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THE LEGACY OF TOLERATION: J. G. HERDER AND MOSES MENDELSSOHN'S DEFENCE OF PLURALISM 宽容的遗产:J-G-赫尔德和摩西-门德尔松对多元化的辩护
IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12433
Yael Almog

Moses Mendelssohn's ‘Jerusalem, or on Religious Power and Judaism’ (1783) was a milestone in the promotion of religious toleration – a principle that is constitutive for human rights in their contemporary conception. This article argues that ‘Jerusalem’ borrows from a surprising source: Johann Gottfried Herder's world history, which is entrenched in Protestant theology. Herder's world history presents a non-hierarchical consideration of peoples. In this framework, Herder called to revalorise oral cultures, previously considered as primitive, as assets for humankind. The article argues that Mendelssohn's promotion of religious toleration employs the logic of Herder's cultural pluralism. Similarly to Herder, Mendelssohn contends that traditional cultures foster a longstanding contribution to humankind. In this vein, Mendelssohn portrays Jewish ritual as exemplary of the vitality of orality. Tracing Herder's cultural pluralism in ‘Jerusalem’ resolves a major tension in Mendelssohn's promotion of toleration: the presentation of Judaism as a superior culture coincides with his call for a non-hierarchical understanding of cultures.

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引用次数: 0
‘DIE MENSCHENRECHTE HABEN KEIN GESCHLECHT’: HEDWIG DOHM'S FEMINIST CONCEPTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 人权不分性别":赫维格-多姆的女性主义人权观
IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12435
Sebastian Wogenstein

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit Hedwig Dohms (1831–1919) Konzeption der Frauenrechte als Menschenrechte. Untersucht werden in Dohms Aufsätzen jene Strategien, die Argumente der Frauenrechtsgegner zu entkräften suchen. Indem sie Frauenrechte als Menschenrechte fasst, knüpft Dohm an vorausgehende Menschenrechtserklärungen an und fordert, dass deren implizite Universalität auch in Bezug auf Frauen verwirklicht wird. Der Artikel zeigt am Beispiel der beiden Texte ‚Was die Pastoren von den Frauen denken‘ (1872) und Der Frauen Natur und Recht (1876), wie Dohm Parodie und Satire als Mittel verwendet, um Widersprüche und logische Fehler in antifeministischen Positionen aufzudecken. Insbesondere lehnt sie die patriarchalische Vorstellung ab, dass Frauen biologisch für bestimmte Berufe und gesellschaftliche Rollen determiniert seien. Dohm, die durch Geburt jüdisch war und sich als areligiös betrachtete, erwähnt Religion hauptsächlich mit Blick auf das Christentum und versteht sie primär als ein Instrument der Unterdrückung. Dohm zeigt, wie Herrschaft und Unterdrückung auf vielschichtige Weise operieren, und dieses Bewusstsein für Intersektionalität ermöglicht es ihr, die Diskussion über Frauenrechte in einen größeren Rechte-Kontext einzuordnen, in dem Gender mit anderen Faktoren verknüpft ist, die die Unterdrückung verschärfen. Der Artikel schließt mit Überlegungen zum Konzept der ‚Jurisgenerativität‘, d. h. zum generativen Effekt, den Narrative des Rechts auf das normative Universum haben. So verstanden vermag ‚Jurisgenerativität‘ den Prozess zu erfassen, in dem durch Worte die normativen Grundlagen geschaffen werden, aus denen wiederum rechtliche Legitimität entspringt.

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引用次数: 0
‘LUMEN SUPERNATURALE ’ VS ‘LUMEN NATURALE ’: HUMAN RIGHTS AND THEIR RELIGIOUS IMPLICATIONS IN NATURAL LAW IN THE EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT (PUFENDORF – THOMASIUS – WOLFF)
IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12430
Christoph Schmitt-Maass

In the Middle Ages, the divine order was considered the standard of law. Natural law was thus derived from the divine order. In the Enlightenment, the problem of determining the content of natural law unambiguously, i.e., independently of personal viewpoints, was well known. The natural law doctrine of the Age of Enlightenment, as is broadly agreed in scholarship, founded and prepared the way for the general declarations of human rights. When, with the Renaissance and the beginning of the Enlightenment, religious ties weakened, the consensus among scholars was that a form of argumentation found in natural law becomes more important: human beings had a dignity derived not from God, but from nature and from birth, from which the fundamental human rights to life, freedom and security were then derived. The ‘nature’ of the human being was thus regarded as a source of justification and appeal, as a source of law. In the German-speaking world, Samuel Pufendorf, Christian Thomasius, and Christian Wolff are among the most renowned founders of natural law. I will answer the question of how far the justification of human rights in the natural law of the early Enlightenment manages without instances of religious justification.

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引用次数: 0
WHO SOUNDS MOST WORTHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS? AURAL CULTURAL DIVERSITY, THE CONCEPT OF HUMANITY AND THEIR RELIGIOUS INVESTMENTS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE IDEOLOGIES
IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12431
Tanvi Solanki

Dieser Aufsatz geht der Frage nach akustischer kultureller Vielfalt in Bezug auf Menschenrechte nach. Mit ‘akustischer kultureller Vielfalt’ wird hier auf eine Weise über menschliche Vielfalt nachgedacht, die nicht auf Essentialismus basiert: Es geht darum, wie sich die Besonderheiten verschiedener Völker in ihren spezifischen Formen des Zuhörens und Reagierens auf die Geräusche gesprochener Sprache manifestiert. Die Kategorie ‘Menschheit’, obwohl sie sich als inklusiv und universell präsentiert, geht aus einer christlichen Theorie der Monogenese hervor. Der Fall des Turms von Babel und die daraus resultierende Vielfalt der gesprochenen Sprachen stellen daher ein Problem für Theorien über die von Gott verordneten, einheitlichen Ursprünge der Menschheit dar. Die deutsche Wissenschaft der vergleichenden Linguistik kann als Strategie zur Aufrechterhaltung der christlichen Kontrolle über die klangliche kulturelle Vielfalt angesehen werden, insofern Hierarchien zwischen Sprachen geschaffen werden, die auf scheinbar objektiven grammatikalischen und lexikalischen Regeln basieren. Diese Prozesse hatten auch Konsequenzen für die Menschenrechte derjenigen Menschen, deren Sprachen weniger normiert erschienen. Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass die Theorie der indogermanischen Sprachgruppen in Deutschland als Verteidigung gegen Nationalismus und Faschismus genutzt wurde. Aber gibt es subtilere und dauerhafte Konsequenzen der beschriebenen Entmenschlichung aufgrund der akustischen kulturellen Vielfalt und einer Hierarchie von Klängen, die als ‘anders’ wahrgenommen werden?

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引用次数: 0
HUMAN RIGHTS IN A GLOBAL WORLD: RACIALISATION AND RELIGION IN RATHLEF'S DIE MOHRINN ZU HAMBURG AND ZIEGLER'S DIE MOHRINN1
IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12429
Claudia Nitschke

In Rathlef's and Ziegler's plays the need for human rights becomes tangible through the seemingly Other, disrupting the quotidian order of the (bourgeois) realm. The plays explore racial premises placed in close relationship with intertextual correlates, in particular bourgeois tragedies where the female protagonists embody complex moral values in a challenging environment: both plays under scrutiny here similarly rely on the moral impeccability of their Black protagonists to promote the idea of universal human rights. Moral performance and deficiency as well as perfectibility become an intrinsic part of humanness, which resonates with the nascent notion of Herder's ‘Humanität’ (understood as a common property inherent in human beings but in need of being cultivated and brought out). The article analyses the dynamic of these developmental arguments and seeks to show how these notions of a morally charged ‘Humanität’ offer a different, transcendent and in many ways transcultural starting point for the discussion of human rights: human rights emanating from the ‘Humanität’ inherent in all people can be regarded as universal in these plays precisely because they transcend specific sovereign realm(s) and political rights regimes dominant in the eighteenth century.

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引用次数: 0
DIE ‘GOTTESRECHTE DES MENSCHEN’: HUMAN RIGHTS AS SECULARISED RIGHTS IN HEINRICH HEINE'S ESSAYS
IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12434
Kyung-Ho Cha

Heinrich Heine shows in his essays on France and Germany that human rights have a religious prehistory. For him, ‘Menschheitsrechte’ are not merely secular rights but secularised rights. The human rights proclaimed in the American and French Revolutions are the secularised historical form in which the fundamental ‘Urrechte der Menschheit’ manifest themselves. This article takes as its starting point the observation that, for Heine, religions have a political dimension and political movements a religious dimension. His history of primal rights or human rights begins with Judaism and Christianity and  leads via the philosophy of the Enlightenment and the revolutions of the eighteenth century to Saint-Simonism and pantheism. The article focuses on Heine's texts of the 1830s, when he envisages Saint-Simonism and pantheism as the new religions of his time that bring about the emancipation of the spirit and the body, whose rights had been neglected until then.

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引用次数: 0
ENDOWED BY THEIR CREATOR: HUMAN RIGHTS AND RELIGION IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES – INTRODUCTION
IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12432
Claudia Nitschke
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引用次数: 0
THE CRISIS OF SOCIABILITY AND LAUGHTER IN THOMAS MANN'S DER ZAUBERBERG 托马斯-曼的《宙伯格》中的社交危机与欢笑
IF 0.2 3区 文学 N/A LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-08-25 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12426
Dante Prado

Der Aufsatz untersucht die Funktion des Lachens in Thomas Manns Der Zauberberg. Obwohl das Lachen häufig im Roman vorkommt, wurde es sowohl in der Mann-Forschung als auch in der Modernismusforschung weitgehend übersehen. Durch eine detaillierte Untersuchung ausgewählter Lachepisoden stellt diese Studie die Bedeutung des Lachens im Roman sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ heraus und deckt zudem auf, in welchem Maß die Darstellung des Lachens im Roman neuere Charakterisierungen des modernistischen Lachens (als subversiv oder pathologisch) entweder bestätigt oder von ihnen abweicht. Teilweise treffen diese Charakteristiken zwar auch auf den Zauberberg zu, dennoch weicht das Lachen im Roman deutlich von diesen Deutungsmustern ab, indem sich seine Bedeutung im Laufe des Romans immer wieder verschiebt und in einer Krise des Lachens gipfelt, die Teil einer größeren Krise der Geselligkeit und Bildung ist. Der Roman zeigt einerseits, wie das Lachen in der ‘längst verflossenen’ Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Förderung von Kommunikation, Geselligkeit, Selbsterkenntnis und Höflichkeit spielte. Die gegen Ende des Romans inszenierte Krise des Lachens hingegen fordert den Leser auf, über diese verlorene soziale und humane Funktion nachzudenken. Die aufgezeigte Krise des Lachens im Zauberberg wirft neues Licht auf das Lachen im Erzählwerk des Modernismus, ist aber von besonderer Relevanz für Romane, die sich kritisch mit der Tradition des Bildungsromans auseinandersetzen.

本文探讨了托马斯-曼的《魔山》中笑的作用。尽管笑声在小说中频繁出现,但在曼的学术研究和现代主义研究中,笑声在很大程度上被忽视了。通过对部分笑声情节的详细研究,本研究从数量和质量两方面强调了小说中笑声的重要性,并揭示了小说对笑声的描写在多大程度上印证或偏离了近来对现代主义笑声的描述(颠覆性的或病态的)。虽然这些特征有的也适用于《魔山》,但小说中的笑显然不同于这些阐释模式,因为笑的含义在整部小说中反复变化,最终导致笑的危机,而笑的危机是更大的社会性和教育危机的一部分。一方面,小说展示了在第一次世界大战之前 "久远 "的时期,笑声在促进交流、社交、自我认识和礼貌方面发挥了至关重要的作用。然而,小说结尾处上演的笑声危机却促使读者对这一已丧失的社会和人文功能进行反思。魔山》中的笑声危机为现代主义叙事作品中的笑声提供了新的视角,但对于批判性地审视 "童话"(Bildungsroman)传统的小说而言,尤其具有现实意义。
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引用次数: 0
DISORIENTING EASTERN EUROPE: JUDITH HERMANN'S AFFECTIVE GEOGRAPHY 迷失方向的东欧:朱迪斯-赫尔曼的情感地理学
IF 0.2 3区 文学 N/A LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-08-25 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12428
Natasha Gordinsky

This article presents a geocritical interpretation (based on the methodological approach developed by Robert Tally) of two of Judith Hermann's short stories – ‘Diesseits der Oder’ and ‘Osten’. Written almost twenty years apart, the first of these takes place amidst the Oderbruch, whilst the second comprises Hermann's only literary text about a journey to Ukraine. Drawing on interdisciplinary spatial research, I offer a close reading of both stories as they stage, in different ways, an affective experience of East European space. Moreover, I argue that through her critical investigation of the ‘East’ as an imagined and real space, Hermann emerges as a geocritic herself. Drawing on Sara Ahmed's queer phenomenology and Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht's notion of latency in post-war culture, I contend that ‘Diesseits der Oder’ and ‘Osten’ are constituted as poetic texts that foreground disorientation through the mode of latency as a crucial phenomenological device. Once brought together into their historical and geopolitical contexts and explored through the aesthetic prism of representation of the ‘East’, Hermann's short stories are seen to advance a radical critique of perceptions of Eastern Europe in the German post-war literary and geographic imagination.

本文基于罗伯特-塔利(Robert Tally)提出的方法论,对朱迪斯-赫尔曼(Judith Hermann)的两部短篇小说《奥得河之畔》(Diesseits der Oder)和《奥斯滕》(Osten)进行了地理批评解读。前者的故事发生在奥得河畔,而后者则是赫尔曼唯一一部关于乌克兰之旅的文学作品。通过跨学科的空间研究,我对这两篇小说进行了细读,因为它们以不同的方式展现了对东欧空间的情感体验。此外,我还认为,通过对作为想象和现实空间的 "东方 "的批判性研究,赫尔曼本人也成为了一名地理批评家。借鉴萨拉-艾哈迈德(Sara Ahmed)的同性恋现象学和汉斯-乌尔里希-贡布雷希特(Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht)的战后文化中的潜伏性概念,我认为《奥得河之畔》和《奥斯滕》作为诗歌文本,通过潜伏性模式这一关键的现象学手段,凸显了迷失方向。一旦将赫尔曼的短篇小说与它们的历史和地缘政治背景结合在一起,并通过 "东方 "表征的美学棱镜进行探讨,我们就会发现赫尔曼的短篇小说推进了对德国战后文学和地理想象中的东欧观念的激进批判。
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引用次数: 0
THE INFLUENCE OF BRIGITTE REIMANN'S FRANZISKA LINKERHAND ON THE POLITICAL SONGS OF GERHARD GUNDERMANN 布里吉特-雷曼的《弗兰西斯卡-林克汉德》对格哈德-贡德曼政治歌曲的影响
IF 0.2 3区 文学 N/A LITERATURE, GERMAN, DUTCH, SCANDINAVIAN Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1111/glal.12427
David Robb

Gerhard Gundermann was an East German open cast miner and ‘Liedermacher’ who died prematurely in 1998 at the age of forty-three. Although he is known for his controversial involvement with the Stasi in his early career, very little has been written about his art, including the ‘Liedertheater’ work he performed with Brigade Feuerstein in the GDR. This article looks at the role of literary intertextuality in the productions of this group between 1978 and 1988. It specifically examines Gundermann's connection with Brigitte Reimann's socially critical novel Franziska Linkerhand, particular themes from which recur in his songs and theatrical scenes. These include ‘waiting’, as Gundermann and his contemporaries struggled to assert themselves, faced with the older generation's stranglehold on power and information. The Brigade Feuerstein productions will be examined against the background of Gundermann's own protracted conflict with the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED) in the years 1978 to 1984. Another theme of Franziska Linkerhand which appears in his work are the portraits of characters from the margins of society that conflict with ideal heroic depictions of workers as propagated by the SED. In the final decade of Gundermann's life, society's ‘losers’ continue to be portrayed in songs such as ‘Und musst du weinen’.

格哈德-古德曼(Gerhard Gundermann)是一位东德露天矿工和 "音乐家",1998 年英年早逝,享年 43 岁。虽然他因早年与史塔西的关系而备受争议,但关于他的艺术,包括他在东德与费尔施泰因旅(Brigade Feuerstein)合作的 "音乐剧 "作品,却鲜有人问津。本文探讨了文学的互文性在 1978 年至 1988 年间该剧团作品中的作用。文章特别探讨了 Gundermann 与 Brigitte Reimann 的社会批判小说《Franziska Linkerhand》之间的联系,其中的特定主题在他的歌曲和戏剧场景中反复出现。这些主题包括 "等待",因为面对老一代人对权力和信息的控制,古德曼和他同时代的人都在努力坚持自我。我们将以古德曼本人在 1978 年至 1984 年期间与德国社会主义党(SED)的长期冲突为背景,对费尔施泰因旅的作品进行研究。Franziska Linkerhand 在其作品中出现的另一个主题是对社会边缘人物的描绘,这与 SED 宣扬的工人英雄形象相冲突。在古德曼生命的最后十年中,《Und musst du weinen》等歌曲继续塑造社会 "失败者 "的形象。
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