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“Ih gebiude dir, wurm!” "我给你快乐,虫子!"
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20012.con
Valentina Concu
The number of diachronic studies on English speech acts has recently increased remarkably, highlighting the importance of these phenomena for the understanding of the contextualised dimension of linguistic interactions. Recent studies on the realisation of directives in Old English have shown how, in the Anglo-Saxon world, negative politeness did not play a significant role. This study also focusses on the realisation of directives from a diachronic perspective but concentrating on Old Saxon and Old High German, filling an empirical gap in the literature. Focussing on four manifestations, the preliminary data shows the Old Saxon and Old High German may have also been worlds “beyond politeness”.
最近,有关英语言语行为的非同步研究数量显著增加,凸显了这些现象对于理解语言互动的语境维度的重要性。最近关于古英语中指令的实现的研究表明,在盎格鲁-撒克逊世界中,消极礼貌并没有发挥重要作用。本研究也从异时空的角度关注指令的实现,但集中于古撒克逊语和古高德语,填补了文献中的一个经验空白。通过对四种表现形式的关注,初步数据显示,古撒克逊语和古高德语也可能是 "超越礼貌 "的世界。
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引用次数: 0
The pragmatics of royal discourse in William Shakespeare’s Henry vi 莎士比亚《亨利六世》中皇室话语的语用学
3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.19012.kiz
Urszula Kizelbach
Abstract Politeness ( Brown and Gilman 1989 ; Rudanko 1993 ; Kopytko 1995 ) and impoliteness ( Culpeper 1996 , 2001 ; Bousfield 2007 ) have a prominent place in the reading of Shakespearean drama and serve as a means of characterisation. In this study, I utilise (im)politeness and face theory to characterise the royal discourse in 1, 2, 3 Henry vi . The study aims to analyse the linguistic behaviour of King Henry vi to see how well his royal discourse reflects his kingship and how his linguistic inadequacy contributes to his political failures. I investigate Henry’s use of (im)politeness and facework to handle political negotiations and I evaluate his level of awareness of the “political face”, which is the king’s desire to preserve a positive public image and to save face in social interactions. I look at the examples of Henry’s inadequate linguistic behaviour and try to establish why this behaviour was inefficient in a given scene and context.
抽象礼貌(Brown and Gilman 1989;Rudanko 1993;(Culpeper 1996, 2001;Bousfield 2007)在莎士比亚戏剧的阅读中占有突出的地位,并作为一种塑造人物的手段。在本研究中,我利用(im)礼貌和面子理论来表征亨利六世在1,2,3中的王室话语。这项研究旨在分析亨利六世国王的语言行为,以了解他的王室话语在多大程度上反映了他的王权,以及他的语言缺陷如何导致了他的政治失败。我调查了亨利在处理政治谈判时使用的(不)礼貌和面部表情,并评估了他对“政治面孔”的认识程度,这是国王希望保持积极的公众形象,在社会交往中保全面子。我看了亨利不适当的语言行为的例子,并试图确定为什么这种行为在给定的场景和上下文中是低效的。
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引用次数: 0
The pragmatic and rhetorical function of perfect doubling in the work of D.V. Coornhert d.v.c ornhert作品中完美加倍的语用和修辞功能
3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20007.van
Cora van de Poppe, Joanna Wall
Abstract The Early Modern Dutch writer D. V. Coornhert (1522–1590) was an influential figure in the key religious and linguistic developments of his times. Bringing together these two facets and combining both a linguistic (pragmatics/discourse studies and semantics) and a literary studies (rhetoric) approach, this intra-author variation study examines Coornhert’s use of have -doubling constructions (e.g., have had written ) alongside simple perfects (e.g., have written ). At the macro-level, we show that have -doubling was restricted to Coornhert’s argumentative and predominantly moral – theological prose. At the micro-level, we then firstly link Coornhert’s have -doubling to the well-studied double perfect of modern German which has been proposed to signal the absence of current relevance and have emphasis functions. Secondly, connecting these observations with the pragmatics of verb – tense variation, this article proposes that have -doubling parallels the historical present in functioning as a stance marker/evaluative device in Coornhert’s moral – theological prose.
荷兰近代早期作家d·v·科恩赫特(D. V. Coornhert, 1522-1590)是他那个时代宗教和语言发展的重要人物。将这两个方面结合起来,结合语言学(语用学/话语研究和语义学)和文学研究(修辞学)方法,这项作者内部变异研究考察了Coornhert对have - double结构(例如,have had written)和简单完成式(例如,have written)的使用。在宏观层面上,我们表明,翻倍仅限于科恩哈特的论辩和主要的道德神学散文。在微观层面上,我们首先将Coornhert的have - double与现代德语的双重完成语联系起来,后者被认为是缺乏当前相关性的信号,并具有强调功能。其次,本文将这些观察结果与动词时态变化的语用学联系起来,提出在科恩哈特的道德神学散文中,“有加倍”平行体作为立场标记/评价手段的作用与历史现在时有关。
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引用次数: 1
Repeated, imagined, hearsay 重复,想象,道听途说
3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20005.tho
Jenelle Thomas
Abstract In this paper, I analyse the representation of reported discourse in testimony from a 1795 conspiracy trial. I present a framework for analysing scribal intervention in discourse reporting and show that, although the transcription conventions of historical criminal proceedings offer the appearance of being objective representations, recorded testimony privileges idealised representations of speech events. In fact, a special status is given to those speech events to which those in the courtroom were not privy, that is, hearsay. When scribes use Direct Discourse to report this type of speech, they are simultaneously marking it as evidence available for judicial decision-making and distancing themselves from the judgment and interpretation process. I show that this is particularly problematic for interpreted testimony. This has implications for both our understanding of historical courtroom processes and the use of trial transcripts for historical sociolinguistic and pragmatic analysis.
摘要本文分析了1795年一起阴谋审判的证词中报道话语的表征。我提出了一个框架来分析话语报告中的抄写干预,并表明,尽管历史刑事诉讼的抄写惯例提供了客观表征的表象,但记录的证词赋予了话语事件理想化表征的特权。事实上,对于那些法庭上的人不知道的演讲事件,即道听途说,有一种特殊的地位。当抄写员使用直接话语来报道这种类型的言论时,他们同时将其标记为司法决策的可用证据,并使自己与判决和解释过程保持距离。我认为这对于解释证词来说尤其成问题。这对我们对历史法庭过程的理解和使用审判笔录进行历史社会语言学和语用分析都有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Modal may in requests 请求中的模态可能
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20013.els
Christine Elsweiler
This study applies House’s (1996, 2005) dimensions of cross-cultural differences as a diagnostic tool to investigate regional variation regarding two pragmalinguistic requestive patterns with may in Scottish and English non-private letters (1500 to 1700). The dimensional scheme proves a useful tool for explaining similarities and differences in the requestive behaviour in the two varieties. It is shown that, in the sixteenth century, grounders with may are part of a set of downgrading devices employed by letter-writers to counteract the directness and self-orientation particularly of performative requests in both the Scottish and the English correspondence. Moreover, the dimensional analysis explicates the cross-varietal differences regarding may in the seventeenth century correspondence by linking the rise of mitigating may in performative requests in the Scottish letters to the increased self-orientation towards the letter-writer, which is not counter-balanced by other downgraders.
本研究应用House(19962005)的跨文化差异维度作为诊断工具,调查苏格兰和英国非私人信件(1500至1700)中两种语用语言请求模式的区域差异。维度方案被证明是解释这两个变体中请求行为的相似性和差异性的有用工具。研究表明,在16世纪,带有may的grounders是写信人用来抵消直接性和自我定向的一系列降级手段的一部分,尤其是在苏格兰和英国的信件中。此外,维度分析通过将苏格兰信件中表演请求中减轻语气的可能的增加与对写信人日益增强的自我取向联系起来,解释了17世纪信件中关于可能的跨品种差异,而其他降级者并没有对此进行反衡。
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引用次数: 0
The history of second-person pronouns in European Portuguese 欧洲葡萄牙语第二人称代词的历史
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20002.lar
Víctor Lara Bermejo
European Portuguese is known for the complexity of its second-person pronouns system. Despite this fact, there are not many works that deal with its evolution, since most analyses focus on case studies. In this article, I aim to pinpoint the diachrony of the second-person pronominal system of European Portuguese through the analysis of a corpus consisting of letters that cover the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The data will be compared to the available information regarding the previous centuries as well as the present. The results show that the European variety has journeyed through three very specific periods in its history, triggering both loss of inflection and person disagreements. Moreover, it has always maintained the spectrum of distance or power as the unmarked form of politeness – in contrast to the fashions attested in other languages and elsewhere in Europe.
欧洲葡萄牙语以其第二人称代词系统的复杂性而闻名。尽管如此,由于大多数分析都集中在案例研究上,因此处理其演变的著作并不多。在这篇文章中,我的目的是通过分析一个由18世纪和19世纪的字母组成的语料库,来确定欧洲葡萄牙语第二人称代词系统的历时。这些数据将与前几个世纪和现在的可用信息进行比较。研究结果表明,欧洲变种在其历史上经历了三个非常特殊的时期,既引发了变异的丧失,也引发了个人分歧。此外,它一直保持着距离或权力的光谱,作为一种没有标记的礼貌形式——与其他语言和欧洲其他地方的时尚形成鲜明对比。
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引用次数: 0
The rise of what-general extenders in English 英语中什么一般扩展词的兴起
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20009.bri
L. Brinton
General extenders (ges) are elements such as and so forth occurring at the right periphery. On the referential level, they implicate a set, but they also serve a range of discourse-pragmatic functions, such as hedging and interpersonal relations. Some sociolinguistic studies have seen the development of ges as synchronic grammaticalization involving phonetic reduction, decategorialization, semantic bleaching and pragmatic enrichment, but other studies have found no evidence of ongoing grammaticalization. Historical studies of ges are few. This paper sets out to fill this gap by studying the rise of disjunctive, adjunctive and bare ges formed with what – (or/and) what you will, or what, or/and what else, (or) whatever, (or/and) what not and (or/and) what have you. Despite their apparent similarity, these are shown to have quite different sources and histories. Their development conforms to some of the recognized parameters of grammaticalization but is more fruitfully understood from a constructionist approach.
通用扩展器(ges)是出现在右外围的元素等。在指称层面上,它们隐含着一个集合,但也具有一系列的话语语用功能,如套期保值和人际关系。一些社会语言学研究将ges的发展视为共时语法化,包括语音减少、非范畴化、语义漂白和语用丰富,但其他研究没有发现持续语法化的证据。对ges的历史研究很少。本文试图通过研究析取、附加和裸词的兴起来填补这一空白,这些词是由你想要什么(或/和)什么,或什么,或/和其他什么,(或)什么,(和/和)没有什么和(或)拥有什么形成的。尽管它们明显相似,但它们的来源和历史却截然不同。它们的发展符合语法化的一些公认参数,但从建构主义的方法中可以更有效地理解。
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引用次数: 0
Disenchantment of the word in sixteenth-century Dutch farce 十六世纪荷兰闹剧中单词的幻灭
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20010.kra
Femke Kramer
Representations of exorcism in farces written and performed in the sixteenth-century Low Countries at first sight merely testify to their authors’ propensity for the grotesque and critical stance towards Roman Catholic rituals. This paper argues that these farcical exorcism episodes, besides ridiculing exorcism and expressing scepticism in matters of demonology, also undermined beliefs concerning the potency of language. Analysis of the ritual as represented in farce and the metadiscursive comments surrounding it points to a conception of the ceremony as “administering” inherently powerful words to an object. This conception is also reflected in a contemporaneous “speech act theory” avant la lettre which attributes autonomous powers to words. Viewed against a backdrop of historical and ethnographic documentation on this type of discourse, this notion is likely to be an outgrowth of perceptions underlying ritual discourse activities cross-culturally. Discrediting the belief that words are capable of affecting reality autonomously, the playwrights may have advocated an understanding of language as a fully man-made instrument, the use and efficacy of which are entirely human-controlled processes.
十六世纪低地国家所创作和表演的闹剧中对驱魔的表现,乍一看只是证明了作者对罗马天主教仪式的怪诞和批判立场的倾向。本文认为,这些滑稽的驱魔情节,除了嘲笑驱魔和表达对鬼神学问题的怀疑,也破坏了人们对语言效力的信念。对闹剧中所表现的仪式的分析以及围绕它的元话语评论指出,仪式的概念是“管理”一个对象固有的强大的词语。这一概念也反映在同时期的“言语行为理论”avant la letter中,该理论认为词语具有自主能力。从这类话语的历史和民族志文献的背景来看,这一概念很可能是跨文化仪式话语活动背后的观念的产物。剧作家们不相信文字能够自主地影响现实,他们可能主张把语言理解为一种完全人造的工具,语言的使用和效力完全是人类控制的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Story, style, and structure 故事、风格和结构
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.20001.moy
M. I. Moyna, Teresa Blumenthal
This study analyses variation and change in Uruguayan Spanish address between formal (usted) and informal variants (tú, vos). It focusses on address representations in children’s literature written between 1918 and 1973 – foundational texts that helped consolidate national identity. Our study answers the following questions: (a) What were the most frequent pronominal and verbal address forms employed in early Uruguayan children’s literature? (b) What were their pragmatic and stylistic contexts of use? And (c) To what extent did those forms and uses differ from their contemporary counterparts? The second-person pronouns and verbs from eleven children’s books were analysed quantitatively to establish frequencies. We found that early children’s literature presented usted and tú as the urban norm. Vernacular vos was practically absent until the 1940s, and afterwards it was found only in specific constrained contexts. This differs markedly from contemporary literature for children, which favours voseo and reflects orality quite accurately.
本研究分析了乌拉圭西班牙语称呼在正式(usted)和非正式变体(tú, vos)之间的变化和变化。它侧重于1918年至1973年期间儿童文学中的地址代表-帮助巩固民族认同的基础文本。我们的研究回答了以下问题:(a)早期乌拉圭儿童文学中最常用的代词和动词称呼形式是什么?(b)它们的语用和文体使用背景是什么?(c)这些形式和用法与当代的形式和用法有什么不同?对11本儿童读物中的第二人称代词和动词进行定量分析,确定其使用频率。我们发现早期的儿童文学将usted和tú呈现为城市规范。在20世纪40年代之前,白话几乎是不存在的,之后它只在特定的受限语境中被发现。这与当代儿童文学有明显的不同,当代儿童文学倾向于有声读物,并相当准确地反映了口语。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Chor (2018): Directional Particles in Cantonese: Form, Function, and Grammaticalization 《广东话的定向助词:形式、功能与语法化》(2018)
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1075/jhp.00071.kad
D. Kádár
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Historical Pragmatics
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