderen im Gespräch ist.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 2","pages":"217-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moses Mendelssohn's ‘Jerusalem, or on Religious Power and Judaism’ (1783) was a milestone in the promotion of religious toleration – a principle that is constitutive for human rights in their contemporary conception. This article argues that ‘Jerusalem’ borrows from a surprising source: Johann Gottfried Herder's world history, which is entrenched in Protestant theology. Herder's world history presents a non-hierarchical consideration of peoples. In this framework, Herder called to revalorise oral cultures, previously considered as primitive, as assets for humankind. The article argues that Mendelssohn's promotion of religious toleration employs the logic of Herder's cultural pluralism. Similarly to Herder, Mendelssohn contends that traditional cultures foster a longstanding contribution to humankind. In this vein, Mendelssohn portrays Jewish ritual as exemplary of the vitality of orality. Tracing Herder's cultural pluralism in ‘Jerusalem’ resolves a major tension in Mendelssohn's promotion of toleration: the presentation of Judaism as a superior culture coincides with his call for a non-hierarchical understanding of cultures.
{"title":"THE LEGACY OF TOLERATION: J. G. HERDER AND MOSES MENDELSSOHN'S DEFENCE OF PLURALISM","authors":"Yael Almog","doi":"10.1111/glal.12433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12433","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Moses Mendelssohn's ‘Jerusalem, or on Religious Power and Judaism’ (1783) was a milestone in the promotion of religious toleration – a principle that is constitutive for human rights in their contemporary conception. This article argues that ‘Jerusalem’ borrows from a surprising source: Johann Gottfried Herder's world history, which is entrenched in Protestant theology. Herder's world history presents a non-hierarchical consideration of peoples. In this framework, Herder called to revalorise oral cultures, previously considered as primitive, as assets for humankind. The article argues that Mendelssohn's promotion of religious toleration employs the logic of Herder's cultural pluralism. Similarly to Herder, Mendelssohn contends that traditional cultures foster a longstanding contribution to humankind. In this vein, Mendelssohn portrays Jewish ritual as exemplary of the vitality of orality. Tracing Herder's cultural pluralism in ‘Jerusalem’ resolves a major tension in Mendelssohn's promotion of toleration: the presentation of Judaism as a superior culture coincides with his call for a non-hierarchical understanding of cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 1","pages":"31-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit Hedwig Dohms (1831–1919) Konzeption der Frauenrechte als Menschenrechte. Untersucht werden in Dohms Aufsätzen jene Strategien, die Argumente der Frauenrechtsgegner zu entkräften suchen. Indem sie Frauenrechte als Menschenrechte fasst, knüpft Dohm an vorausgehende Menschenrechtserklärungen an und fordert, dass deren implizite Universalität auch in Bezug auf Frauen verwirklicht wird. Der Artikel zeigt am Beispiel der beiden Texte ‚Was die Pastoren von den Frauen denken‘ (1872) und Der Frauen Natur und Recht (1876), wie Dohm Parodie und Satire als Mittel verwendet, um Widersprüche und logische Fehler in antifeministischen Positionen aufzudecken. Insbesondere lehnt sie die patriarchalische Vorstellung ab, dass Frauen biologisch für bestimmte Berufe und gesellschaftliche Rollen determiniert seien. Dohm, die durch Geburt jüdisch war und sich als areligiös betrachtete, erwähnt Religion hauptsächlich mit Blick auf das Christentum und versteht sie primär als ein Instrument der Unterdrückung. Dohm zeigt, wie Herrschaft und Unterdrückung auf vielschichtige Weise operieren, und dieses Bewusstsein für Intersektionalität ermöglicht es ihr, die Diskussion über Frauenrechte in einen größeren Rechte-Kontext einzuordnen, in dem Gender mit anderen Faktoren verknüpft ist, die die Unterdrückung verschärfen. Der Artikel schließt mit Überlegungen zum Konzept der ‚Jurisgenerativität‘, d. h. zum generativen Effekt, den Narrative des Rechts auf das normative Universum haben. So verstanden vermag ‚Jurisgenerativität‘ den Prozess zu erfassen, in dem durch Worte die normativen Grundlagen geschaffen werden, aus denen wiederum rechtliche Legitimität entspringt.
{"title":"‘DIE MENSCHENRECHTE HABEN KEIN GESCHLECHT’: HEDWIG DOHM'S FEMINIST CONCEPTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS","authors":"Sebastian Wogenstein","doi":"10.1111/glal.12435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12435","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit Hedwig Dohms (1831–1919) Konzeption der Frauenrechte als Menschenrechte. Untersucht werden in Dohms Aufsätzen jene Strategien, die Argumente der Frauenrechtsgegner zu entkräften suchen. Indem sie Frauenrechte als Menschenrechte fasst, knüpft Dohm an vorausgehende Menschenrechtserklärungen an und fordert, dass deren implizite Universalität auch in Bezug auf Frauen verwirklicht wird. Der Artikel zeigt am Beispiel der beiden Texte ‚Was die Pastoren von den Frauen denken‘ (1872) und <i>Der Frauen Natur und Recht</i> (1876), wie Dohm Parodie und Satire als Mittel verwendet, um Widersprüche und logische Fehler in antifeministischen Positionen aufzudecken. Insbesondere lehnt sie die patriarchalische Vorstellung ab, dass Frauen biologisch für bestimmte Berufe und gesellschaftliche Rollen determiniert seien. Dohm, die durch Geburt jüdisch war und sich als areligiös betrachtete, erwähnt Religion hauptsächlich mit Blick auf das Christentum und versteht sie primär als ein Instrument der Unterdrückung. Dohm zeigt, wie Herrschaft und Unterdrückung auf vielschichtige Weise operieren, und dieses Bewusstsein für Intersektionalität ermöglicht es ihr, die Diskussion über Frauenrechte in einen größeren Rechte-Kontext einzuordnen, in dem Gender mit anderen Faktoren verknüpft ist, die die Unterdrückung verschärfen. Der Artikel schließt mit Überlegungen zum Konzept der ‚Jurisgenerativität‘, d. h. zum generativen Effekt, den Narrative des Rechts auf das normative Universum haben. So verstanden vermag ‚Jurisgenerativität‘ den Prozess zu erfassen, in dem durch Worte die normativen Grundlagen geschaffen werden, aus denen wiederum rechtliche Legitimität entspringt.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 1","pages":"108-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Middle Ages, the divine order was considered the standard of law. Natural law was thus derived from the divine order. In the Enlightenment, the problem of determining the content of natural law unambiguously, i.e., independently of personal viewpoints, was well known. The natural law doctrine of the Age of Enlightenment, as is broadly agreed in scholarship, founded and prepared the way for the general declarations of human rights. When, with the Renaissance and the beginning of the Enlightenment, religious ties weakened, the consensus among scholars was that a form of argumentation found in natural law becomes more important: human beings had a dignity derived not from God, but from nature and from birth, from which the fundamental human rights to life, freedom and security were then derived. The ‘nature’ of the human being was thus regarded as a source of justification and appeal, as a source of law. In the German-speaking world, Samuel Pufendorf, Christian Thomasius, and Christian Wolff are among the most renowned founders of natural law. I will answer the question of how far the justification of human rights in the natural law of the early Enlightenment manages without instances of religious justification.
{"title":"‘LUMEN SUPERNATURALE ’ VS ‘LUMEN NATURALE ’: HUMAN RIGHTS AND THEIR RELIGIOUS IMPLICATIONS IN NATURAL LAW IN THE EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT (PUFENDORF – THOMASIUS – WOLFF)","authors":"Christoph Schmitt-Maass","doi":"10.1111/glal.12430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12430","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the Middle Ages, the divine order was considered the standard of law. Natural law was thus derived from the divine order. In the Enlightenment, the problem of determining the content of natural law unambiguously, i.e., independently of personal viewpoints, was well known. The natural law doctrine of the Age of Enlightenment, as is broadly agreed in scholarship, founded and prepared the way for the general declarations of human rights. When, with the Renaissance and the beginning of the Enlightenment, religious ties weakened, the consensus among scholars was that a form of argumentation found in natural law becomes more important: human beings had a dignity derived not from God, but from nature and from birth, from which the fundamental human rights to life, freedom and security were then derived. The ‘nature’ of the human being was thus regarded as a source of justification and appeal, as a source of law. In the German-speaking world, Samuel Pufendorf, Christian Thomasius, and Christian Wolff are among the most renowned founders of natural law. I will answer the question of how far the justification of human rights in the natural law of the early Enlightenment manages without instances of religious justification.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 1","pages":"16-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dieser Aufsatz geht der Frage nach akustischer kultureller Vielfalt in Bezug auf Menschenrechte nach. Mit ‘akustischer kultureller Vielfalt’ wird hier auf eine Weise über menschliche Vielfalt nachgedacht, die nicht auf Essentialismus basiert: Es geht darum, wie sich die Besonderheiten verschiedener Völker in ihren spezifischen Formen des Zuhörens und Reagierens auf die Geräusche gesprochener Sprache manifestiert. Die Kategorie ‘Menschheit’, obwohl sie sich als inklusiv und universell präsentiert, geht aus einer christlichen Theorie der Monogenese hervor. Der Fall des Turms von Babel und die daraus resultierende Vielfalt der gesprochenen Sprachen stellen daher ein Problem für Theorien über die von Gott verordneten, einheitlichen Ursprünge der Menschheit dar. Die deutsche Wissenschaft der vergleichenden Linguistik kann als Strategie zur Aufrechterhaltung der christlichen Kontrolle über die klangliche kulturelle Vielfalt angesehen werden, insofern Hierarchien zwischen Sprachen geschaffen werden, die auf scheinbar objektiven grammatikalischen und lexikalischen Regeln basieren. Diese Prozesse hatten auch Konsequenzen für die Menschenrechte derjenigen Menschen, deren Sprachen weniger normiert erschienen. Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass die Theorie der indogermanischen Sprachgruppen in Deutschland als Verteidigung gegen Nationalismus und Faschismus genutzt wurde. Aber gibt es subtilere und dauerhafte Konsequenzen der beschriebenen Entmenschlichung aufgrund der akustischen kulturellen Vielfalt und einer Hierarchie von Klängen, die als ‘anders’ wahrgenommen werden?
{"title":"WHO SOUNDS MOST WORTHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS? AURAL CULTURAL DIVERSITY, THE CONCEPT OF HUMANITY AND THEIR RELIGIOUS INVESTMENTS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE IDEOLOGIES","authors":"Tanvi Solanki","doi":"10.1111/glal.12431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dieser Aufsatz geht der Frage nach akustischer kultureller Vielfalt in Bezug auf Menschenrechte nach. Mit ‘akustischer kultureller Vielfalt’ wird hier auf eine Weise über menschliche Vielfalt nachgedacht, die nicht auf Essentialismus basiert: Es geht darum, wie sich die Besonderheiten verschiedener Völker in ihren spezifischen Formen des Zuhörens und Reagierens auf die Geräusche gesprochener Sprache manifestiert. Die Kategorie ‘Menschheit’, obwohl sie sich als inklusiv und universell präsentiert, geht aus einer christlichen Theorie der Monogenese hervor. Der Fall des Turms von Babel und die daraus resultierende Vielfalt der gesprochenen Sprachen stellen daher ein Problem für Theorien über die von Gott verordneten, einheitlichen Ursprünge der Menschheit dar. Die deutsche Wissenschaft der vergleichenden Linguistik kann als Strategie zur Aufrechterhaltung der christlichen Kontrolle über die klangliche kulturelle Vielfalt angesehen werden, insofern Hierarchien zwischen Sprachen geschaffen werden, die auf scheinbar objektiven grammatikalischen und lexikalischen Regeln basieren. Diese Prozesse hatten auch Konsequenzen für die Menschenrechte derjenigen Menschen, deren Sprachen weniger normiert erschienen. Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass die Theorie der indogermanischen Sprachgruppen in Deutschland als Verteidigung gegen Nationalismus und Faschismus genutzt wurde. Aber gibt es subtilere und dauerhafte Konsequenzen der beschriebenen Entmenschlichung aufgrund der akustischen kulturellen Vielfalt und einer Hierarchie von Klängen, die als ‘anders’ wahrgenommen werden?</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 1","pages":"76-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Rathlef's and Ziegler's plays the need for human rights becomes tangible through the seemingly Other, disrupting the quotidian order of the (bourgeois) realm. The plays explore racial premises placed in close relationship with intertextual correlates, in particular bourgeois tragedies where the female protagonists embody complex moral values in a challenging environment: both plays under scrutiny here similarly rely on the moral impeccability of their Black protagonists to promote the idea of universal human rights. Moral performance and deficiency as well as perfectibility become an intrinsic part of humanness, which resonates with the nascent notion of Herder's ‘Humanität’ (understood as a common property inherent in human beings but in need of being cultivated and brought out). The article analyses the dynamic of these developmental arguments and seeks to show how these notions of a morally charged ‘Humanität’ offer a different, transcendent and in many ways transcultural starting point for the discussion of human rights: human rights emanating from the ‘Humanität’ inherent in all people can be regarded as universal in these plays precisely because they transcend specific sovereign realm(s) and political rights regimes dominant in the eighteenth century.
{"title":"HUMAN RIGHTS IN A GLOBAL WORLD: RACIALISATION AND RELIGION IN RATHLEF'S DIE MOHRINN ZU HAMBURG AND ZIEGLER'S DIE MOHRINN1","authors":"Claudia Nitschke","doi":"10.1111/glal.12429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/glal.12429","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Rathlef's and Ziegler's plays the need for human rights becomes tangible through the seemingly Other, disrupting the quotidian order of the (bourgeois) realm. The plays explore racial premises placed in close relationship with intertextual correlates, in particular bourgeois tragedies where the female protagonists embody complex moral values in a challenging environment: both plays under scrutiny here similarly rely on the moral impeccability of their Black protagonists to promote the idea of universal human rights. Moral performance and deficiency as well as perfectibility become an intrinsic part of humanness, which resonates with the nascent notion of Herder's ‘Humanität’ (understood as a common property inherent in human beings but in need of being cultivated and brought out). The article analyses the dynamic of these developmental arguments and seeks to show how these notions of a morally charged ‘Humanität’ offer a different, transcendent and in many ways transcultural starting point for the discussion of human rights: human rights emanating from the ‘Humanität’ inherent in all people can be regarded as universal in these plays precisely because they transcend specific sovereign realm(s) and political rights regimes dominant in the eighteenth century.</p>","PeriodicalId":54012,"journal":{"name":"GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS","volume":"78 1","pages":"49-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/glal.12429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}