This paper provides an archaeological perspective on the Boy Scouts of America, placing special emphasis on Scout camps occupying Mohegan lands in southeastern Connecticut (USA) and focusing on the alteration of Indigenous and Indigenous-colonial sites. Archaeological traces demonstrate how Scouts modified a range of stone features, both ancient and recent, and how they reorganized and redefined the land by naming and bounding their camps. Considering these patterns alongside Scout material culture, including the archaeological remains of Scout habitations, we discuss Boy Scout simulations of Indigenous and Indigenous-colonial histories. Drawing upon Indigenous knowledge and critique, we explore how Boy Scout camps “territorialize” whiteness. This involves the appropriation of Indigeneity as a means of escaping the trappings of late capitalist society, the misrepresentation of Indigenous history via well-worn tropes of unilineal evolution (where things always progress from simple to complex) and the denial of colonial plurality and of continued Indigenous presence on the land.
{"title":"Territorializing Whiteness","authors":"C. Cipolla, J. Quinn, Jay S. Levy","doi":"10.1558/jca.21077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.21077","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an archaeological perspective on the Boy Scouts of America, placing special emphasis on Scout camps occupying Mohegan lands in southeastern Connecticut (USA) and focusing on the alteration of Indigenous and Indigenous-colonial sites. Archaeological traces demonstrate how Scouts modified a range of stone features, both ancient and recent, and how they reorganized and redefined the land by naming and bounding their camps. Considering these patterns alongside Scout material culture, including the archaeological remains of Scout habitations, we discuss Boy Scout simulations of Indigenous and Indigenous-colonial histories. Drawing upon Indigenous knowledge and critique, we explore how Boy Scout camps “territorialize” whiteness. This involves the appropriation of Indigeneity as a means of escaping the trappings of late capitalist society, the misrepresentation of Indigenous history via well-worn tropes of unilineal evolution (where things always progress from simple to complex) and the denial of colonial plurality and of continued Indigenous presence on the land.","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43810831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francoist violence and repression during the Spanish Civil War and dictatorship (1936–1975) have left many voids in the narrative of the period. This article addresses the imbalance between how the Francoist victors and the defeated Republicans are remembered by providing an account that builds on the material lacunae in the places where officially “nothing happened” during this period. Through concepts of transgression – such as non-absence, ghosts and the abject – I explore the materiality and the material memory left at two sites in particular: the House of Horrors in Arévalo, and Little Russia in Belchite. The resulting narrative reveals how absence and silence materialise as structures of violence and instruments of repression. I argue that to approach these materialisations, a broader understanding is needed of the archaeological assemblage and of what is conventionally accepted as archaeological knowledge.
{"title":"Places Where Nothing Happened","authors":"Julie de Vos","doi":"10.1558/jca.20229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.20229","url":null,"abstract":"Francoist violence and repression during the Spanish Civil War and dictatorship (1936–1975) have left many voids in the narrative of the period. This article addresses the imbalance between how the Francoist victors and the defeated Republicans are remembered by providing an account that builds on the material lacunae in the places where officially “nothing happened” during this period. Through concepts of transgression – such as non-absence, ghosts and the abject – I explore the materiality and the material memory left at two sites in particular: the House of Horrors in Arévalo, and Little Russia in Belchite. The resulting narrative reveals how absence and silence materialise as structures of violence and instruments of repression. I argue that to approach these materialisations, a broader understanding is needed of the archaeological assemblage and of what is conventionally accepted as archaeological knowledge.","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47517611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Software is an architectural outcome of human labor which today houses the collective creative output of billions of people. Video games are a subset of software; they enable users to create their own built environments within a digital framework which can be shared with others for enjoyment, but these are later subject to abandonment and destruction. These digital constructions in synthetic, ephemeral spaces provide a unique challenge to archaeologists: how to document, preserve, and analyze archaeological evidence of human occupation of digital spaces, especially when that period of occupation can last mere minutes and can vanish from the digital landscape without a trace
{"title":"Rapid Archaeology of Human Constructions Within Interactive Digital Built Environments","authors":"Andrew Reinhard","doi":"10.1558/jca.19934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.19934","url":null,"abstract":"Software is an architectural outcome of human labor which today houses the collective creative output of billions of people. Video games are a subset of software; they enable users to create their own built environments within a digital framework which can be shared with others for enjoyment, but these are later subject to abandonment and destruction. These digital constructions in synthetic, ephemeral spaces provide a unique challenge to archaeologists: how to document, preserve, and analyze archaeological evidence of human occupation of digital spaces, especially when that period of occupation can last mere minutes and can vanish from the digital landscape without a trace","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67543960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos Tejerizo‐García, Alejandro Rodríguez Gutiérrez
The development of guerrilla warfare in Spain (1936–1952) has, until very recently, received very limited academic attention, especially from an archaeological perspective. This paper presents some results from an ongoing archaeological project regarding the guerrilla movement in northwestern Iberia. We specifically discuss how the archaeological record may inform understanding of a more general process, that of the emergence of industrial and modern societies in peripheral territories. We argue that by addressing the material remains of guerrilla warfare we can delve into the dialectic between guerrilla groups and the local peasant communities and trace their mutual impacts. The paper concludes that guerrilla warfare was an active agent in the introduction of different aspects of industrial and modern economies.
{"title":"Dialectics of Modernity","authors":"Carlos Tejerizo‐García, Alejandro Rodríguez Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1558/jca.21429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.21429","url":null,"abstract":"The development of guerrilla warfare in Spain (1936–1952) has, until very recently, received very limited academic attention, especially from an archaeological perspective. This paper presents some results from an ongoing archaeological project regarding the guerrilla movement in northwestern Iberia. We specifically discuss how the archaeological record may inform understanding of a more general process, that of the emergence of industrial and modern societies in peripheral territories. We argue that by addressing the material remains of guerrilla warfare we can delve into the dialectic between guerrilla groups and the local peasant communities and trace their mutual impacts. The paper concludes that guerrilla warfare was an active agent in the introduction of different aspects of industrial and modern economies.","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43949338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vesa-Pekka Herva, O. Seitsonen, T. Äikäs, J. Ikäheimo, Ilpo Okkonen
This article examines mechanisms of marginalization in the monocultural setting of Finland in the early 1990s through the case of the multinational Iriadamant “lifestyle Indians”. The Iriadamant imitated Native Americans in appearance, and the “tribe” settled in Finnish Lapland to experiment with a non-consumerist ecological and spiritual way of living off-grid. We examine how this community was perceived in Finland and assess how Finnish perceptions of Iriadamant otherness and marginality were anchored on material culture and material practices. Furthermore, we discuss how the marginalization of the Iriadamant resonated and was intertwined with the marginalization and exoticization of Lapland, which is part of the ancestral homelands of the indigenous Sámi and has for centuries been seen as an enchanted land of natural and supernatural wonders. We consider marginality and marginalization in the context of the Iriadamant in Lapland through more specific issues of identity/indigeneity, ecology and spirituality.
{"title":"“Indians” in Lapland","authors":"Vesa-Pekka Herva, O. Seitsonen, T. Äikäs, J. Ikäheimo, Ilpo Okkonen","doi":"10.1558/jca.21214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.21214","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines mechanisms of marginalization in the monocultural setting of Finland in the early 1990s through the case of the multinational Iriadamant “lifestyle Indians”. The Iriadamant imitated Native Americans in appearance, and the “tribe” settled in Finnish Lapland to experiment with a non-consumerist ecological and spiritual way of living off-grid. We examine how this community was perceived in Finland and assess how Finnish perceptions of Iriadamant otherness and marginality were anchored on material culture and material practices. Furthermore, we discuss how the marginalization of the Iriadamant resonated and was intertwined with the marginalization and exoticization of Lapland, which is part of the ancestral homelands of the indigenous Sámi and has for centuries been seen as an enchanted land of natural and supernatural wonders. We consider marginality and marginalization in the context of the Iriadamant in Lapland through more specific issues of identity/indigeneity, ecology and spirituality.","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45005770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay outlines an empirical endeavour pivoting on the contemporaneity of the ruins of ancient Messene (Greece) by means of an eclectic method and in a situated artistic context. Drawing inspiration from the “peripatetic” tradition, the project concerns a technologically mediated soundwalk through the ruins which foregrounds Messene (a) as a place that is practised sociopolitically in the present as a way to generate cultural and historical content, and (b) as a vibrant habitat that hosts a wide range of entwined beings, things, energies and phenomena. A mixed method focused on technologies for mediation and the researcher’s body as the centre of the project’s inquiry is proposed, so as to produce an experience that is evocative of an emergent multitemporality specific to this place while also making accessible to the senses the plurality of objects and geophysical phenomena that manifest at the site. The project is contextualised with respect to experimental, creative, performative and “punk” archaeology, as well as to object-oriented and new materialist trends. It presents the resulting narrative, discusses how it relates to various sociopolitical/historical contexts and details the method and its constituent elements. The provided illustrations document the composed soundwalk and the creative tactics at play.
{"title":"Tactics against Antiquity","authors":"Marinos Koutsomichalis","doi":"10.1558/jca.20009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.20009","url":null,"abstract":"This essay outlines an empirical endeavour pivoting on the contemporaneity of the ruins of ancient Messene (Greece) by means of an eclectic method and in a situated artistic context. Drawing inspiration from the “peripatetic” tradition, the project concerns a technologically mediated soundwalk through the ruins which foregrounds Messene (a) as a place that is practised sociopolitically in the present as a way to generate cultural and historical content, and (b) as a vibrant habitat that hosts a wide range of entwined beings, things, energies and phenomena. A mixed method focused on technologies for mediation and the researcher’s body as the centre of the project’s inquiry is proposed, so as to produce an experience that is evocative of an emergent multitemporality specific to this place while also making accessible to the senses the plurality of objects and geophysical phenomena that manifest at the site. The project is contextualised with respect to experimental, creative, performative and “punk” archaeology, as well as to object-oriented and new materialist trends. It presents the resulting narrative, discusses how it relates to various sociopolitical/historical contexts and details the method and its constituent elements. The provided illustrations document the composed soundwalk and the creative tactics at play.","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49124023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OPEN ACCESS-PAID-CC BY-NC-ND In historically Protestant countries, human skeletal reference collections curated by research institutions have been amassed from bodies dissected by anatomists, typically unclaimed cadavers from morgues and hospitals, or from remains donated to science. In contrast to these anatomy-based and donation-based collections, skeletal reference collections in historically Roman Catholic countries on mainland Europe and in Latin America are for the most part derived from unclaimed remains exhumed from modern cemeteries and ossuaries at the end of the mandated interment period. While much has been written in English about the history, context and ethical framework of anatomy-derived collections, cemetery-based collections have received very little critical attention. The current paper addresses this gap, with particular reference to cemetery-derived collections in Portugal. The cultural and historical context of southern Europe is discussed, particularly Roman Catholic mortuary traditions and the influence of the Napoleonic Code, and these provide the background for an overview of the ethical issues raised by cemetery-derived collections. Here, general principles that should guide the work of human osteologists working in archaeological contexts are relevant, as regards consent, dignity and respect and benefits to science and education, because unlike their anatomy-derived counterparts, cemetery-based collections include individuals who were once buried.
OPEN ACCESS-PAID-CC BY NC NDI在历史上的新教国家，研究机构策划的人类骨骼参考收藏是从解剖学家解剖的尸体中收集的，通常是从停尸房和医院中无人认领的尸体，或从捐赠给科学界的遗骸中收集的。与这些基于解剖和捐赠的藏品相比，欧洲大陆和拉丁美洲历史上的罗马天主教国家的骨骼参考藏品在很大程度上来源于在强制安葬期结束时从现代墓地和骨库挖掘出的无人认领的遗骸。虽然人们用英语写了很多关于解剖学藏品的历史、背景和伦理框架的文章，但基于墓地的藏品很少受到批评。目前的论文解决了这一差距，特别提到了葡萄牙的墓地收藏。讨论了南欧的文化和历史背景，特别是罗马天主教太平间的传统和《拿破仑法典》的影响，这些为概述墓地收藏所引发的伦理问题提供了背景。在这方面，指导考古环境中人类骨学家工作的一般原则是相关的，涉及同意、尊严、尊重以及对科学和教育的益处，因为与解剖衍生的同类藏品不同，基于墓地的藏品包括曾经埋葬过的人。
{"title":"An Ethical, Cultural and Historical Background for Cemetery-Based Human Skeletal Reference Collections","authors":"H. Cardoso","doi":"10.1558/jca.43380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.43380","url":null,"abstract":"OPEN ACCESS-PAID-CC BY-NC-ND\u0000In historically Protestant countries, human skeletal reference collections curated by research institutions have been amassed from bodies dissected by anatomists, typically unclaimed cadavers from morgues and hospitals, or from remains donated to science. In contrast to these anatomy-based and donation-based collections, skeletal reference collections in historically Roman Catholic countries on mainland Europe and in Latin America are for the most part derived from unclaimed remains exhumed from modern cemeteries and ossuaries at the end of the mandated interment period. While much has been written in English about the history, context and ethical framework of anatomy-derived collections, cemetery-based collections have received very little critical attention. The current paper addresses this gap, with particular reference to cemetery-derived collections in Portugal. The cultural and historical context of southern Europe is discussed, particularly Roman Catholic mortuary traditions and the influence of the Napoleonic Code, and these provide the background for an overview of the ethical issues raised by cemetery-derived collections. Here, general principles that should guide the work of human osteologists working in archaeological contexts are relevant, as regards consent, dignity and respect and benefits to science and education, because unlike their anatomy-derived counterparts, cemetery-based collections include individuals who were once buried. ","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48317630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between the late nineteenth and the mid-twentieth century numerous ski-jumping towers were built all across Sweden. This accumulation of large, monumental sporting facilities occurred even though ski jumping never attracted large numbers of practitioners. The building of such towers in the southern and central parts of Sweden, where snowy winters are far from guaranteed, is of particular interest. Today, most of the ski-jumping towers in the southern half of Sweden have been torn down, but they have left a hidden and forgotten material heritage. This paper examines the abandoned places of ski jumping, where fragmented material remains give witness to a phenomenon that once was of central importance in shaping and expressing ideals and social identities in the modernization of Sweden. The ski jumps became arenas for a new and spectacular sport that drew large crowds, but they also became landmarks and monuments of progress and prosperity in the new modern age.
{"title":"Jumping Towards the Future","authors":"Magnus O. Ljunge","doi":"10.1558/jca.42064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.42064","url":null,"abstract":"Between the late nineteenth and the mid-twentieth century numerous ski-jumping towers were built all across Sweden. This accumulation of large, monumental sporting facilities occurred even though ski jumping never attracted large numbers of practitioners. The building of such towers in the southern and central parts of Sweden, where snowy winters are far from guaranteed, is of particular interest. Today, most of the ski-jumping towers in the southern half of Sweden have been torn down, but they have left a hidden and forgotten material heritage. This paper examines the abandoned places of ski jumping, where fragmented material remains give witness to a phenomenon that once was of central importance in shaping and expressing ideals and social identities in the modernization of Sweden. The ski jumps became arenas for a new and spectacular sport that drew large crowds, but they also became landmarks and monuments of progress and prosperity in the new modern age.","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67545122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapa Nui’s prehistoric Polynesian heritage is iconic. From the later twentieth century the island’s economy has been dependent on the tourism its prehistory attracts. However, until recently there has been little link between the modern built environment of Rapa Nui and its prehistoric past. This article tracks how during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the island’s traditional domestic architecture was supplanted first by colonial then early modern Chilean architecture. The remains of this transformation are fast disappearing through contemporary demolition and an associated rejection of the past that the introduced architecture represents. We highlight how contemporary Rapa Nui architecture instead actively references its iconic prehistoric Polynesian past and positions Rapa Nui in a Polynesian context, for the first time detailing this trajectory and identifying how elements of past artistic and architectural traditions have become incorporated into the architecture of the present. Instead of presenting the intervening period as one of loss of traditional identity, this in fact emphasises a subtle continuity of Rapanui (indigenous Rapa Nui islander) identity. The study is relevant to exploring how the interacting demands and expectations of identity politics and heritage tourism (here in a Polynesian context) can impact on contemporary local architecture and the visitor milieu, reflecting modern concepts which promote the preservation of some architectures and cultural attributes over others.
{"title":"Imagining Polynesia","authors":"S. Hamilton, Hetereki Huke, Mike Seager Thomas","doi":"10.1558/jca.43378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.43378","url":null,"abstract":"Rapa Nui’s prehistoric Polynesian heritage is iconic. From the later twentieth century the island’s economy has been dependent on the tourism its prehistory attracts. However, until recently there has been little link between the modern built environment of Rapa Nui and its prehistoric past. This article tracks how during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the island’s traditional domestic architecture was supplanted first by colonial then early modern Chilean architecture. The remains of this transformation are fast disappearing through contemporary demolition and an associated rejection of the past that the introduced architecture represents. We highlight how contemporary Rapa Nui architecture instead actively references its iconic prehistoric Polynesian past and positions Rapa Nui in a Polynesian context, for the first time detailing this trajectory and identifying how elements of past artistic and architectural traditions have become incorporated into the architecture of the present. Instead of presenting the intervening period as one of loss of traditional identity, this in fact emphasises a subtle continuity of Rapanui (indigenous Rapa Nui islander) identity. The study is relevant to exploring how the interacting demands and expectations of identity politics and heritage tourism (here in a Polynesian context) can impact on contemporary local architecture and the visitor milieu, reflecting modern concepts which promote the preservation of some architectures and cultural attributes over others.","PeriodicalId":54020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Archaeology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43489653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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