{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Dániel Z. Kádár, Kim Ridealgh","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00027.kad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00027.kad","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42260106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper focuses on the concepts of etiquette and politeness within a genre of Buddhist texts known as “vinaya”, or monastic law. These texts were created for the purpose of regulating behavior within the monastic institution. While they are often described by the tradition as a set of ethical principles, the content of monastic law codes also includes many things that would be better categorized as examples of normative protocol, encompassing mundane, everyday social situations that promote harmony between the monastic institution and its economic patrons. I argue here that a distinct concept of politeness can be gleaned from the narratives in these texts, despite the lack of such a category in the tradition’s own account of itself. To illustrate this point, I analyze several stories concerned with the proper deportment of monastics, demonstrating that the standards for monastic behavior were sometimes at odds with the expectations of the lay communities that supported them.
{"title":"Supercilious monk at Kiṭāgiri","authors":"Christopher R. Handy","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00031.han","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00031.han","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper focuses on the concepts of etiquette and politeness within a genre of Buddhist texts known as “vinaya”, or monastic law. These texts were created for the purpose of regulating behavior within the monastic institution. While they are often described by the tradition as a set of ethical principles, the content of monastic law codes also includes many things that would be better categorized as examples of normative protocol, encompassing mundane, everyday social situations that promote harmony between the monastic institution and its economic patrons. I argue here that a distinct concept of politeness can be gleaned from the narratives in these texts, despite the lack of such a category in the tradition’s own account of itself. To illustrate this point, I analyze several stories concerned with the proper deportment of monastics, demonstrating that the standards for monastic behavior were sometimes at odds with the expectations of the lay communities that supported them.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":"20 1","pages":"244-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46070459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines the philosophical treatise De Beneficiis written by Seneca the Younger (c. 4 bce to 65 ce) and discusses some of the insights that it offers regarding the pragmatics of interpersonal encounters in ancient Rome. In particular, it identifies types of appropriate and inappropriate non-verbal behaviour sometimes employed when making requests. Seneca’s close observation of these social nuances alerts us to the importance of non-verbal elements for a complete understanding of (im)politeness in everyday life.
{"title":"Seneca’s De Beneficiis and non-verbal politeness in ancient Rome","authors":"Jon Hall","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00030.hal","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00030.hal","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the philosophical treatise De Beneficiis written by Seneca the Younger (c. 4 bce to 65 ce) and discusses some of the insights that it offers regarding the pragmatics of interpersonal encounters in ancient Rome. In particular, it identifies types of appropriate and inappropriate non-verbal behaviour sometimes employed when making requests. Seneca’s close observation of these social nuances alerts us to the importance of non-verbal elements for a complete understanding of (im)politeness in everyday life.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":"20 1","pages":"225-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47873402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of conceptions of linguistic politeness in ancient Rome. Using lexical analysis, it scrutinizes first-order data recoverable from the Latin sources at our disposal, in order to determine the notions and dimensions of politeness that Romans were sensitive to. This kind of approach is helpful, primarily, when developing a suitable theoretical framework for dealing with the particular expressions of linguistic politeness in Latin. Moreover, it provides us with additional explanations of the historical dimension of politeness and of the creation and development of notions of politeness in Europe.
{"title":"Conceptualizations of linguistic politeness in Latin","authors":"Luis Unceta Gómez","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00033.gom","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00033.gom","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents an analysis of conceptions of linguistic politeness in ancient Rome. Using lexical analysis, it scrutinizes first-order data recoverable from the Latin sources at our disposal, in order to determine the notions and dimensions of politeness that Romans were sensitive to. This kind of approach is helpful, primarily, when developing a suitable theoretical framework for dealing with the particular expressions of linguistic politeness in Latin. Moreover, it provides us with additional explanations of the historical dimension of politeness and of the creation and development of notions of politeness in Europe.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":"20 1","pages":"286-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41456514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Starting from a sexual pun in Greek reputedly made by Cleopatra in 31 bce on the word τορύνη (torunē) (‘ladle’), this paper argues that the linguist can successfully take up the “evaluator’s role” (Kadar and Culpeper 2010: 18) in ascertaining the dysphemistic value of words in historical corpora. Typically offensive words constitute a special category of impolite verbal behaviours, and it is argued that a reflection of the historical schemata which guided the use of dysphemistic words by speakers can be detected in patterns of use in extant texts, and used as a guide for their identification. The paper highlights the need for greater openness as to which “denotata” produce offensive words, and more cross-linguistic work on dysphemism. It discusses the problems of interpretation of historical metaphors, and it ends with a detailed discussion of the evidence for the dysphemistic value of the word on which Cleopatra’s pun hinges.
{"title":"How filthy was Cleopatra?","authors":"A. Coker","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00028.cok","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00028.cok","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Starting from a sexual pun in Greek reputedly made by Cleopatra in 31 bce on the word τορύνη (torunē) (‘ladle’), this paper argues that the linguist can successfully take up the “evaluator’s role” (Kadar and Culpeper 2010: 18) in ascertaining the dysphemistic value of words in historical corpora. Typically offensive words constitute a special category of impolite verbal behaviours, and it is argued that a reflection of the historical schemata which guided the use of dysphemistic words by speakers can be detected in patterns of use in extant texts, and used as a guide for their identification. The paper highlights the need for greater openness as to which “denotata” produce offensive words, and more cross-linguistic work on dysphemism. It discusses the problems of interpretation of historical metaphors, and it ends with a detailed discussion of the evidence for the dysphemistic value of the word on which Cleopatra’s pun hinges.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":"20 1","pages":"186-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41700724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the emergence of the Chinese adverb běnlái and its further development into a stance discourse marker (sdm). Most previous studies consider the epistemic modal adverb běnlái (‘indeed, truly’) to have originated from the temporal adverb běnlái (‘originally’). Based on the framework of constructionalisation (Traugott and Trousdale 2013) and Van de Velde et al.’s (2013) idea of multiple sources, I argue that the temporal adverb might not have been the only source for the modal běnlái to occur. Furthermore, the modal adverb changed into an sdm, thereby signaling the speaker’s subjective evaluation while linking the coherence of the discourse. I argue that the change was enabled by both subjectification and analogisation. The exemplars to which běnlái was by hypothesis analogised include the extant discourse connectives (e.g., kěshì) and the extant commentary pragmatic markers (e.g., kělián and suǒxìng) (Fraser 2009).
本文考察了汉语副词bŞnlái的出现及其作为立场话语标记的进一步发展。以前的大多数研究都认为认知语气副词bŞnlái（“确实”）起源于时间副词bÇnlài（‘originally’）。基于建构主义的框架（Traugott和Trousdale，2013）和Van de Velde等人s（2013）关于多重来源的观点，我认为时间副词可能不是语气词bŞnláI出现的唯一来源。此外，语气副词变为sdm，从而表明说话人的主观评价，同时连接话语的连贯性。我认为，这种变化是由主体化和类比化促成的。根据假设，bŞnlái被类比到的例子包括现存的话语连接词（例如，kŞshì）和现存的评论语用标记（例如，kŞlián和suŞxìng）（Fraser 2009）。
{"title":"A constructional account of the development of the Chinese stance discourse marker\u0000 běnlái","authors":"Fangqiong Zhan","doi":"10.1075/jhp.19008.zha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.19008.zha","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines the emergence of the Chinese adverb běnlái and its further development into\u0000 a stance discourse marker (sdm). Most previous studies consider the epistemic modal adverb běnlái\u0000 (‘indeed, truly’) to have originated from the temporal adverb běnlái (‘originally’). Based on the framework of\u0000 constructionalisation (Traugott and Trousdale 2013) and Van de Velde et al.’s (2013) idea of multiple sources, I argue that the temporal adverb might not have\u0000 been the only source for the modal běnlái to occur. Furthermore, the modal adverb changed into an sdm,\u0000 thereby signaling the speaker’s subjective evaluation while linking the coherence of the discourse. I argue that the change was\u0000 enabled by both subjectification and analogisation. The exemplars to which běnlái was by hypothesis analogised\u0000 include the extant discourse connectives (e.g., kěshì) and the extant commentary pragmatic markers (e.g.,\u0000 kělián and suǒxìng) (Fraser 2009).","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46265017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies have found discourse markers to be represented with only low frequencies in Early Modern English trial proceedings, especially when compared to other dialogic and fictional text types from the same period. Nevertheless, they comprise certain classes of markers, such as contrastive markers, which operate on different levels of discourse. This study aims to provide further insights into the use of the coordinator but in a sociopragmatically annotated corpus of trial proceedings from the period 1560 to 1760. Drawing on contextual information, the analysis will assess the distribution of but throughout the Early Modern English period and address certain peaks in its use. In addition, the sociopragmatic information included in the corpus will be consulted to discover which trial participants used the form repeatedly in their speech and with which functions. Overall, this study will therefore offer an innovative sociopragmatic profile of but as a contrastive marker in Early Modern English trials.
{"title":"“But it is not prov’d”","authors":"Ursula Lutzky","doi":"10.1075/JHP.00026.LUT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JHP.00026.LUT","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous studies have found discourse markers to be represented with only low frequencies in Early Modern English\u0000 trial proceedings, especially when compared to other dialogic and fictional text types from the same period. Nevertheless, they\u0000 comprise certain classes of markers, such as contrastive markers, which operate on different levels of discourse. This study aims\u0000 to provide further insights into the use of the coordinator but in a sociopragmatically annotated corpus of trial\u0000 proceedings from the period 1560 to 1760. Drawing on contextual information, the analysis will assess the distribution of\u0000 but throughout the Early Modern English period and address certain peaks in its use. In addition, the\u0000 sociopragmatic information included in the corpus will be consulted to discover which trial participants used the form repeatedly\u0000 in their speech and with which functions. Overall, this study will therefore offer an innovative sociopragmatic profile of\u0000 but as a contrastive marker in Early Modern English trials.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47640968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of the word cousin as a term of address for non-relatives in late-medieval and Renaissance English is well documented in letters between monarchs, but weak for other social groups in the standard dictionaries, with one example each in the Oxford English Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary. As it is difficult to establish for earlier periods whether people were blood relations, an investigation of cousin as a term of address needs to establish the relationship between addressor and addressee, as far as possible, from independent historical sources. This study is based on the use of the term cousin in letters, as this often provides precise information on the relationships of correspondents. This investigation documents the use of cousin from the thirteenth to the early-sixteenth century in all literate ranks of society and concludes that the royal use of cousin constitutes a relic of an earlier more widespread use.
{"title":"Kinship or friendship?","authors":"M. Häcker","doi":"10.1075/JHP.17005.HAC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JHP.17005.HAC","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The use of the word cousin as a term of address for non-relatives in late-medieval and\u0000 Renaissance English is well documented in letters between monarchs, but weak for other social groups in the standard dictionaries,\u0000 with one example each in the Oxford English Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary. As it\u0000 is difficult to establish for earlier periods whether people were blood relations, an investigation of cousin as\u0000 a term of address needs to establish the relationship between addressor and addressee, as far as possible, from independent\u0000 historical sources. This study is based on the use of the term cousin in letters, as this often provides precise\u0000 information on the relationships of correspondents. This investigation documents the use of cousin from the\u0000 thirteenth to the early-sixteenth century in all literate ranks of society and concludes that the royal use of\u0000 cousin constitutes a relic of an earlier more widespread use.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45998697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews Pragmatic Markers in British English: Meaning in Social Interaction 978-1-107-03276-7
这篇文章回顾了英式英语中的语用标记:在社会互动中的意义98-1-107 -03276-7
{"title":"Kate Beeching. 2016. Pragmatic Markers in British English: Meaning in Social Interaction","authors":"G. Mazzon","doi":"10.1075/JHP.00024.MAZ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JHP.00024.MAZ","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews Pragmatic Markers in British English: Meaning in Social Interaction 978-1-107-03276-7","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42700181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyses two Old English formulae gret freodlice (‘greets in a friendly manner’) and ic cyðe eow þæt (‘I make it known to you that’), which form a salutation–notification template in a document type called writs. It connects the emergence of this formulaic set to previous oral traditions of delivering news and messages, and to their reflection in dictation practices from at least the time of King Alfred. Their later routinisation and standardisation is seen as a factor brought about by the centralised production of royal writs and their subsequent adoption as templates in monastic scriptoria across the country. These templates continue to be recycled in the early Middle English period both in English and in Latin writs, ultimately shifting to Latin-only documents during the reign of William the Conqueror. Although this shift does not hinder the continuity of the selected bureaucratic template into the later Middle Ages, it affects the structure of the discourse community associated with the chancery norms, consolidating its core (those literate in Latin who are involved in production and preservation of writs) and marginalising its periphery (English speakers who used to make up the informed audience for writs in local courts).
这项研究分析了两个古英语公式gret freodlice（“以友好的方式表达”）和ic cy abl e eowþæt（“我让你知道”），它们在一种称为writs的文档类型中形成了一个称呼-通知模板。它将这种公式化的集合的出现与以前传递新闻和信息的口头传统联系起来，并与至少从阿尔弗雷德国王时代起他们在听写实践中的反思联系起来。他们后来的惯例化和标准化被视为皇家令状的集中生产以及随后在全国各地的修道院脚本中被采用为模板所带来的一个因素。这些模板在中世纪早期的英语和拉丁语书写中继续被回收，最终在征服者威廉统治期间转向了纯拉丁语的文件。尽管这种转变并没有阻碍所选择的官僚模板在中世纪后期的延续，但它影响了与大臣规范相关的话语共同体的结构，巩固其核心（那些懂拉丁语的人，他们参与了令状的制作和保存），并边缘化其外围（讲英语的人，曾经是当地法院令状的知情受众）。
{"title":"Chancery norms before Chancery English?","authors":"O. Timofeeva","doi":"10.1075/JHP.16004.TIM","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JHP.16004.TIM","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study analyses two Old English formulae gret\u0000 freodlice (‘greets in a friendly manner’) and ic cyðe eow\u0000 þæt (‘I make it known to you that’), which form a salutation–notification template in a document type called writs. It\u0000 connects the emergence of this formulaic set to previous oral traditions of\u0000 delivering news and messages, and to their reflection in dictation practices\u0000 from at least the time of King Alfred. Their later routinisation and\u0000 standardisation is seen as a factor brought about by the centralised production\u0000 of royal writs and their subsequent adoption as templates in monastic scriptoria\u0000 across the country. These templates continue to be recycled in the early Middle\u0000 English period both in English and in Latin writs, ultimately shifting to\u0000 Latin-only documents during the reign of William the Conqueror. Although this\u0000 shift does not hinder the continuity of the selected bureaucratic template into\u0000 the later Middle Ages, it affects the structure of the discourse community\u0000 associated with the chancery norms, consolidating its core (those literate in\u0000 Latin who are involved in production and preservation of writs) and\u0000 marginalising its periphery (English speakers who used to make up the informed\u0000 audience for writs in local courts).","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46164576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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