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Lower Paleolithic Shaped Stone Balls—What Is Next? Some Cultural–Cognitive Questions 旧石器时代晚期形状的石球——下一步是什么?一些文化认知问题
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.3390/quat6040051
Ella Assaf, Javier Baena Preysler, Emiliano Bruner
Shaped stone balls (SSBs) were an integral part of human culture across the Old World for nearly 2 million years. They are one of the oldest implements made and used by humans. In this significant era, which was characterised by biological and cultural transformations, these round implements were a stable hallmark throughout the Lower Paleolithic period and beyond. However, while much research progress has been made in other stone tool categories, and despite the increased research efforts in recent years, attempts to define SSB function and typology have remained inconclusive, and broader cultural and cognitive aspects related to their production techniques, use and dispersal have yet to be explored in depth. What is the significance of their continuous presence and wide geographical distribution? What do these imply regarding the cognitive abilities of Oldowan and Acheulian humans? In this paper, we turn the spotlight on these enigmatic items. We address unresolved issues and explore the ergonomic and perceptual properties stimulated by the geometry of these items. We show that stone ball variability matches (modern) human hand palm variability. Moreover, when using SSBs in percussion activities, they are handled with the entire palm. Following, we discuss the role of SSBs in the context of socio-cultural processes. We suggest that SSBs reflect some of the earliest evidence in human history of a specific form that was conceptualised and recurrently acted upon.
在近200万年的时间里,形状的石球(SSBs)是整个旧大陆人类文化不可分割的一部分。它们是人类制造和使用的最古老的工具之一。在这个以生物和文化转变为特征的重要时代,这些圆形工具是整个旧石器时代晚期及以后的稳定标志。然而,尽管在其他石制工具类别方面取得了很大的研究进展,尽管近年来的研究努力有所增加,但试图确定SSB的功能和类型仍然没有定论,与它们的生产技术、使用和传播有关的更广泛的文化和认知方面还有待深入探索。它们的持续存在和广泛的地理分布有什么意义?这些对于奥尔道安人和阿舍利人的认知能力意味着什么?在本文中,我们将把焦点放在这些神秘的项目上。我们解决了尚未解决的问题,并探索了这些物品的几何形状所激发的人体工程学和感性特性。我们发现石球的可变性与(现代)人类手掌的可变性相匹配。此外,当在打击活动中使用ssb时,它们是用整个手掌处理的。接下来,我们将讨论SSBs在社会文化进程中的作用。我们认为,SSBs反映了人类历史上最早的一些特定形式的证据,这些形式被概念化并反复发生作用。
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引用次数: 0
Foxes in Retrospect—Unraveling Human-Fox Relationships through Fox Tooth Ornaments in the Swabian Jura 回顾中的狐狸——通过斯瓦比亚汝拉狐狸牙齿饰品揭示人类与狐狸的关系
Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030050
Flavia Venditti, Madison J. McCartin, Melanie-Larisa Ostermann, Nicholas J. Conard, Sibylle Wolf
Personal ornaments play an important role in our understanding of human cultural and behavioral change during the Upper Paleolithic, providing insights into intangible aspects of human cultural behavior. Some ornament forms are better studied than others, and fox tooth ornaments, despite their frequent occurrence and broad spatiotemporal span, are relatively under-addressed. Here we present the first comprehensive study of 40 perforated fox teeth recovered from four cave sites in southwestern Germany. This region’s rich record of symbolic representations, as well as evidence of long-standing human–fox relationships, make the Swabian Jura an ideal case study for investigations of fox tooth ornaments. By applying a holistic approach, including geometric morphometrics and traceology coupled with experimental archaeology, we show that fox teeth were mostly perforated by bifacial scraping and grooving and were worn as ornaments. We discuss the role of foxes within human socio-symbolic and paleoenvironmental systems during the Upper Paleolithic of the Swabian Jura, and we contextualize our results within the broader context of sites across Europe during the Upper Paleolithic. The data we provide are in line with general trends observed across the continent and offer insight into the role of foxes during the Upper Paleolithic, especially regarding human subsistence, cultural expression, and ornament production.
个人饰品在我们理解旧石器时代晚期人类文化和行为变化方面发挥着重要作用,为人类文化行为的无形方面提供了见解。一些装饰形式的研究相对较好,而狐牙装饰虽然出现频率高、时空跨度广,但研究相对较少。在这里,我们提出了从德国西南部四个洞穴遗址中恢复的40个穿孔狐狸牙齿的第一个综合研究。该地区丰富的象征记录,以及人类与狐狸长期关系的证据,使斯瓦本汝拉成为研究狐狸牙齿装饰品的理想案例。通过几何形态计量学和痕迹学结合实验考古学的整体方法,我们发现狐狸的牙齿主要是通过双面刮擦和沟槽穿孔,并作为装饰品佩戴。我们讨论了在斯瓦本汝拉旧石器时代晚期,狐狸在人类社会符号和古环境系统中的作用,并将我们的结果置于旧石器时代晚期欧洲各地遗址的更广泛背景下。我们提供的数据与整个大陆观察到的总体趋势一致,并提供了对旧石器时代晚期狐狸的作用的深入了解,特别是在人类生存,文化表达和装饰品生产方面。
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引用次数: 0
Diatom Assemblages from the Daginsky Mud Volcano Sediments (Eastern Sakhalin) and Their Implication 东库页岛达吉斯基泥火山沉积物中的硅藻组合及其意义
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030049
I. Tsoy, A. V. Sorochinskaya
Diatom assemblages in mud volcanoes are quite rare and are poorly studied. The finding of a rich diatom flora in the sediments of the Daginsky Mud Volcano (DMV), located in the tidal zone of the Nyisky Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk, is of interest to study the conditions for the formation of host sediments in the zone of influence of various extreme factors, such as outflows of gases and water–mud mass, thermal springs, and tides. For this purpose, the taxonomical composition of diatom assemblages and concentration of diatoms in DMV sediments were studied. A comparison was made with the diatoms of geothermal springs of the Russian Far East associated with volcanic activity, and the stratigraphic occurrence of the found extinct diatoms was analyzed, which is important for determining their source and the age of the mud volcano roots. Diatom assemblages from DMV sediments are mainly characterized by the predominance of Metascolioneis tumida, Paralia sulcata, Odontella aurita, Pinnunavis yarrensis, Petroneis marina, Cocconeis scutellum, and Navicula digitoradiata. They consist of diatoms of different biotopes and extinct species. The diversity and abundance of brackish water and marine species indicates the predominant influence of sea waters on the formation of DMV sediments. The diverse freshwater species were mainly introduced into sediments with river runoff, but it is likely that some of these, such as the cosmopolitan alkaliphilic species, are inhabitants of geothermal springs. The presence of extinct species from the underlying Neogene sediments from where they were carried with gas–water–mud masses is the most typical for diatom assemblages of the DMV.
泥火山中的硅藻组合非常罕见,研究也很少。位于鄂霍次克海尼伊斯基湾潮汐带的达吉斯基泥火山(Daginsky Mud Volcano, DMV)沉积物中发现了丰富的硅藻植物群,这对于研究在各种极端因素(如气体和水泥块的流出、温泉和潮汐)的影响下形成宿主沉积物的条件具有重要意义。为此,对DMV沉积物中硅藻组合的分类组成和硅藻浓度进行了研究。并与俄罗斯远东地区与火山活动有关的地热泉中的硅藻进行了对比,分析了已灭绝硅藻的地层产状,这对确定泥火山根系的来源和年龄具有重要意义。DMV沉积物中的硅藻组合以Metascolioneis tumida、Paralia sulcata、Odontella aurita、Pinnunavis yarrensis、Petroneis marina、Cocconeis scutellum和Navicula digitoradiata为主。它们由不同生物群落和灭绝物种的硅藻组成。咸淡水和海洋物种的多样性和丰度表明海水对DMV沉积物形成的主要影响。不同的淡水物种主要是随河流径流进入沉积物,但其中一些物种,如世界性的嗜碱物种,很可能是地热泉的居民。新近纪沉积物中已灭绝物种的存在是DMV硅藻组合最典型的特征,这些物种与气-水-泥团一起被携带。
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引用次数: 0
The Processes of Aggradation and Incision in the Channels in the Terek River Basin, the North Caucasus: The Hydrological Fluvial Archives of the Recent Past 北高加索特列克河流域河道的淤积和切割过程:近代水文河流档案
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030047
A. Sidorchuk
The rates of incision and aggradation in the channels in the Terek River basin (North Caucasus) for the last 50–85 years were estimated at 18 gauging stations. The stage–discharge method (annual low water stages at the same discharges) was applied. The stability of the Terek River channel was recorded on the tectonically subsiding Tersko–Kuma Lowland. On the subsiding Kabardian Plain, channel aggradation up to 14 mm a−1 was registered. The rapid (~32 mm a−1) incision of the Terek River occurs within the antecedent valley of the rising Sunzha Ridge, causing regressive erosion and incision (~25 mm a−1) of rivers on the Ossetian Plain, despite its tectonic subsiding. The rivers in the uplifting mountains of the North Caucasus transport the sediments delivered from slopes as climatically controlled debris flows. Aggradation and incision here alternate without a visible overall trend. The rates of modern channel bed deformations are 10 to 100 times higher than the mean rates of tectonic movements. The main effect of tectonics is the changes in river channel slopes, which cause changes in the bed load transport budget and channel bed deformation. Human-made constructions induce rapid deformations in the channels but have a local effect.
用18个测量站估计了特列克河流域(北高加索)河道在过去50-85年间的切割和淤积率。采用分段放水法(相同放水量的年低水位放水法)。捷列克河河道的稳定性记录在构造沉降的捷尔斯科-库马低地上。在下沉的卡第亚平原上,河道淤积达14mm a−1。特列克河的快速切割(~32 mm a−1)发生在上升的孙扎岭的前谷内,尽管奥塞梯平原的构造沉降,但造成了河流的后退侵蚀和切割(~25 mm a−1)。北高加索隆起的山脉中的河流将斜坡上的沉积物作为气候控制的泥石流运输。此处脓肿和切口交替出现,总体趋势不明显。现代河床的变形速率比构造运动的平均速率高10 ~ 100倍。构造作用的主要影响是河道坡度的变化,从而引起河床输运收支和河床变形的变化。人为建筑引起河道迅速变形,但只产生局部影响。
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引用次数: 0
Air Temperature Change at the End of the Late Holocene and in the Anthropocene in the Middle Volga Region, European Russia 俄罗斯欧洲部分伏尔加中部地区晚全新世末和人类世的气温变化
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030048
Y. Perevedentsev, K. Shantalinsky, A. Gusarov, N. Mirsaeva, T. Aukhadeev, Alexander A. Nikolaev
The temporal variability of air temperature in the Middle Volga region from 1828 to 2021 is considered according to instrumental observations at the oldest meteorological station in the east of the East European Plain (Kazan University) and throughout the Asian part of Russia against the background of long-term climate fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere of Earth. A general trend toward an increase in air temperature was revealed. It was found that climate change in Kazan was consistent with the climatic processes that occurred in the Middle Volga region as a whole. The greatest warming for the entire observation period was observed in the winter and spring seasons of the year. In December, warming occurred at a maximum rate of 0.28 °C/10 years. At the same time, the most intense warming process was observed from 1991 to 2021. The analysis of low-frequency fluctuations in the series of monthly average air temperatures made it possible to identify different periods of change, both in type (direction) and intensity. It is shown that in the Middle Volga region, positive anomalies of air temperature have occurred more often than negative ones in recent decades. Statistical data processing was also carried out for 30-year periods, starting from the first period, i.e., 1841–1870. This made it possible to reveal long-term changes in air temperature. Comparisons of climatic parameters in two periods, i.e., 1828–1945 and 1946–2021, allowed us to reliably detect the climatic beginning of the increasingly identifiable Anthropocene epoch (since 1946), characterized by a sharp increase in air temperature, increased interannual variability of the air temperature regime, and a significant increase (by about three times) in the rate of warming in the Middle Volga region. A correlation was made between atmospheric circulation indices and air temperature fluctuations in Kazan over different periods. The closest relationship was found for the 1990–2020 period. It is shown that the contribution of global factors to air temperature variability in the Middle Volga region during the Anthropocene reached 37% in winter and 32% in summer; in annual terms, this contribution amounted to 54%.
在地球北半球长期气候波动的背景下,根据东欧平原东部最古老的气象站(喀山大学)和俄罗斯整个亚洲地区的仪器观测,考虑了1828年至2021年伏尔加中部地区气温的时间变化。气温普遍呈上升趋势。结果表明,喀山地区的气候变化与伏尔加中部地区的气候过程是一致的。整个观测期的最大变暖发生在一年中的冬季和春季。12月,气候变暖的最大速度为0.28°C/10年。与此同时,1991年至2021年出现了最强烈的变暖过程。通过分析月平均气温系列中的低频波动,可以确定不同的变化时期,包括类型(方向)和强度。结果表明,近几十年来,伏尔加中部地区气温正异常的发生率高于负异常。从第一个时期,即1841年至1870年,也对30年的时期进行了统计数据处理。这使得揭示空气温度的长期变化成为可能。对1828-1945年和1946-2021年这两个时期的气候参数进行比较,使我们能够可靠地探测到越来越可识别的人类世时代(自1946年以来)的气候开始,其特征是气温急剧上升,气温状况的年际变化增加,以及伏尔加中部地区的升温速度显著增加(大约三倍)。对喀山不同时期的大气环流指数和气温波动进行了相关分析。1990年至2020年期间发现了最密切的关系。结果表明,人类世期间,全球因素对伏尔加中部地区气温变化的贡献率在冬季达到37%,在夏季达到32%;按年度计算,这一贡献达54%。
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引用次数: 0
The Evolution of Paleolithic Hunting Weapons: A Response to Declining Prey Size 旧石器时代狩猎武器的演变:对猎物数量下降的回应
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030046
M. Ben-Dor, R. Barkai
This paper examines the hypothesis that changes in hunting weapons during the Paleolithic were a direct response to a progressive decline in prey size. The study builds upon a unified hypothesis that explains Paleolithic human evolutionary and behavioral/cultural phenomena, including improved cognitive capabilities, as adaptations to mitigate declined energetic returns due to a decline in prey size. Five selected case studies in Africa and Europe were analyzed to test this hypothesis, focusing on the relative presence of megaherbivores (>1000 kg) in the transition between the Acheulean/Early Stone Age and the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age. The findings indicate a decline in megaherbivores’ presence and biomass contribution in the studied transition period associated with the introduction of Levallois technology. We review the evolution of hunting weapons, including wooden-tipped and stone-tipped spears and bows and arrows. Analysis of tip size and breakage patterns indicate a reduction in point size over time, aligning with the declining prey size. We propose that changes in hunting weapons and strategies were driven by the practical and ontological incentives presented by the availability and size of prey. Developing smaller, more precise weapons required increased cognitive capacities, leading to the parallel evolution of human cognitive abilities.
这篇论文检验了旧石器时代狩猎武器的变化是对猎物体积逐渐变小的直接反应的假设。这项研究建立在一个统一的假设之上,该假设解释了旧石器时代人类的进化和行为/文化现象,包括认知能力的提高,作为一种适应,以减轻因猎物体积缩小而导致的能量回报下降。为了验证这一假设,研究人员分析了非洲和欧洲的5个选定的案例研究,重点研究了在阿舍利/早期石器时代和旧石器时代中期/中石器时代过渡时期巨型食草动物(100 - 1000公斤)的相对存在。研究结果表明,在研究的过渡时期,大型食草动物的存在和生物量贡献与Levallois技术的引入有关。我们回顾了狩猎武器的演变,包括木矛和石矛以及弓箭。对尖端大小和断裂模式的分析表明,随着时间的推移,尖端的大小会减少,这与猎物体积的缩小相一致。我们认为狩猎武器和策略的变化是由猎物的可用性和大小所提供的实际和本体论激励驱动的。开发更小、更精确的武器需要增强认知能力,从而导致人类认知能力的平行进化。
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引用次数: 0
Palynology of Gardens and Archaeobotany for the Environmental Reconstruction of the Charterhouse of Calci-Pisa in Tuscany (Central Italy) 托斯卡纳(意大利中部)比萨城堡环境重建的花园和考古考古
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030045
G. Gattiglia, Eleonora Rattighieri, Eleonora Clò, F. Anichini, Antonio Campus, Marta Rossi, M. Buonincontri, A. Mercuri
In central Italy, the Charterhouse of Calci hosts the Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa. This monumental monastery was founded in 1366 by Carthusian monks. The Charterhouse has experienced various transformations over the centuries, until its abandonment in the 1970s. Since 2018, interdisciplinary archaeological research focused on the monks’ gardens (and particularly: the Prior’s, the Apothecary’s, and the Master’s garden) and the green spaces outside the cloister walls, consisting of courtyards and orchards, to determine the individual (gardens) and collective (green spaces and surrounding woods) practices adopted by Carthusians. Palynology and archaeobotany have allowed to reconstruct the plant biodiversity, with flowers and ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal herbs that grew in the gardens, as well as the management of local hilly woods and agricultural practices, including the cultivation of fruit trees, such as chestnut, olive tree, almond tree, and grapevine. Our research has been based on a solid theoretical approach, interpreting archaeological and archaeobotanical data in relation to the intricate network of human and non-human connections. Gardens are seen as a co-creation made together by human and non-human agencies, and their diachronic transformation is read as an expression of personalities of the monks, feelings, and connections with nature and divinity.
在意大利中部,Calci的Charterhouse是比萨大学自然历史博物馆的所在地。这座具有纪念意义的修道院由迦太基僧侣于1366年建立。几个世纪以来,查特豪斯经历了各种各样的转变,直到20世纪70年代被废弃。自2018年以来,跨学科考古研究的重点是僧侣花园(尤其是:长老花园、药剂师花园和大师花园)和回廊墙外的绿地,包括庭院和果园,以确定Carthusian采用的个人(花园)和集体(绿地和周围的树林)做法。Palynology和古植物学使植物生物多样性得以重建,花园里生长着鲜花和观赏性、芳香性和药用草本植物,以及当地丘陵森林的管理和农业实践,包括种植果树,如栗树、橄榄树、杏仁树和葡萄藤。我们的研究基于坚实的理论方法,将考古和古植物学数据与复杂的人类和非人类联系网络联系起来。花园被视为人类和非人类机构共同创造的,它们的历时性转变被解读为僧侣个性、情感以及与自然和神性的联系的表达。
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引用次数: 0
Vegetation Dynamics and Megaherbivore Presence of MIS 3 Stadials and Interstadials 10–8 Obtained from a Sediment Core from Auel Infilled Maar, Eifel, Germany 德国Eifel Auel填充Maar沉积物岩心中MIS 3基岩和基岩间10-8的植被动态和大型食草动物的存在
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030044
Sarah Britzius, F. Sirocko
We present a record of pollen and spores of coprophilous fungi from a sediment core from Auel infilled maar, Eifel, Germany, covering the period from 42,000 to 36,000 yr b2k. We can show that vegetation cover was dominated by a boreal forest with components of steppe and cold-temperate wood taxa. The proportion of wood taxa was higher during interstadials, whereas steppe-vegetation became more prominent during stadials. During Heinrich stadial 4, temperate taxa are mostly absent. Spores of coprophilous fungi show that megaherbivores were continuously present, albeit in a larger number during stadials when steppe environment with abundant steppe herbs expanded. With the onset of Greenland stadial 9, forests became more open, allowing for steppe-environment to evolve. The shift in vegetation cover coincides with the highest values of herbivore biomass at the time that Neanderthal humans demised and Anatomically Modern Humans most probably arrived in Central and Western Europe. Megaherbivore biomass was a direct consequence of vegetation cover/availability of food resources and thus an indirect consequence of a changing climate. Herds of large herbivores following suitable (steppe) habitats may have been one cause of the migration of AMH into Europe, going along with their prey to productive hunting grounds.
我们在德国Eifel的Auel填充maar沉积物岩心中记录了粪亲真菌的花粉和孢子,时间跨度为42,000至36,000年。植被覆盖以北方森林为主,由草原和寒温带木材类群组成。间伐期木材类群比例较高,间伐期草原植被比例较突出。在海因里希时期,温带类群基本不存在。嗜粪真菌的孢子表明,巨型食草动物持续存在,尽管在具有丰富草原草本植物的草原环境扩大的阶段,其数量更多。随着格陵兰岛的开始,森林变得更加开阔,使得草原环境得以进化。植被覆盖的变化与食草动物生物量的最高值相吻合,当时尼安德特人灭绝,解剖学上的现代人最有可能到达中欧和西欧。巨型食草动物的生物量是植被覆盖/食物资源可用性的直接结果,因此是气候变化的间接结果。大型食草动物跟随合适的栖息地(草原)迁徙可能是AMH迁移到欧洲的一个原因,它们和猎物一起前往多产的狩猎场。
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引用次数: 1
A Multidisciplinary Study of Wild Grapevines in the River Crati Natural Reserve, South Italy (Calabria): Implications in Conservation Biology and Palaeoecological Reconstructions 意大利南部(卡拉布里亚)克拉蒂河自然保护区野生葡萄藤的多学科研究:保护生物学和古生态重建的意义
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030043
Eleonora Clò, P. Torri, M. Baliva, A. Brusco, Roberto Marchianò, E. Sgarbi, J. Palli, A. Mercuri, G. Piovesan, A. Florenzano
Nowadays, wild grapevine populations are quite limited and sporadic mainly due to habitat destruction, land-use change, and the spread of pathogens that have reduced their distribution range. Palaeoecological, archaeobotanical, and genetic studies indicate that modern cultivars of Vitis vinifera are the results of the domestication of the dioecious, and sometimes hermaphrodite, wild species standing in riparian zones and wet environments. Wild grapevine populations have declined as a consequence of various forms of anthropogenic disturbance and were assigned by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to the Least Concern category. The River Crati Natural Reserve (Riserva Naturale Foce del Crati), located in southern Italy, hosts a population of Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris in a rewilding wet forest close to the Ionian Sea. These protected areas are of high scientific, biogeographic, and conservation interest in terms of Mediterranean biodiversity. Dendroecological and pollen morpho-biometric analyses of the wild grapevine are presented in this study. Palaeoecological perspectives for a landscape management strategy aimed at conserving and restoring the relic grapevine population are discussed.
目前,野生葡萄藤种群数量有限且呈零星分布,主要原因是生境破坏、土地利用变化和病原菌的传播使其分布范围缩小。古生态学、考古植物学和遗传学研究表明,葡萄的现代栽培品种是生长在河岸地带和潮湿环境中的雌雄异株(有时是雌雄同体)野生物种驯化的结果。由于各种形式的人为干扰,野生葡萄藤种群数量下降,并被世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录列为最不受关注的类别。克拉蒂河自然保护区(Riserva Naturale force del Crati)位于意大利南部,是葡萄亚种的栖息地。西尔维斯特里斯在靠近爱奥尼亚海的一片正在恢复野生的潮湿森林里。就地中海生物多样性而言,这些保护区具有很高的科学、生物地理和保护价值。本文介绍了野生葡萄树的树木生态学和花粉形态生物学分析。从古生态学的角度探讨了保护和恢复葡萄藤种群的景观管理策略。
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引用次数: 0
Anticipation, Discovery and Serendipity in Quaternary Paleoecology: Personal Experiences from the Iberian Pyrenees 第四纪古生态学的预期、发现和意外发现:来自伊比利亚比利牛斯的个人经验
IF 2.3 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.3390/quat6030042
V. Rull
This essay is a personal insight based on my own experience in the Iberian Pyrenees, which addresses three situations common in paleoecological research, such as the verification of previously devised hypotheses (anticipation), the finding on unknown events in unstudied sites (discovery) and the finding of unexpected outputs in already known areas (serendipity). The account is concentrated on the value of the coring sites by themselves as generators of paleoecological knowledge, rather than on the actual findings, which are presented and discussed in the corresponding data papers. The main aim is to show that there is still much room for new findings, even in areas that have been surveyed for a long time and are supposed to be well known, from a paleoecological perspective. Finally, some general lessons are derived and conceptualized.
这篇文章是基于我自己在伊比利亚比利牛斯山脉的经验的个人见解,它解决了古生态研究中常见的三种情况,例如验证先前设计的假设(预期),在未研究的地点发现未知事件(发现)以及在已知区域发现意想不到的产出(serendipity)。该报告侧重于岩心地点本身作为古生态知识的产生者的价值,而不是在相应的数据论文中提出和讨论的实际发现。其主要目的是表明,从古生态学的角度来看,即使在已经调查了很长时间并被认为是众所周知的地区,仍有很大的新发现空间。最后,得出了一些一般性的经验教训,并将其概念化。
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Quaternary
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