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Where are possible worlds? (arguments for ReALIS) 可能的世界在哪里?(ReALIS的论据)
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.1
Gábor Alberti, J. Kleiber
We follow Pollard (2007) in assuming that the mainstream Kripke/Montagueinspired possible-worlds semantics is “a framework known to have dubious foundations” (primarily because of the granularity problem), and “worlds are constructed from propositions […], and not the other way around”. We intend to work out this approach in a DRT-based framework, called ReALIS, in order to account for phenomena concerning referent accessibility, at the same time. We claim that our system offers a general solution to problems of intensional identity, and it is devoid of DRT’s “extra level” problem—by embedding discourse representations in the world model, not directly but as parts of the representations of interpreters’ minds, i.e., their (permanently changing) information states/“internal worlds”. Hence, there is simply no intensionality in ReALIS as interpreters’ “worldlets” (in description of their brains within the entire model of the universe) carry all kinds of information (BDI, guesswork, dream) typically “entruste...
我们遵循Pollard(2007)的假设,即主流的Kripke/ montague启发的可能世界语义是“一个已知具有可疑基础的框架”(主要是因为粒度问题),并且“世界是由命题构建的[…],而不是相反”。我们打算在一个基于drs的框架(称为ReALIS)中制定这种方法,以便同时考虑与参考可及性有关的现象。我们声称,我们的系统为内涵同一性问题提供了一个通用的解决方案,并且它没有DRT的“额外层次”问题——通过将话语表征嵌入到世界模型中,而不是直接地,而是作为口译员心智表征的一部分,即他们(永久变化的)信息状态/“内部世界”。因此,在ReALIS中根本没有密集性,因为口译员的“世界小体”(在整个宇宙模型中描述他们的大脑)携带着各种信息(BDI、猜测、梦想),通常“委托……
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引用次数: 11
Suspended affixation in Ossetic and the structure of the syntax-morphology interface 骨语言学中的悬垂词缀与语法-形态学界面结构
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.7
David Erschler
I describe and analyze suspended affixation (a situation when an affix only appears on the rightmost coordinand, but takes scope over all the coordinands) of case markers in Ossetic. Based on how suspended affixation interacts with allomorphy and certain case conflicts, I propose that suspended affixation arises due to phonological deletion of exponents, and that semantic information is still available at this stage. I speculate that it is this stage of derivation that should be considered the morphological module.
本文描述并分析了奥塞梯语中大小写标记的悬空词缀(一个词缀只出现在最右边的坐标上,但占据了所有坐标的范围)。基于悬置词缀与异型词缀和某些大小写冲突的相互作用,笔者认为悬置词缀是由于指数的语音缺失而产生的,并且在此阶段语义信息仍然可用。我推测,正是这个衍生阶段应该被认为是形态模块。
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引用次数: 8
Nothing to agree on: Non-agreeing subjects of copular clauses in Hebrew 没有一致意见:希伯来语常用分句的不一致主题
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.4
Gabi Danon
Copular clauses in Hebrew with the copula ze never allow their subjects to agree with the copula or with the post-copular predicate. Following previous work, it is shown that such clauses are not predicational and that their subjects often get a ‘hidden event’ interpretation. After ruling out an analysis that takes the copula to be the actual subject and an analysis involving a clausal subject, it is argued that these clauses involve a subject that lacks the features needed for subject-external agreement, while having the features needed for subject-internal agreement.
希伯来语中带有copula ze的copula从句从不允许其主语与copula或后copula谓语一致。根据之前的研究,这类子句不是谓语性的,它们的主语通常会得到“隐藏事件”的解释。在排除以联系词为实际主体的分析和涉及条款主体的分析后,我们认为这些条款所涉及的主体缺乏主体-外部一致所需要的特征,而具有主体-内部一致所需要的特征。
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引用次数: 11
Atoms, groups and kinds in Czech 捷克语中的原子、基团和种类
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.5
M. Dočekal
A semantics for various classes of Czech numerals is presented which is based on Landman’s theory but also incorporates Chierchia’s Neo-Carlsonian approach to kinds. On the basis of a wide range of empirical data it is argued that Czech overtly lexicalizes at least two covert “sort-shifting” operators that have been stipulated in order to derive certain fine-grained semantic effects.
在兰德曼理论的基础上,提出了捷克数词的不同类别的语义学,但也结合了基耶尔基亚的新卡尔森方法。在广泛的经验数据的基础上,认为捷克公开词汇化了至少两个隐蔽的“排序转移”操作符,这些操作符是为了派生某些细粒度的语义效果而规定的。
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引用次数: 7
ON THE SYNTAX OF DITRANSITIVE SENTENCES IN SLOVENIAN 斯洛文尼亚语及物句的句法研究
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.8
Tatjana Marvin, Adrian Stegovec
In this paper we discuss Slovenian ditransitive sentences with respect to the two possible word orders of the objects found with neutral intonation, DAT≫ACC and ACC≫DAT. We follow the idea in the Gracanin-Yuksek (2006) paper on Croatian that these two word orders instantiate different structures. In Slovenian, the DAT≫ACC order has an applicative structure (either high or low), while the ACC≫DAT is a prepositional dative construction. The applicative analysis provides a novel argument for this type of analysis. Other supporting arguments examined are scope properties, binding of possessives, the possibility of the causative reading, non-contrastive focus and heavy NP shift, and properties of idioms.
本文讨论了斯洛文尼亚语及物句中具有中性语调的对象的两种可能的语序:DAT比ACC和ACC比DAT。我们遵循Gracanin-Yuksek(2006)关于克罗地亚语的论文中的观点,即这两个词序实例化了不同的结构。在斯洛文尼亚语中,DAT ~ ACC顺序有一个适用结构(或高或低),而ACC ~ DAT是一个介词与格结构。应用分析为这类分析提供了一种新颖的论证。研究的其他支持论点包括范围属性、所有格的绑定、使节阅读的可能性、非对比焦点和重NP转移以及习语的属性。
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引用次数: 13
Person case constraint effects in Polish copular constructions 波兰语连词结构中的人称格约束效应
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.3
A. Bondaruk
The paper examines two patterns found in one type of copular constructions in Polish, i.e., those containing the verbal copula by´ 'be' and the pronominal copula to. In the first pattern the verb by´ 'be' agrees with the second, postverbal element, not with the first one, while in the other 1st and 2nd person pronouns are banned from appearing as the first elements in to bycopular clauses. It is argued that these apparently unrelated patterns are amenable to a uniform analysis couched within the minimalist approach to the Person Case Constraint (henceforth, the PCC). This approach crucially relies on the application of multiple Agree and the assumption that in Polish, just like in other languages, T probes separately for person and number. It is argued that in both patterns under consideration T probes the first DP for person and the second one for number and gender, which accounts for agreement with the second element in the first pattern. If the first DP is 1st or 2nd person, it values the person feature of T as 1st or 2nd and this is responsible for a person clash if the second DP is marked for 3rd person, which accounts for the second pattern. The analysis offered predicts that the two DPs in to byclauses must match in person. It is shown that this prediction may turn out to be problematic in the light of the fact that identity statements and inverted copular sentences allow person mismatch. It is argued that although they seem to be problematic in fact neither in the former nor in the latter the mechanism underlying the PCC effect, i.e., multiple Agree, is operative, but for a different reason. Equatives are analysed along the lines proposed by Perelstvaig (2001; 2008) for Russian and Italian by Moro (1997; 2006), i.e., they are treated as bare small clauses which lack a label unless the second DP is internally merged with the bare small clause and thus provides it with a label (DP). As a result of this movement, the moved DP is closer to the probe T than the other DP, which blocks multiple Agree. In inverted copula sentences, on the other hand, parallel probing by T and C applies, which forces the movement of the inverted element to Spec CP and thus makes it unavailable to Agree with T.
本文考察了一种波兰语连词结构中的两种模式,即含有动词连词“be”和代词连词“to”的连词。在第一种模式中,动词by“be”与第二种后语元素一致,而不是与第一个后语元素一致,而在其他第一人称和第二人称代词中,禁止作为副合格从句的第一元素出现。有人认为,这些表面上不相关的模式可以用一种统一的分析方法来表达人-事约束(以下简称PCC)。这种方法主要依赖于多个Agree的应用,并假设在波兰语中,就像在其他语言中一样,T分别探测person和number。本文认为,在这两种模式中,T都考察了第一个DP为人,第二个DP为数和性别,这与第一个模式中的第二个元素是一致的。如果第一个DP是第一或第二个人,它将T的人物特征值为第一或第二,如果第二个DP被标记为第三人,这是造成人员冲突的原因,这说明了第二种模式。该分析预测,条款中的两名dp必须亲自匹配。结果表明,这种预测可能会出现问题,因为身份陈述句和倒双关句允许人不匹配。有人认为,虽然它们似乎是有问题的,但事实上,在前者和后者中,PCC效应的机制,即多重同意,是有效的,但原因不同。根据Perelstvaig(2001)提出的思路分析等式;2008)由Moro(1997)翻译为俄语和意大利语;2006),即,它们被视为缺少标签的裸小子句,除非第二个DP在内部与裸小子句合并,从而为其提供标签(DP)。由于这种移动,移动的DP比另一个DP更靠近探测T,这会阻止多个同意。另一方面,在倒立的连词句中,T和C的平行探测适用,这迫使倒立的元素向Spec CP移动,从而使其无法与T一致。
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引用次数: 2
Leftward movement with discontinuous appositive constructions 用不连续的同位结构向左移动
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.9
T. Milicev, N. Miliċeviċ
A rather standard generalization regarding both clausal and nominal appositives to noun phrases is that the appositive element needs to be right adjacent to its antecedent/anchor (cf. Potts 2003). The exceptions to the adjacency requirement are usually restricted to the cases of extraposition (cf. de Vries 2002 for Dutch; Cinque 2006 for Italian). In some languages, however, such as Serbian or Old English, it is possible to split the antecedent and the appositive without resorting to extraposition. Our claim is that in such cases the observed discontinuity is the result of the leftward movement of the antecedent to a higher position in the clause. We discuss the interpretative and syntactic restrictions on this operation, basing our conclusions on the data from Serbian and Old English. We show that the leftward movement account of this phenomenon is not only the most optimal one, but provides a strong argument in favour of treating appositions as specifying conjuncts, as proposed by de Vries (2002; 2006),...
关于名词短语的小句和名词性同位语的一个相当标准的概括是,同位语元素需要与它的先行词/锚点相邻(cf. Potts 2003)。邻接要求的例外情况通常仅限于外置的情况(参见de Vries 2002 for Dutch;Cinque 2006(意大利语)。然而,在某些语言中,如塞尔维亚语或古英语,可以不借助外置词将先行词和同位语分开。我们的主张是,在这种情况下,观察到的不连续性是先行词向左移动到子句中更高位置的结果。我们根据塞尔维亚语和古英语的数据,讨论了这一操作的解释和句法限制。我们表明,对这一现象的左移解释不仅是最理想的,而且提供了一个强有力的论据,支持将并列词视为指定连词,如de Vries (2002;2006),…
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引用次数: 3
Splitting ‘intervocalic’: Expanding the typology of lenition environments 分裂“间断性”:扩展空间环境的类型
Pub Date : 2012-06-12 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.2
Katalin Balogné Bérces, Patrick Honeybone
The basic types of lenition environments (‘initial’, ‘intervocalic’, ‘final’) need to be separately evaluated as they differ along parameters like word position (e.g., pre-consonantal vs. final codas) or stress relations. This paper argues that we need to recognise an additional such parameter: the length of the vowel preceding an intervocalic consonant. We show that a number of phenomena from varieties of English and German show lenition patterns which draw a distinction between reflexes found in post-short (vc) and post-long (vvc) environments. The theoretical consequence of our observations is that phonological theory needs to be able to account for the post-short vs. post-long distinction in the form of a parametrically-determined representational difference.
发音环境的基本类型(“初始”、“中间”、“最终”)需要单独评估,因为它们在单词位置(例如,前辅音与最终尾音)或重音关系等参数上存在差异。本文认为,我们需要识别一个额外的这样的参数:中间辅音前面的元音的长度。我们表明,来自英语和德语的多种现象显示了在短后(vc)和长后(vvc)环境中发现的反射之间的区别的联想模式。我们观察的理论结果是,音系理论需要能够以参数决定的表征差异的形式解释后短后长区别。
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引用次数: 9
THE SINGLE MORPHEME -ED/-EN OF THE ENGLISH PAST/PASSIVE 英语过去式/被动语态的单素-ed / -en
Pub Date : 2012-06-01 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.59.2012.1-2.6
J. Emonds
All English regular verbs and about half its irregular verbs have the same form for the finite past tense and the past participle. The finite past tense is different from the participle only for a closed class of about 100 irregular verbs. These latter can be analyzed by a lexical device of wide-ranging applicability called Alternative Realization. All other Past forms of Vs, finite and non-finite, can then be derived from a single morpheme -ed which appears in two contexts: one when V is finite and one when it is selected by a semantically empty stative verb, have or be. There is also a third use of -ed to form passive participles, in both verbal and adjectival passives.The paper presents a formalized system of selection features for lexical items including but going beyond classical subcategorization. This system permits formulating a single full lexical entry for the suffix -ed that covers all its uses. The final version of this entry exemplifies how to specify Alternative Realization, uninterpretabili...
所有英语规则动词和大约一半的不规则动词的有限过去时和过去分词都有相同的形式。有限过去时与分词的区别只存在于大约100个不规则动词的封闭类别中。后者可以通过一种被称为替代实现的广泛适用的词汇装置来分析。V的所有其他过去式,不管是有限的还是非有限的,都可以由一个单一的语素ed派生出来,这个语素ed出现在两种语境中:一种是在V是有限的情况下,另一种是在V被语义上空的静态动词have或be选中的情况下。还有第三种用法-ed构成被动分词,在动词性和形容词的被动语态中都有。本文提出了一个形式化的词项选择特征系统,包括但超越了经典的子分类。这个系统允许为后缀-ed制定一个完整的词汇条目,涵盖它的所有用法。这个条目的最终版本举例说明了如何指定替代实现、不可解释…
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引用次数: 0
From production to selection of interpretations for novel conceptual combinations: A developmental approach 从新概念组合的产生到诠释的选择:一种发展性的方法
Pub Date : 2011-12-22 DOI: 10.1556/ALING.58.2011.4.2
Sandra Jhean-Larose, B. Lecoutre, G. Denhière
This study looks at how combinations of two French nouns are interpreted. The order of occurrence of the constituents of two types of conceptual combinations, relation and property, was manipulated in view of determining how property-based and relation-based interpretations evolve with age. Three groups of French-speaking children (ages 6, 8, and 10) and a group of adults performed an interpretation-selection task. The results for the children indicated that while property-based interpretations increased with age, relation-based interpretations were in the majority for both combination types, whereas for the adults, relation-based interpretations were in the minority for property combinations. For the children and adults alike, the most frequent interpretations were ones in which the head noun came first and was followed by the modifier (the opposite of the order observed for English).
这项研究着眼于如何解释两个法语名词的组合。为了确定以财产为基础的解释和以关系为基础的解释如何随着年龄的增长而演变,对关系和关系这两类概念组合的组成部分的出现顺序进行了操纵。三组讲法语的儿童(6岁、8岁和10岁)和一组成年人执行口译选择任务。对儿童的研究结果表明,虽然基于财产的解释随着年龄的增长而增加,但在两种组合类型中,基于关系的解释都占多数,而对成年人来说,基于关系的解释在财产组合中占少数。对于儿童和成人来说,最常见的解释是头名词先出现,后面跟着修饰语(与英语的顺序相反)。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Acta Linguistica Hungarica
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