This paper reconstructs the model of polite conversation that is outlined in two Italian conduct books, Della Casa’s Galateo (1774 [1558]) and Gioia’s Il Nuovo Galateo (1802–1827), a model which will then be compared with one detailed in the German text Über den Umgang mit Menschen by Adolph Knigge (1788). The main aim of this study is to highlight the similarities and differences in texts from different historical time periods and geographical areas, in order to identify a European model of polite conversation, whose roots lie in classical, humanist and Renaissance traditions, and which has some features that are still relevant today. There are some clear similarities between this European model and first-generation theories of politeness, despite the different intent that should distinguish “normative texts” and “descriptive models”. This raises an interesting theoretical question: when studying a social and ethical issue such as politeness, to what extent is it possible to advocate a clear separation between description and prescription?
本文重建了两本意大利行为书籍中概述的礼貌对话模型，即Della Casa的Galateo(1774[1558])和Gioia的Il Nuovo Galateo(1802-1827)，然后将该模型与德国文本Über den Umgang mit Menschen (Adolph Knigge, 1788)中的详细模型进行比较。本研究的主要目的是强调来自不同历史时期和地理区域的文本的异同，以确定一种欧洲礼貌对话模式，其根源在于古典，人文主义和文艺复兴传统，并具有今天仍然相关的一些特征。尽管区分“规范性文本”和“描述性模型”的意图不同，但这种欧洲模型和第一代礼貌理论之间有一些明显的相似之处。这就提出了一个有趣的理论问题:在研究礼貌等社会和伦理问题时，在多大程度上可以主张将描述和处方明确区分开来?
{"title":"A European model of polite conversation?","authors":"G. Alfonzetti","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00066.alf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00066.alf","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper reconstructs the model of polite conversation that is outlined in two Italian conduct books, Della Casa’s Galateo (1774 [1558]) and Gioia’s Il Nuovo Galateo (1802–1827), a model which will then be compared with one detailed in the German text Über den Umgang mit Menschen by Adolph Knigge (1788). The main aim of this study is to highlight the similarities and differences in texts from different historical time periods and geographical areas, in order to identify a European model of polite conversation, whose roots lie in classical, humanist and Renaissance traditions, and which has some features that are still relevant today. There are some clear similarities between this European model and first-generation theories of politeness, despite the different intent that should distinguish “normative texts” and “descriptive models”. This raises an interesting theoretical question: when studying a social and ethical issue such as politeness, to what extent is it possible to advocate a clear separation between description and prescription?","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42765051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I study the ways in which (im)politeness strategies are used in letters sent by the Republic of Ragusa to its ambassadors in the Bosnian Kingdom during the fifteenth century. The corpus for this research comprises the Lettere di Levante collection, today kept in the Dubrovnik State Archives, Croatia. I aim to determine the politeness strategies that were used in the letters based on the Brown and Levinson framework. The paper focusses on mitigating strategies used when making requests, expressing condolences, offering congratulations and making threats. The research reveals patterns in conversational and written exchanges, whose goal is to be conventionally polite and diplomatic. This research aims to offer insights into intercultural communication in Europe, inter-European influence, and communication patterns in diplomatic discourse and might be of interest to political scientists, historians and diplomats.
{"title":"Diplomatic letters from the Republic of Ragusa in the fifteenth century","authors":"Anja Lalić","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00060.lal","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00060.lal","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, I study the ways in which (im)politeness strategies are used in letters sent by the Republic of\u0000 Ragusa to its ambassadors in the Bosnian Kingdom during the fifteenth century. The corpus for this research comprises the\u0000 \u0000 Lettere di Levante\u0000 collection, today kept in the Dubrovnik\u0000 State Archives, Croatia. I aim to determine the politeness strategies that were used in the letters based on the Brown and\u0000 Levinson framework. The paper focusses on mitigating strategies used when making requests, expressing condolences, offering\u0000 congratulations and making threats. The research reveals patterns in conversational and written exchanges, whose goal is to be\u0000 conventionally polite and diplomatic. This research aims to offer insights into intercultural communication in Europe,\u0000 inter-European influence, and communication patterns in diplomatic discourse and might be of interest to political scientists,\u0000 historians and diplomats.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47325734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When comparing old and new Bible translations, differences are striking at all discourse levels. This paper concentrates on variations in the representation of subjective cognition and reasoning of subjects in the discourse. A corpus-based analysis was conducted that compared the domains of use of causal fragments in Dutch Bible translations that were either old, contemporary and loyal, or “easy”. In a close comparison of Bible translations, differences between domains of use are analysed in more detail. In old translations, the character’s subjective reasoning is clearly separated from the narrator’s utterances. By contrast, in modern translations, causal reasoning is more intertwined between character and narrator, resulting in shared reasoning.
{"title":"Coherence in translation","authors":"J. Sanders, J. Evers-Vermeul","doi":"10.1075/jhp.18011.san","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.18011.san","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When comparing old and new Bible translations, differences are striking at all discourse levels. This paper\u0000 concentrates on variations in the representation of subjective cognition and reasoning of subjects in the discourse. A\u0000 corpus-based analysis was conducted that compared the domains of use of causal fragments in Dutch Bible translations that were\u0000 either old, contemporary and loyal, or “easy”. In a close comparison of Bible translations, differences between domains of use\u0000 are analysed in more detail. In old translations, the character’s subjective reasoning is clearly separated from the narrator’s\u0000 utterances. By contrast, in modern translations, causal reasoning is more intertwined between character and narrator, resulting in\u0000 shared reasoning.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47631149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Napoli & Ravetto (2017): Exploring Intensification: Synchronic, Diachronic and Cross-linguistic Perspectives","authors":"Zeltia Blanco-Suárez","doi":"10.1075/jhp.22019.bla","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.22019.bla","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45186520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Follow-ups are elliptical interrogative forms typically constituting an utterance in their own right. They are used to signal attention to the interlocutor, to encourage them to continue or as a reply to a call. This paper investigates the invariant follow-up sì? (‘yes?’) in Italian and it argues that it represents a case of pragmatic language change. To this end, it investigates the diachronic distribution, collocation and contexts of usage of sì? in a variety of language sources in relation to plausible, equivalent expressions (i.e., dimmi and dica [‘tell me’]). The analysis will show that since its earliest record of use in films in 1960, the frequency of occurrence of this form has dramatically increased to the point that, today, it is the preferred device. The study will also provide solid evidence of positive correlations between the use of yes? in English language audio-visual products and the use of sì? in scripted and real-use Italian, strongly suggesting that the marker would in fact be a case of pragmatic borrowing from English.
{"title":"On the use of sì? (‘yes?’) as invariant follow-up in Italian","authors":"Lorella Viola","doi":"10.1075/jhp.18007.vio","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.18007.vio","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Follow-ups are elliptical interrogative forms typically constituting an utterance in their own right. They are\u0000 used to signal attention to the interlocutor, to encourage them to continue or as a reply to a call. This paper investigates the\u0000 invariant follow-up sì? (‘yes?’) in Italian and it argues that it represents a case of pragmatic language change.\u0000 To this end, it investigates the diachronic distribution, collocation and contexts of usage of sì? in a variety\u0000 of language sources in relation to plausible, equivalent expressions (i.e., dimmi and dica\u0000 [‘tell me’]). The analysis will show that since its earliest record of use in films in 1960, the frequency of occurrence of this\u0000 form has dramatically increased to the point that, today, it is the preferred device. The study will also provide solid evidence\u0000 of positive correlations between the use of yes? in English language audio-visual products and the use of\u0000 sì? in scripted and real-use Italian, strongly suggesting that the marker would in fact be a case of\u0000 pragmatic borrowing from English.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47608831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honorifics in Japanese as a rare linguistic system has received consistent attention in social and cultural linguistic studies. A typical linguistic structure of honorifics is “imperative + sentence-final particles (shuu-joshi)” (henceforth, “final particle”), which has been studied mainly as a compound expression in Tokyo language. Different from previous studies with separated attention towards imperative expressions and sentence-final particles in the Edo era as well as in modern Japan, this paper investigates the combinative use and diachronic changes of “imperative + final particle” during the Meiji period – a period of upheaval in the Tokyo dialect. The investigation takes multiple views including the positions and relations (social and psychological) between the interlocutors, and the context of the utterance. Results of the investigation lead to an insight into pragmatic norms and diachronic changes of the modern Tokyo dialect, specifically the tendencies, characteristics and the driving force. This study finds the particular expressive effect accomplished by the combinational use of “imperative + final particle” in the modern Tokyo dialect. The speaker shapes the degree of respect or politeness with the selective use of imperatives, and signals the communicative attitude by adding sentence-final particles. This linguistic form manifests the demand for “acting upon”, unveils the social construct and cultural norms embedded in inter-personal communication. The analysis on the developmental trend of “imperative + final particle” suggests that the prototype of the Tokyo dialect brings to prominence the across-status expressions as a result of social, political and educational reforms.
{"title":"The combinative use of “imperative + final particle” in Tokyo language in the Meiji period","authors":"Huiling Chen, Jianying Du","doi":"10.1075/jhp.18006.che","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.18006.che","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Honorifics in Japanese as a rare linguistic system has received consistent attention in social and cultural linguistic studies. A typical linguistic structure of honorifics is “imperative + sentence-final particles (shuu-joshi)” (henceforth, “final particle”), which has been studied mainly as a compound expression in Tokyo language. Different from previous studies with separated attention towards imperative expressions and sentence-final particles in the Edo era as well as in modern Japan, this paper investigates the combinative use and diachronic changes of “imperative + final particle” during the Meiji period – a period of upheaval in the Tokyo dialect. The investigation takes multiple views including the positions and relations (social and psychological) between the interlocutors, and the context of the utterance. Results of the investigation lead to an insight into pragmatic norms and diachronic changes of the modern Tokyo dialect, specifically the tendencies, characteristics and the driving force.\u0000This study finds the particular expressive effect accomplished by the combinational use of “imperative + final particle” in the modern Tokyo dialect. The speaker shapes the degree of respect or politeness with the selective use of imperatives, and signals the communicative attitude by adding sentence-final particles. This linguistic form manifests the demand for “acting upon”, unveils the social construct and cultural norms embedded in inter-personal communication. The analysis on the developmental trend of “imperative + final particle” suggests that the prototype of the Tokyo dialect brings to prominence the across-status expressions as a result of social, political and educational reforms.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41276057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims is to analyse the status of selected Polish words: okrutnie (‘cruelly’), strasznie (‘terribly’) and szalenie (‘madly’). These units are traditionally considered to be adverbs, and their formal structure and original meaning indicate derivation from proper adjectives. We presume that adverbs might develop into intensifiers, which are semantically close to bardzo (‘very’). By analysing the linguistic material extracted from chronologically differentiated corpora of Polish (korba, kf19 and nkjp), we want to show how this linguistic process has been evolving over the centuries. Our research examines quantitative and qualitative collocational data of okrutnie, strasznie and szalenie with their categorical value and semantic evaluation (positive, neutral and negative). Our research reveals that the changing of words’ meaning, and their syntactic function, switched from the object language to the metalanguage level, is a feature associated with grammaticalization. We used a statistical chi-square test to verify the probability of word co-occurrence.
{"title":"From adverb to intensifier","authors":"Magdalena Pastuch, Barbara Mitrenga, K. Wąsińska","doi":"10.1075/jhp.19009.pas","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.19009.pas","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper aims is to analyse the status of selected Polish words: okrutnie (‘cruelly’), strasznie (‘terribly’) and szalenie (‘madly’). These units are traditionally considered to be adverbs, and their formal structure and original meaning indicate derivation from proper adjectives. We presume that adverbs might develop into intensifiers, which are semantically close to bardzo (‘very’). By analysing the linguistic material extracted from chronologically differentiated corpora of Polish (korba, kf19 and nkjp), we want to show how this linguistic process has been evolving over the centuries. Our research examines quantitative and qualitative collocational data of okrutnie, strasznie and szalenie with their categorical value and semantic evaluation (positive, neutral and negative). Our research reveals that the changing of words’ meaning, and their syntactic function, switched from the object language to the metalanguage level, is a feature associated with grammaticalization. We used a statistical chi-square test to verify the probability of word co-occurrence.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46005510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with rhetorically intended questions in the Zhuangzi, a foundational text of Daoism (fourth century bc). Such questions are generally meant to evoke silent answers in the addressee’s mind, thereby involving a fictive type of interaction (Pascual 2006, 2014). We analyse rhetorical questions as constructions of intersubjectivity (see Verhagen 2005, 2008), involving not just a conceptual integration of question and assertion but also a viewpoint blend (Dancygier and Sweetser [eds] 2012). They involve fusing the perspectives of the writer, the assumed prospective readers, and possibly also that of the discourse characters (in the case of rhetorical questions ascribed to a discourse character but meant to represent the writer’s voice). In this highly influential text with abundant mixed viewpoint scenarios, the interpretation of rhetorical questions involves the resolution of different viewpoints, which are set up and shifted in a multi-layered manner for particular argumentative purposes.
{"title":"Who’s speaking for whom?","authors":"Mingjian Xiang, Esther Pascual, Bosen Ma","doi":"10.1075/jhp.18013.xia","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.18013.xia","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper deals with rhetorically intended questions in the Zhuangzi, a foundational text of\u0000 Daoism (fourth century bc). Such questions are generally meant to evoke silent answers in the addressee’s mind, thereby\u0000 involving a fictive type of interaction (Pascual 2006, 2014). We analyse rhetorical questions as constructions of intersubjectivity (see Verhagen 2005, 2008), involving not just a conceptual\u0000 integration of question and assertion but also a viewpoint blend (Dancygier and Sweetser [eds]\u0000 2012). They involve fusing the perspectives of the writer, the assumed prospective readers, and possibly also that of\u0000 the discourse characters (in the case of rhetorical questions ascribed to a discourse character but meant to represent the\u0000 writer’s voice). In this highly influential text with abundant mixed viewpoint scenarios, the interpretation of rhetorical\u0000 questions involves the resolution of different viewpoints, which are set up and shifted in a multi-layered manner for particular\u0000 argumentative purposes.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48332131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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