Kateřina Tomková, N. Venclová, Š. Křížová, Tomáš Vaculovič, Veronika Faltusová
With its at least 100 graves, the Migration period cemetery in Záluží by Čelákovice, Praha-východ district, investigated in the 1920s and 1930s ranks among the largest and most important sites from the end of the 5th to the middle of the 6th century AD in Bohemia. The same applies to the assemblage of glass composed of 168 beads and several additional artefacts. The chemical composition of the glass of 24 beads was identified using SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS. The results of these analyses indicated soda-lime glass of the natron type. An important result is the finding that translucent glasses belong to the ‘Intermediate group’, which was only recently identified in European archaeometric research. The composition of the glass in this group indicates that it was recycled glass, and in this sense the beads from Záluží contribute to the study of recycling in the first millennium AD in general.
在20世纪20年代和30年代调查的Záluží by Čelákovice, Praha-východ地区的移民时期墓地至少有100个坟墓，是波希米亚公元5世纪末到6世纪中叶最大和最重要的遗址之一。同样的情况也适用于由168颗珠子和其他一些人工制品组成的玻璃组合。用SEM-EDS和LA-ICP-MS鉴定了24珠玻璃的化学成分。这些分析的结果表明钠钙玻璃为钠碱型。一个重要的结果是发现半透明玻璃属于“中间组”，这是最近在欧洲考古研究中发现的。这组玻璃的成分表明它是回收玻璃，从这个意义上说，Záluží的珠子有助于研究公元第一个千年的回收。
{"title":"Sklo z doby stěhování národů ze Záluží u Čelákovic: archeologie a archeometrie / Migration period glass from Záluží (Central Bohemia): archaeology and archaeometry","authors":"Kateřina Tomková, N. Venclová, Š. Křížová, Tomáš Vaculovič, Veronika Faltusová","doi":"10.35686/ar.2021.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.9","url":null,"abstract":"With its at least 100 graves, the Migration period cemetery in Záluží by Čelákovice, Praha-východ district, investigated in the 1920s and 1930s ranks among the largest and most important sites from the end of the 5th to the middle of the 6th century AD in Bohemia. The same applies to the assemblage of glass composed of 168 beads and several additional artefacts. The chemical composition of the glass of 24 beads was identified using SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS. The results of these analyses indicated soda-lime glass of the natron type. An important result is the finding that translucent glasses belong to the ‘Intermediate group’, which was only recently identified in European archaeometric research. The composition of the glass in this group indicates that it was recycled glass, and in this sense the beads from Záluží contribute to the study of recycling in the first millennium AD in general.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48855120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper discusses three flint inventories of the Globular Amphorae culture from the site in Wilczyce located on the Sandomierz Upland (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Lesser Poland). The said inventories were collected during the exploration of settlement-type pits. The paper also includes a functional analysis of all tools and blades and the collection of selected flakes. The raw material structure of the discussed inventories shows that the Late Neolithic communities from Wilczyce primarily used Świeciechów flint, while based on the analyses of microdamage it was established that the dominating activity was treating and processing plants, whereas other organic materials such as hides, wood, and bone and antler were less often treated at that site. According to 14C dates, communities of the Globular Amphorae culture settled in the Wilczyce microregion in the earliest phase of that culture’s expansion on the Sandomierz Upland area.
{"title":"Flint manufacturing of the Globular Amphorae culture at the site Wilczyce 10 (Lesser Poland) in the context of inventories from the neighbouring areas","authors":"T. Boroń, M. Winiarska-Kabacińska","doi":"10.35686/ar.2021.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.6","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses three flint inventories of the Globular Amphorae culture from the site in Wilczyce located on the Sandomierz Upland (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Lesser Poland). The said inventories were collected during the exploration of settlement-type pits. The paper also includes a functional analysis of all tools and blades and the collection of selected flakes. The raw material structure of the discussed inventories shows that the Late Neolithic communities from Wilczyce primarily used Świeciechów flint, while based on the analyses of microdamage it was established that the dominating activity was treating and processing plants, whereas other organic materials such as hides, wood, and bone and antler were less often treated at that site. According to 14C dates, communities of the Globular Amphorae culture settled in the Wilczyce microregion in the earliest phase of that culture’s expansion on the Sandomierz Upland area.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45013891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Małgorzata Kot, Grzegorz Czajka, E. Jaskulska, M. Szeliga, Bartosz Kontny, Adrian Marciszak, Michał Mazur, Michał Wojenka
Funeral and ritual practices in cave sites during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age have been recognised in multiple sites south of the Carpathians. This paper presents the first evidence for the funeral and ritual use of cave sites with such chronology north of the Carpathians. Unburned human remains dated to Ha B and Ha C/D have been identified in two cave sites (Zbójecka Cave and Bramka Rockshelter) located 500 m apart, in the Polish Jura. Additionally, a pottery deposit dated to Ha B2-C has been found in a third cave (Ciasna Cave) situated near the aforementioned sites. The paper analyses these finds in the context of the local Lusatian culture settlement and the already recognised traces of Lusatian cave site use in the studied karstic region. The results give ground to search for more evidence of ritual cave use in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.
{"title":"Sepulchral use of caves in Lusatian culture: Evidence from the Sąspówka Valley in the Polish Jura","authors":"Małgorzata Kot, Grzegorz Czajka, E. Jaskulska, M. Szeliga, Bartosz Kontny, Adrian Marciszak, Michał Mazur, Michał Wojenka","doi":"10.35686/ar.2021.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.7","url":null,"abstract":"Funeral and ritual practices in cave sites during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age have been recognised in multiple sites south of the Carpathians. This paper presents the first evidence for the funeral and ritual use of cave sites with such chronology north of the Carpathians. Unburned human remains dated to Ha B and Ha C/D have been identified in two cave sites (Zbójecka Cave and Bramka Rockshelter) located 500 m apart, in the Polish Jura. Additionally, a pottery deposit dated to Ha B2-C has been found in a third cave (Ciasna Cave) situated near the aforementioned sites. The paper analyses these finds in the context of the local Lusatian culture settlement and the already recognised traces of Lusatian cave site use in the studied karstic region. The results give ground to search for more evidence of ritual cave use in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47473213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An attractive component of La Tène material culture, glass ornaments were sought out and worn throughout La Tène Europe. The aim of the article is to provide a general presentation of La Tène glass ornaments in Moravia (bracelets, ring-beads, finger-rings, beads, necklace spacers, pendants), with an emphasis on finds from lowland settlements and cemeteries and their subsequent comparison with large published collections from the central sites of Němčice and Staré Hradisko.
{"title":"Současný stav poznání skleněného šperku doby laténské na Moravě / The current state of knowledge of La Tène glass ornaments in Moravia","authors":"Hana Čižmářová","doi":"10.35686/ar.2021.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.8","url":null,"abstract":"An attractive component of La Tène material culture, glass ornaments were sought out and worn throughout La Tène Europe. The aim of the article is to provide a general presentation of La Tène glass ornaments in Moravia (bracelets, ring-beads, finger-rings, beads, necklace spacers, pendants), with an emphasis on finds from lowland settlements and cemeteries and their subsequent comparison with large published collections from the central sites of Němčice and Staré Hradisko.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43303171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavel Drnovský, Filozofická fakulta Univerzita Hradec Králové Katedra archeologie, P. Hejhal, E. Průchová, Filozofická fakulta Jihočeské univerzity Archeologický ústav
The study addresses the archaeological excavation of the military field camp of the Prussian or Austrian army from 1745, 1758 or 1778. Features with a burnt layer, apparently field kitchens, and other features that probably served as dwellings were documented at the site uncovered during the construction of the motorway in northeast Bohemia. The burial of a man was found in the ditch that was part of camp fortifications. The find assemblage is composed primarily of items that can be regarded as waste and lost items.
{"title":"Novověký vojenský tábor jako archeologická lokalita. Výzkum polního ležení v Semonicích u Jaroměře (okr. Náchod) / An Early Modern military camp as an archaeological site. The excavation of the field camp in Jaroměř–Semonice (northeast Bohemia)","authors":"Pavel Drnovský, Filozofická fakulta Univerzita Hradec Králové Katedra archeologie, P. Hejhal, E. Průchová, Filozofická fakulta Jihočeské univerzity Archeologický ústav","doi":"10.35686/ar.2021.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.4","url":null,"abstract":"The study addresses the archaeological excavation of the military field camp of the Prussian or Austrian army from 1745, 1758 or 1778. Features with a burnt layer, apparently field kitchens, and other features that probably served as dwellings were documented at the site uncovered during the construction of the motorway in northeast Bohemia. The burial of a man was found in the ditch that was part of camp fortifications. The find assemblage is composed primarily of items that can be regarded as waste and lost items.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49193388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a Late Bronze Age bronze tanged dagger with a ring-shaped handle tip, which was discovered during an excavation in Süttő-Sáncföldek (Hungary) in 2018. The intact object was found inside a large feature of unknown function together with some other bronze items and hundreds of ceramic, stone and bone fragments. The material can be dated to the period of the Late Tumulus and Early Urnfield cultures. Similar daggers from Europe have been collected and their typology has been revisited in the article. They are known mainly from Moravia and the Carpathian Basin. In particular, the innovation of adding a ring at the end of the daggers has been investigated, together with the distribution of other artifacts sharing the same feature. It has been pointed out that although the tanged daggers with ring were produced in separate workshops, they reflect on an intensive cultural interaction between the Eastern Alps, Moravia and the inner territories of the Carpathian Basin during the Br D and Ha A1 periods.
{"title":"Neue und wiederentdeckte Griffzungendolche mit Ringabschluss. Die Verbreitung einer spätbronzezeitlichen Innovation in Mitteleuropa / New and rediscovered tanged daggers with ring-shaped handle tip. The spread of a Late Bronze Age innovation in Central Europe","authors":"E. Fejér","doi":"10.35686/ar.2021.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.2","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a Late Bronze Age bronze tanged dagger with a ring-shaped handle tip, which was discovered during an excavation in Süttő-Sáncföldek (Hungary) in 2018. The intact object was found inside a large feature of unknown function together with some other bronze items and hundreds of ceramic, stone and bone fragments. The material can be dated to the period of the Late Tumulus and Early Urnfield cultures. Similar daggers from Europe have been collected and their typology has been revisited in the article. They are known mainly from Moravia and the Carpathian Basin. In particular, the innovation of adding a ring at the end of the daggers has been investigated, together with the distribution of other artifacts sharing the same feature. It has been pointed out that although the tanged daggers with ring were produced in separate workshops, they reflect on an intensive cultural interaction between the Eastern Alps, Moravia and the inner territories of the Carpathian Basin during the Br D and Ha A1 periods.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44275885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Varsik, Filozofická fakulta Trnavská univerzita v Trnave Katedra klasickej archeológie, Ľ. Illášová, Ján Štubňa
When compared with contemporary Germanic settlements, the assemblage of beads from the late antique elite residence at Cífer-Pác (Trnava district) is exceptional not only in the number of individual specimens but also in the variability of forms and materials used. Apart from usual types of glass beads, the assemblage also comprised specimens made from rare materials (marble, carnelian) and materials that appear exotic in the barbarian territory north of the Danube (sea coral, jade). They were identified with the help of natural scientific analyses and gemological methods (Raman spectroscopy). Absorption spectroscopy was used to analyse elements that influence the final glass colour.
{"title":"Koráliky z germánskej rezidencie v Cíferi-Páci (juhozápadné Slovensko) / Beads from the Germanic residence at Cífer-Pác (southwest Slovakia)","authors":"V. Varsik, Filozofická fakulta Trnavská univerzita v Trnave Katedra klasickej archeológie, Ľ. Illášová, Ján Štubňa","doi":"10.35686/ar.2021.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.3","url":null,"abstract":"When compared with contemporary Germanic settlements, the assemblage of beads from the late antique elite residence at Cífer-Pác (Trnava district) is exceptional not only in the number of individual specimens but also in the variability of forms and materials used. Apart from usual types of glass beads, the assemblage also comprised specimens made from rare materials (marble, carnelian) and materials that appear exotic in the barbarian territory north of the Danube (sea coral, jade). They were identified with the help of natural scientific analyses and gemological methods (Raman spectroscopy). Absorption spectroscopy was used to analyse elements that influence the final glass colour.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42147594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ludmila Kaňáková, David Hons, V. Nosek, Peter Tóth, Patrik Urban
The article aims to present the results of the analysis of eight Neolithic ceramic figurines from the Lengyel culture settlement Těšetice-Kyjovice – Sutny, Czech Republic. We indicated the possibilities for acquiring analytical data, although destructive methods were unacceptable. We included methods neglected to date, but widely available in the common archaeological laboratory. Information on the composition of the ceramic matrix, the provenance of inclusions, the techniques used for shaping, firing, operating and discarding are all of key importance for advancing the discussion on the nterpretational potential of ceramic anthropomorphic figurines from typological and religionist discourses to analytically-focused discussions supported by hard data. Two serious factors have thus far prevented the widespread use of analytical methods: the destructive nature of the evidential analyses, which is contradictory to heritage protection and general awareness of the value and rarity of such finds. The second factor relates to the prohibitive cost of analyses when applied to a statistically robust number of samples. On the other hand, in the absence of broad mapping of measurable data, we will remain dependent on only individually published analyses of isolated samples, typically from a different culture, period or geographical territory. We believe the use of non- and semi-destructive methods offers a solution. With the aim of achieving the lowest destructive impact, we conducted an analysis of eight ceramic figurines by use-wear analysis, high resolution 3D analysis, portable-X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) measurements and microscopy of polished sections.
{"title":"Neolithic ceramic figurines. Several approaches to analytical study of the ceramic artefacts perceived as cultural heritage\u0000\u0000Neolitické keramické plastiky. Několik možností analytického studia památkově cenných keramických artefaktů","authors":"Ludmila Kaňáková, David Hons, V. Nosek, Peter Tóth, Patrik Urban","doi":"10.35686/ar.2020.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2020.13","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to present the results of the analysis of eight Neolithic ceramic figurines from the Lengyel culture settlement Těšetice-Kyjovice – Sutny, Czech Republic. We indicated the possibilities for acquiring analytical data, although destructive methods were unacceptable. We included methods neglected to date, but widely available in the common archaeological laboratory. Information on the composition of the ceramic matrix, the provenance of inclusions, the techniques used for shaping, firing, operating and discarding are all of key importance for advancing the discussion on the nterpretational potential of ceramic anthropomorphic figurines from typological and religionist discourses to analytically-focused discussions supported by hard data. Two serious factors have thus far prevented the widespread use of analytical methods: the destructive nature of the evidential analyses, which is contradictory to heritage protection and general awareness of the value and rarity of such finds. The second factor relates to the prohibitive cost of analyses when applied to a statistically robust number of samples. On the other hand, in the absence of broad mapping of measurable data, we will remain dependent on only individually published analyses of isolated samples, typically from a different culture, period or geographical territory. We believe the use of non- and semi-destructive methods offers a solution. With the aim of achieving the lowest destructive impact, we conducted an analysis of eight ceramic figurines by use-wear analysis, high resolution 3D analysis, portable-X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) measurements and microscopy of polished sections.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47124618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hoard from Moravička Sela in Gorski Kotar (Croatia), discovered thirty years ago, is a medium-sized hoard with a mixed composition, containing typologically different and differently preserved objects. With its defined, most likely reduced inventory, we have acquired a smaller number of tools and weapons, half products and items of symbolic importance. Its place of discovery could be included in the distribution of the hoards of the II Late Bronze Age horizon on the broader territory of Caput Adriae and its hinterland in the 13th and early 12th century BC. Its composition reflects, in particular, the cultural connections ranging from the south-eastern Alpine region to the wider Pannonian and Carpathian area. Therefore, the hoard from Moravička Sela can be interpreted as a materialized act of precisely determined cultural knowledge from a broader but contemporary cultural network of meaning.
在Gorski Kotar(克罗地亚)的moravi ka Sela发现的窖藏是30年前发现的，是一个中等规模的混合组成的窖藏，包含不同类型和不同保存方式的物品。由于它的定义，最有可能减少的库存，我们已经获得了较少数量的工具和武器，一半的产品和具有象征意义的物品。它的发现地点可以包括在公元前13世纪和12世纪早期，在阿德里亚角及其腹地更广阔的领土上，青铜时代晚期II的贮藏分布中。它的构成尤其反映了从东南部阿尔卑斯地区到更广阔的潘诺尼亚和喀尔巴阡地区的文化联系。因此，来自moravi ka Sela的宝藏可以被解释为来自更广泛但当代的文化意义网络的精确确定的文化知识的物化行为。
{"title":"Reflection of actions: The Late Bronze Age hoard\u0000from Moravička Sela, north-western Croatia","authors":"Martina Blečić Kavur, Boris Kavur, Ranko Starac","doi":"10.35686/ar.20120.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.20120.14","url":null,"abstract":"The hoard from Moravička Sela in Gorski Kotar (Croatia), discovered thirty years ago, is a medium-sized hoard with a mixed composition, containing typologically different and differently preserved objects. With its defined, most likely reduced inventory, we have acquired a smaller number of tools and weapons, half products and items of symbolic importance. Its place of discovery could be included in the distribution of the hoards of the II Late Bronze Age horizon on the broader territory of Caput Adriae and its hinterland in the 13th and early 12th century BC. Its composition reflects, in particular, the cultural connections ranging from the south-eastern Alpine region to the wider Pannonian and Carpathian area. Therefore, the hoard from Moravička Sela can be interpreted as a materialized act of precisely determined cultural knowledge from a broader but contemporary cultural network of meaning.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47281498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：