Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2020.1855974
Sédi-Anne Boukaka, G. Mancini, G. Vecchi
ABSTRACT The paper provides first generation estimates of poverty and inequality rates for three countries in Francophone Africa – Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, and Gabon – in the aftermath of independence. Sources – a large collection of historical household budgets – are new, as is the method that allows to connect historical sources to modern household budget surveys, and to deliver nationally representative estimates. The second part of the paper identifies the trend of poverty and inequality in Côte d’Ivoire for the years 1965 to 2015: mean income growth failed to reduce poverty during the 15 years of economic boom post-independence (1965–1979) because of increasing inequality. Conversely, in the following period (1979–2015) poverty changes are mostly guided by the evolution of growth.
{"title":"Poverty and inequality in Francophone Africa, 1960s–2010s","authors":"Sédi-Anne Boukaka, G. Mancini, G. Vecchi","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2020.1855974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2020.1855974","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper provides first generation estimates of poverty and inequality rates for three countries in Francophone Africa – Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, and Gabon – in the aftermath of independence. Sources – a large collection of historical household budgets – are new, as is the method that allows to connect historical sources to modern household budget surveys, and to deliver nationally representative estimates. The second part of the paper identifies the trend of poverty and inequality in Côte d’Ivoire for the years 1965 to 2015: mean income growth failed to reduce poverty during the 15 years of economic boom post-independence (1965–1979) because of increasing inequality. Conversely, in the following period (1979–2015) poverty changes are mostly guided by the evolution of growth.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2020.1855974","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44015481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1532286
L. Bértola, Mar Rey
The Montevideo-Oxford Latin American Economic History Database "MOxLAD" provides statistical series for a wide range of economic and social indicators covering the Latin American countries for the period 1870-2010. In this paper we describe the origins and the content of MOxLAD as well as some examples of the procedure to produce the estimates in order to achieve consistency and comparability of the data series, over time and between countries.
{"title":"The Montevideo-Oxford Latin American Economic History Database (MOxLAD): Origins, Contents and Sources","authors":"L. Bértola, Mar Rey","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1532286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1532286","url":null,"abstract":"The Montevideo-Oxford Latin American Economic History Database \"MOxLAD\" provides statistical series for a wide range of economic and social indicators covering the Latin American countries for the period 1870-2010. In this paper we describe the origins and the content of MOxLAD as well as some examples of the procedure to produce the estimates in order to achieve consistency and comparability of the data series, over time and between countries.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1532286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49041199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1527685
F. Tadei
ABSTRACT Despite having convincingly linked colonial extractive institutions to African current poverty, the literature remains unclear about which exact institutions are to blame. To address this research question, in this paper I identify trade policies as one of the main components of colonial extraction by showing their long-term effects on African economic growth. By using the gap between prices paid to African producers in the French colonies and competitive prices as a measure of rent extraction via trade monopsonies, I find a negative correlation between such price gaps and current development. This correlation is not driven by differences in geographic characteristics or national institutions. Moreover, it cannot be explained by the selection of initially poorer places into higher colonial extraction. The evidence suggests that trade monopsonies affected subsequent growth by reducing development in rural areas and that these effects persisted for a long time after independence.
{"title":"The Long-Term Effects of Extractive Institutions: Evidence from Trade Policies in Colonial French Africa","authors":"F. Tadei","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1527685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1527685","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite having convincingly linked colonial extractive institutions to African current poverty, the literature remains unclear about which exact institutions are to blame. To address this research question, in this paper I identify trade policies as one of the main components of colonial extraction by showing their long-term effects on African economic growth. By using the gap between prices paid to African producers in the French colonies and competitive prices as a measure of rent extraction via trade monopsonies, I find a negative correlation between such price gaps and current development. This correlation is not driven by differences in geographic characteristics or national institutions. Moreover, it cannot be explained by the selection of initially poorer places into higher colonial extraction. The evidence suggests that trade monopsonies affected subsequent growth by reducing development in rural areas and that these effects persisted for a long time after independence.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1527685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47663523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-29DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1502036
L. Zegarra
ABSTRACT This article examines the available evidence from five Latin American economies (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru) and determines the effect of bank output on economic growth from 1870 to 1920. By relying on a panel error-correction model, the evidence suggests that bank output had a significant long-term impact on GDP per capita. In the long run, an increase of 1% in the level of bank output per capita caused an increase of 0.2%-0.3% in GDP per capita. Compared to other studies, however, our estimates suggest a relatively low impact of bank output on GDP per capita. The results are robust to changes in the specification, in the sample, and in the method of deflating nominal variables.
{"title":"Were early banks important for economic growth? Evidence from Latin America","authors":"L. Zegarra","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1502036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1502036","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the available evidence from five Latin American economies (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru) and determines the effect of bank output on economic growth from 1870 to 1920. By relying on a panel error-correction model, the evidence suggests that bank output had a significant long-term impact on GDP per capita. In the long run, an increase of 1% in the level of bank output per capita caused an increase of 0.2%-0.3% in GDP per capita. Compared to other studies, however, our estimates suggest a relatively low impact of bank output on GDP per capita. The results are robust to changes in the specification, in the sample, and in the method of deflating nominal variables.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1502036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60048777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1484410
Leigh Gardner, A. Klein, M. Malinowski, Tamás Vonyó
Research on the economic history of Eastern Europe has proliferated rapidly in recent decades. This expansion is the result of numerous factors, including newly available archival records, a growin...
{"title":"EHDR and the economic history of Eastern Europe","authors":"Leigh Gardner, A. Klein, M. Malinowski, Tamás Vonyó","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1484410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1484410","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the economic history of Eastern Europe has proliferated rapidly in recent decades. This expansion is the result of numerous factors, including newly available archival records, a growin...","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1484410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43719364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2017.1372186
Tymofii Brik
ABSTRACT This paper investigates wage inequalities among domestic workers in early modern Poltava (present day Ukraine), which was an important military-administrative of a Cossack Hetmanate, which was an autonomy within the Russian Empire. The data are derived from Rumyantsev census conducted between 1765 and 1769 (N = 1,109). While previous studies often measured domestic workers’ wages indirectly, this historical source contains direct information on their wages in rubles per year. The data suggest that age and social status shaped wages of domestic workers in early modern Ukraine. After the age of 29, wages of all domestic workers stagnated and after 40 wages declined significantly. However, male domestic workers of Cossack origin had higher wages when compared to peasantry, while median wages of married women were similar to that of peasant men, and young girls received higher wages than young boys. These findings open a room for a debate about economic power of male and female workers in early modern Ukraine on the dawn of the Russian Empire centralization.
{"title":"Wages of male and female domestic workers in the Cossack Hetmanate: Poltava, 1765 to 1769","authors":"Tymofii Brik","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2017.1372186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2017.1372186","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates wage inequalities among domestic workers in early modern Poltava (present day Ukraine), which was an important military-administrative of a Cossack Hetmanate, which was an autonomy within the Russian Empire. The data are derived from Rumyantsev census conducted between 1765 and 1769 (N = 1,109). While previous studies often measured domestic workers’ wages indirectly, this historical source contains direct information on their wages in rubles per year. The data suggest that age and social status shaped wages of domestic workers in early modern Ukraine. After the age of 29, wages of all domestic workers stagnated and after 40 wages declined significantly. However, male domestic workers of Cossack origin had higher wages when compared to peasantry, while median wages of married women were similar to that of peasant men, and young girls received higher wages than young boys. These findings open a room for a debate about economic power of male and female workers in early modern Ukraine on the dawn of the Russian Empire centralization.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2017.1372186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48599203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1471353
Piotr Łozowski
ABSTRACT The article examines the operations of the property market in late medieval Old Warsaw during a period of economic expansion. Two major professional groups (merchants and craftsmen) are distinguished to indicate fundamental differences in their interest in the property market. While craftsmen accumulated goods, merchants sought profit in a quick resale. In addition, the consideration of separate groups such as nobility, clergy, peasants, and Jews, and the analysis of the size of the urban market revealed that the property market in Old Warsaw was dominated by burgesses. The comparison of the number of transactions with the number of newcomers granted citizenship revealed a fact overlooked in the literature, i.e. that the vast majority of migrants had a low economic status and could not afford to purchase their own property just after arriving in the town. This suggests that the rental market played an important role in providing accommodation for newcomers. The analysis also shows the steady and dynamic development of the property market in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. This evidence conflicts with suggestions of an economic crisis affecting late medieval Polish towns, at least for Old Warsaw.
{"title":"The Social Structure of the Real Estate Market in Old Warsaw in the Years 1427–1527","authors":"Piotr Łozowski","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1471353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1471353","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article examines the operations of the property market in late medieval Old Warsaw during a period of economic expansion. Two major professional groups (merchants and craftsmen) are distinguished to indicate fundamental differences in their interest in the property market. While craftsmen accumulated goods, merchants sought profit in a quick resale. In addition, the consideration of separate groups such as nobility, clergy, peasants, and Jews, and the analysis of the size of the urban market revealed that the property market in Old Warsaw was dominated by burgesses. The comparison of the number of transactions with the number of newcomers granted citizenship revealed a fact overlooked in the literature, i.e. that the vast majority of migrants had a low economic status and could not afford to purchase their own property just after arriving in the town. This suggests that the rental market played an important role in providing accommodation for newcomers. The analysis also shows the steady and dynamic development of the property market in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. This evidence conflicts with suggestions of an economic crisis affecting late medieval Polish towns, at least for Old Warsaw.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1471353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42885417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1432353
Hana Nielsen
ABSTRACT This paper provides an analysis of the role of technical advances and upscaling practices in the steel sector and the differences in these practices between planned and market-based economies. It focuses on the Czechoslovak steel sector, comparing it to other planned economies as well as Western economies. The primary method of analysis employed is the logistic-fit curve of technology diffusion, complemented with panel regression models. The paper draws two major conclusions: first, Czechoslovakia suffered from technological backwardness in the adoption of new steel technology with prolonged formation stage and high saturation levels as seen in some of the core steel markets. To some degree, this was due to the detrimental nature of central planning on new technology adoption. However, it was mainly linked to some specific characteristics of Eastern European markets, such as availability of scrap, the vintage of individual plants and the different structure of steelmaking costs. Second, the focus on Soviet-style large scale production was visible not only at the industry level but also at the level of the individual furnaces. It was this large-scale production that can be linked to improvements in relative energy efficiency – through economies of scale and learning-by-doing effects.
{"title":"Technology and scale changes: The steel industry of a planned economy in a comparative perspective","authors":"Hana Nielsen","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1432353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1432353","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper provides an analysis of the role of technical advances and upscaling practices in the steel sector and the differences in these practices between planned and market-based economies. It focuses on the Czechoslovak steel sector, comparing it to other planned economies as well as Western economies. The primary method of analysis employed is the logistic-fit curve of technology diffusion, complemented with panel regression models. The paper draws two major conclusions: first, Czechoslovakia suffered from technological backwardness in the adoption of new steel technology with prolonged formation stage and high saturation levels as seen in some of the core steel markets. To some degree, this was due to the detrimental nature of central planning on new technology adoption. However, it was mainly linked to some specific characteristics of Eastern European markets, such as availability of scrap, the vintage of individual plants and the different structure of steelmaking costs. Second, the focus on Soviet-style large scale production was visible not only at the industry level but also at the level of the individual furnaces. It was this large-scale production that can be linked to improvements in relative energy efficiency – through economies of scale and learning-by-doing effects.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1432353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44039379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1434411
E. Akyeampong
ABSTRACT Ralph Austen in African Economic History (1987) noted how few African countries explicitly choose capitalism on independence, and for those who did it was a default model or a residual pattern. ‘African socialism’ was popular in the early decades of independence and pursued by several countries, including Ghana, Guinea, Senegal and Tanzania, the cases considered in this paper. The term had multiple meanings, and its advocates were quick to stress that they were not communist, and some said they were not even Marxist. This paper explores the argument that African socialism was a search for an indigenous model of economic development for a generation that was justifiably ambivalent about capitalism, but wary of being put in the communist camp in the Cold War era. Importantly, advocates of African socialism often proposed bold and transformative visions for their countries. These visions might be worth revisiting, devoid of the paradigm of socialism.
Ralph Austen在《非洲经济史》（1987）一书中指出，很少有非洲国家在独立时明确选择资本主义，而对于那些选择资本主义的国家来说，这是一种默认模式或残余模式“非洲社会主义”在独立的最初几十年很流行，并被包括加纳、几内亚、塞内加尔和坦桑尼亚在内的几个国家所追求。这个词有多种含义，其拥护者很快强调他们不是共产主义者，有些人甚至说他们不是马克思主义者。本文探讨了这样一种论点，即非洲社会主义是在一代人的时间里寻找一种本土的经济发展模式，这一代人对资本主义有着合理的矛盾心理，但对冷战时期被纳入共产主义阵营持谨慎态度。重要的是，非洲社会主义的倡导者经常为他们的国家提出大胆和变革的愿景。这些愿景可能值得重新审视，没有社会主义的范式。
{"title":"African socialism; or, the search for an indigenous model of economic development?","authors":"E. Akyeampong","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1434411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1434411","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ralph Austen in African Economic History (1987) noted how few African countries explicitly choose capitalism on independence, and for those who did it was a default model or a residual pattern. ‘African socialism’ was popular in the early decades of independence and pursued by several countries, including Ghana, Guinea, Senegal and Tanzania, the cases considered in this paper. The term had multiple meanings, and its advocates were quick to stress that they were not communist, and some said they were not even Marxist. This paper explores the argument that African socialism was a search for an indigenous model of economic development for a generation that was justifiably ambivalent about capitalism, but wary of being put in the communist camp in the Cold War era. Importantly, advocates of African socialism often proposed bold and transformative visions for their countries. These visions might be worth revisiting, devoid of the paradigm of socialism.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1434411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43404503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2018.1430512
Keen Meng Choy, I. Sugimoto
ABSTRACT This paper examines the impact of Singapore’s rise as a staple port on the city’s real wages and living standards during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when this British colony acted as the heartland to surrounding hinterlands. Based on an analysis of newly reconstructed nominal wage and price time series, it is shown that real wages in Singapore fluctuated substantially over this period, rising and falling with the port’s staple trade in tin and rubber. As the city transformed itself into a commercial and financial hub during the interwar period, however, Singapore’s real wages rose, though this was accompanied by a widening skill premium. Compared to its peers in Asia, the city appears to have enjoyed a relatively higher average living standard before 1900, and possibly by the late 1930s as well.
{"title":"Staple Trade, Real Wages, and Living Standards in Singapore, 1870–1939","authors":"Keen Meng Choy, I. Sugimoto","doi":"10.1080/20780389.2018.1430512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.1430512","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the impact of Singapore’s rise as a staple port on the city’s real wages and living standards during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when this British colony acted as the heartland to surrounding hinterlands. Based on an analysis of newly reconstructed nominal wage and price time series, it is shown that real wages in Singapore fluctuated substantially over this period, rising and falling with the port’s staple trade in tin and rubber. As the city transformed itself into a commercial and financial hub during the interwar period, however, Singapore’s real wages rose, though this was accompanied by a widening skill premium. Compared to its peers in Asia, the city appears to have enjoyed a relatively higher average living standard before 1900, and possibly by the late 1930s as well.","PeriodicalId":54115,"journal":{"name":"Economic History of Developing Regions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20780389.2018.1430512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47583722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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