The paper focusses on ritual “politeness” in the eighteenth- and early-nineteenth century Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia from a historical sociopragmatic perspective. The analysis of ceremonial literature and memoirs aims to highlight the instrumental role that the performance of conventional gestures and the use of conventional formulae have in presenting the self/other image. The period under consideration attests to the prominence of the Ottoman cultural model in the Romanian Principalities; nevertheless, the conduct prompted by Western and Central European culture was also rapidly emerging in these borderlands at the same time. When Romanian participants shift their behaviour in intercultural interactions according to the Eastern or Western norms, the choices they make have profound implications (political, social, and cultural).
{"title":"Ritual and modern “politeness” in the Romanian Principalities during the Phanariot period","authors":"M. Constantinescu","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00070.con","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00070.con","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The paper focusses on ritual “politeness” in the eighteenth- and early-nineteenth century Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia from a historical sociopragmatic perspective. The analysis of ceremonial literature and memoirs aims to highlight the instrumental role that the performance of conventional gestures and the use of conventional formulae have in presenting the self/other image. The period under consideration attests to the prominence of the Ottoman cultural model in the Romanian Principalities; nevertheless, the conduct prompted by Western and Central European culture was also rapidly emerging in these borderlands at the same time. When Romanian participants shift their behaviour in intercultural interactions according to the Eastern or Western norms, the choices they make have profound implications (political, social, and cultural).","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47056029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Etiquette has only marginally attracted the attention of politeness scholars. This article aims to fill a knowledge gap as it explores the concept in a more systematic way, using nineteenth-century prescriptive metasources from four countries (Britain, France, Italy and the United States). Etiquette is found to form a complicated, all-encompassing body of tendentially amoral, mandatory norms, adapting the minutiae of court protocol to private settings. Since the conventions of etiquette are sequentially structured as scripts with a social gatekeeping function, they can be seen as rituals – that is, schematic, performative interaction that is emotionally invested. Furthermore, given the combination of mandatory behaviour and a concern for rank (precedence), etiquette is seen as a manifestation of Discernment, although etiquette privileges non-verbal aspects of interaction, with less attention for language advice. I consider “etiquette” to be a historically and geographically situated first-order term for the analytical concept of Discernment: emerging in Europe and in North America in the late eighteenth century, it is still in use today.
{"title":"The codification of nineteenth-century etiquette","authors":"Annick Paternoster","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00069.pat","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00069.pat","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Etiquette has only marginally attracted the attention of politeness scholars. This article aims to fill a\u0000 knowledge gap as it explores the concept in a more systematic way, using nineteenth-century prescriptive metasources from four\u0000 countries (Britain, France, Italy and the United States). Etiquette is found to form a complicated, all-encompassing body of\u0000 tendentially amoral, mandatory norms, adapting the minutiae of court protocol to private settings. Since the conventions of\u0000 etiquette are sequentially structured as scripts with a social gatekeeping function, they can be seen as rituals – that is,\u0000 schematic, performative interaction that is emotionally invested. Furthermore, given the combination of mandatory behaviour and a\u0000 concern for rank (precedence), etiquette is seen as a manifestation of Discernment, although etiquette privileges non-verbal\u0000 aspects of interaction, with less attention for language advice. I consider “etiquette” to be a historically and geographically\u0000 situated first-order term for the analytical concept of Discernment: emerging in Europe and in North America in the late\u0000 eighteenth century, it is still in use today.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49667698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to contribute to the study of the first stages of the development of European politeness, through the analysis of the metalanguage of politeness used in two Latin poems with the title Facetus (Facetus: cum nihil utilius and Facetus: moribus et vita), both dating from the twelfth century. These two texts established a fertile genre of behaviour manuals, developed during the Middle Ages both in Latin and in vernacular languages, and illustrate an intermediary moment of transition from ancient conceptualisations of politeness (given that they heavily draw on Roman ideas and literature) to early modern ones. The semantic analysis of the Latin politeness meta-terms used in those poems, such as facetus, decorus, mos or decus, allows us to get a glimpse, through the emic perspective offered by these meta-terms, of the moral order underlying the code of courtly behaviour.
本文旨在通过分析12世纪以Facetus为标题的两首拉丁诗歌(Facetus: cum nihil utilitus和Facetus: moribus et vita)中使用的礼貌元语言，为研究欧洲礼貌发展的第一阶段做出贡献。这两个文本建立了一种丰富的行为手册类型，在中世纪用拉丁语和当地语言发展起来，并说明了从古代礼貌概念(考虑到它们大量借鉴罗马思想和文学)到早期现代概念过渡的中间时刻。对这些诗歌中使用的拉丁礼貌元术语的语义分析，如facetus, decorus, mos或decus，使我们能够通过这些元术语提供的主位视角，瞥见宫廷行为准则背后的道德秩序。
{"title":"Facetus and the birth of “European” politeness","authors":"L. Unceta Gómez","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00063.unc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00063.unc","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper aims to contribute to the study of the first stages of the development of European politeness, through\u0000 the analysis of the metalanguage of politeness used in two Latin poems with the title Facetus (Facetus:\u0000 cum nihil utilius and Facetus: moribus et vita), both dating from the twelfth century. These two\u0000 texts established a fertile genre of behaviour manuals, developed during the Middle Ages both in Latin and in vernacular\u0000 languages, and illustrate an intermediary moment of transition from ancient conceptualisations of politeness (given that they\u0000 heavily draw on Roman ideas and literature) to early modern ones. The semantic analysis of the Latin politeness meta-terms used in\u0000 those poems, such as facetus, decorus, mos or decus, allows us to get a glimpse, through the\u0000 emic perspective offered by these meta-terms, of the moral order underlying the code of courtly behaviour.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44044053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a case study which brings together the fields of contrastive pragmatics and historical pragmatics. Specifically, we contrastively investigate the ways in which the speech act set of “farewell” – representing the closing phase of an interaction – was realised in nineteenth-century historical letters in different linguacultures, including the English, German and Chinese ones. We argue that contrastive pragmatics provides a fruitful contribution to historical research for two inter-related reasons. First, contrastive pragmatics allows us to identify similar pragmatic patterns between typologicially “close” linguacultures, such as the English and the German ones. Second, it prompts researchers to attest the validity of such patterns by comparing such typologically close linguacultures with more distant ones such as the Chinese. Our study is based on a corpus of family letters written to elderly relatives.
{"title":"Historical language use in Europe from a contrastive pragmatic perspective","authors":"J. House, D. Kádár, Fengguang Liu, Wenrui Shi","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00068.kad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00068.kad","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a case study which brings together the fields of contrastive pragmatics and historical\u0000 pragmatics. Specifically, we contrastively investigate the ways in which the speech act set of “farewell” – representing the\u0000 closing phase of an interaction – was realised in nineteenth-century historical letters in different linguacultures, including the\u0000 English, German and Chinese ones. We argue that contrastive pragmatics provides a fruitful contribution to historical research for\u0000 two inter-related reasons. First, contrastive pragmatics allows us to identify similar pragmatic patterns between typologicially\u0000 “close” linguacultures, such as the English and the German ones. Second, it prompts researchers to attest the validity of such\u0000 patterns by comparing such typologically close linguacultures with more distant ones such as the Chinese. Our study is based on a\u0000 corpus of family letters written to elderly relatives.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45023797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although French courtly models spread to Europe, little research has compared the development of politeness in France with more remote European linguacultures. To fill this gap, I examine folk understandings of historical politeness in Finnish and French linguacultures. Concentrating on cultural outsiders’ own understandings – that is, French people living in Finland and Finns who live or have lived in France – my study lies within the framework of a discursive approach, and draws upon data from five focus-group discussions and their dialogical discourse analysis. My study shows that the different forms of government, levels of urbanisation and branches of Christianity reportedly influenced differences in Finnish and French politeness. Yet, during participants’ stays in these respective countries, an affinity towards politeness was described as stemming from globalisation. Future research should examine if the frames of expectations of politeness in Europe are generally moving closer towards one another.
{"title":"Historical changes in politeness norms","authors":"Johanna Isosävi","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00062.iso","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00062.iso","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Although French courtly models spread to Europe, little research has compared the development of politeness in France with more remote European linguacultures. To fill this gap, I examine folk understandings of historical politeness in Finnish and French linguacultures. Concentrating on cultural outsiders’ own understandings – that is, French people living in Finland and Finns who live or have lived in France – my study lies within the framework of a discursive approach, and draws upon data from five focus-group discussions and their dialogical discourse analysis. My study shows that the different forms of government, levels of urbanisation and branches of Christianity reportedly influenced differences in Finnish and French politeness. Yet, during participants’ stays in these respective countries, an affinity towards politeness was described as stemming from globalisation. Future research should examine if the frames of expectations of politeness in Europe are generally moving closer towards one another.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47973845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers the guidelines for polite conversation and appropriate comportment presented in Cicero’s philosophical treatise De Officiis (44 bce), examining them in the light of recent scholarship on modern conduct manuals (e.g., Terkourafi [2011], Alfonzetti [2016], Culpeper [2017] and Paternoster and Saltamacchia [2017]). In particular, it considers: (1) Cicero’s attempt to impose order on conversational practices; (2) his guidelines on rebuking others appropriately (a topic often omitted from modern manuals); (3) the ways in which his views on conversation coincide with modern theories of politeness; (4) his association of polite manners with moral behaviour and social class; and (5) the role of caricature in his depictions of inappropriate behaviour.
本文考虑了西塞罗哲学论文《官方论》(公元前44年)中提出的礼貌交谈和适当举止的指导方针，并根据最近关于现代行为手册的学术研究(例如，Terkourafi [2011]， Alfonzetti [2016]， Culpeper[2017]和Paternoster and Saltamacchia[2017])对其进行了研究。特别是，它考虑了:(1)西塞罗试图将秩序强加于会话实践;(2)他关于适当责备他人的指导方针(这一主题在现代手册中经常被省略);(3)他的谈话观与现代礼貌理论的不谋而合;(4)他将礼貌与道德行为和社会阶层联系起来;(5)漫画在他对不当行为的描述中的作用。
{"title":"Cicero’s De Officiis, politeness and modern conduct manuals","authors":"Jon Hall","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00059.hal","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00059.hal","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper considers the guidelines for polite conversation and appropriate comportment presented in Cicero’s\u0000 philosophical treatise De Officiis (44 bce), examining them in the light of recent scholarship on modern\u0000 conduct manuals (e.g., Terkourafi [2011], Alfonzetti [2016], Culpeper [2017] and Paternoster and Saltamacchia [2017]). In particular, it considers: (1) Cicero’s attempt to impose order on\u0000 conversational practices; (2) his guidelines on rebuking others appropriately (a topic often omitted from modern manuals); (3) the\u0000 ways in which his views on conversation coincide with modern theories of politeness; (4) his association of polite manners with\u0000 moral behaviour and social class; and (5) the role of caricature in his depictions of inappropriate behaviour.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48635199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to explain the development of European politeness as a result of courtly behaviour where “complaisance” played an important role. As traces left in the so-called “language of politeness” of numerous European linguacultures show, mutual “pleasing” determined social performance in hierarchically organised societies by merging aesthetic concepts of form and order with ethical values of benevolence and charity. An analysis of the lexical item placere (‘to please’) in Early Modern Italian and French documents highlights the existence of six different formulaic usages, characterised by a high consistency in frequency, evolution and diffusion all over Europe. Appearing mainly in connection with interactive moves where will is at stake, placere-formulae represent co-operative means, which ease social relationships by conditioning and “embellishing” directives with different elements of social decorum. As acts of submission originating in the Medieval ars dictandi, they became integrated over time into the French dogma of “polished” conversation as an elitist “art de plaire” (Faret 1665). From France they spread into the European courts establishing a conception of politeness that has been underestimated in pragmatics so far.
{"title":"A culture of “pleasing”?","authors":"G. Held","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00065.hel","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00065.hel","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper seeks to explain the development of European politeness as a result of courtly behaviour where\u0000 “complaisance” played an important role. As traces left in the so-called “language of politeness” of numerous European\u0000 linguacultures show, mutual “pleasing” determined social performance in hierarchically organised societies by merging aesthetic\u0000 concepts of form and order with ethical values of benevolence and charity. An analysis of the lexical item\u0000 placere (‘to please’) in Early Modern Italian and French documents highlights the existence of six different\u0000 formulaic usages, characterised by a high consistency in frequency, evolution and diffusion all over Europe. Appearing mainly in\u0000 connection with interactive moves where will is at stake, placere-formulae represent co-operative means, which\u0000 ease social relationships by conditioning and “embellishing” directives with different elements of social\u0000 decorum. As acts of submission originating in the Medieval ars dictandi, they became integrated\u0000 over time into the French dogma of “polished” conversation as an elitist “art de plaire” (Faret 1665). From France they spread into the European courts establishing a conception of politeness that has been\u0000 underestimated in pragmatics so far.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46302223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 1960s, Swedish address practices underwent a change from an intricate system of honorifics to universal use of the informal second-person singular du. This study challenges the common characterisation of this so called “du-reform” as very quick and straightforward. Previous studies, relying on reported usage and written language, suggest that the formal pronoun ni was considered impolite, while the informal du was restricted to use amongst family and close friends. I used advertising films to trace diachronic usage patterns in dialogue and in addressing the viewer. My study shows evidence of change over a period of fifteen years. It also shows that the formal address pronoun ni and informal address by du were both used in addressing the viewer long before the du-reform. The du-reform is a noteworthy change in European politeness behaviour. Today, the informal du is the unmarked address form in Swedish.
{"title":"The informalisation of address practice in Swedish in a historical perspective","authors":"Maria Fremer","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00067.fre","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00067.fre","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the 1960s, Swedish address practices underwent a change from an intricate system of honorifics to universal\u0000 use of the informal second-person singular du. This study challenges the common characterisation of this so\u0000 called “du-reform” as very quick and straightforward. Previous studies, relying on reported usage and written\u0000 language, suggest that the formal pronoun ni was considered impolite, while the informal du was\u0000 restricted to use amongst family and close friends. I used advertising films to trace diachronic usage patterns in dialogue and in\u0000 addressing the viewer. My study shows evidence of change over a period of fifteen years. It also shows that the formal address\u0000 pronoun ni and informal address by du were both used in addressing the viewer long before the\u0000 du-reform. The du-reform is a noteworthy change in European politeness behaviour. Today, the\u0000 informal du is the unmarked address form in Swedish.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49576205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I argue for a systematic study of the role that language contact has played in the development of German, French, Italian and Spanish address systems. While the current state of research clearly points to contact-induced changes in Early Modern European polite address, some important desiderata concerning the precise direction, nature and scope of contact influences remain. Against this background, I present historical foreign language manuals as a promising source for the comparative study of historical European address practices and their development. Through an explorative analysis of metapragmatic comments and model dialogues in selected foreign language manuals, the increasingly dynamic pressures experienced by interlocutors both to distance themselves from one another and to express solidarity come to light, as multi-level address systems emerge and mixed styles of address gain in importance.
{"title":"German and Romance civility in contact","authors":"Linda Gennies","doi":"10.1075/jhp.00061.gen","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00061.gen","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, I argue for a systematic study of the role that language contact has played in the development of\u0000 German, French, Italian and Spanish address systems. While the current state of research clearly points to contact-induced changes\u0000 in Early Modern European polite address, some important desiderata concerning the precise direction, nature and scope of contact\u0000 influences remain. Against this background, I present historical foreign language manuals as a promising source for the\u0000 comparative study of historical European address practices and their development. Through an explorative analysis of metapragmatic\u0000 comments and model dialogues in selected foreign language manuals, the increasingly dynamic pressures experienced by interlocutors\u0000 both to distance themselves from one another and to express solidarity come to light, as multi-level address systems emerge and\u0000 mixed styles of address gain in importance.","PeriodicalId":54081,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Historical Pragmatics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47320683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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