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Archeologický výzkum na nádvoří radnice v Českých Budějovicích ČeskéBudŞjovice市政厅庭院的考古研究
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.33
Ladislav Čapek
Cílem studie je představení post-exkavační metody práce se stratigrafickými a keramickými daty za účelem vytvoření relativní chronologie mnohovrstevnaté městské lokality na základě rozfázovaného sekvenčního modelu. K interakci mezi stratigrafickými a keramickými daty jsou využity exploatorní a vícerozměrové (multivariační) statistické metody seriace, korespondenční a faktorové analýzy. Příkladová studie vychází z výzkumu nádvoří městské radnice v Českých Budějovicích, který proběhl v letech 1996–1997, jehož výsledky byly v nedávné době vyhodnoceny a publikovány. Shrnuty jsou zde hlavní vývojové fáze osídlení od počátků založení města v roce 1265 do výstavby renesanční radnice v polovině 16. století a k nim odpovídající statisticky vyčleněné keramické horizonty. V článku jsou rovněž nastíněny možnosti dynamické interpretace rozfázovaného sekvenčního Harrisova diagramu v souvislosti se sociálními a behaviorálními přístupy ke studiu archeologických stratifikací, které ukazují na řadu druhů lidských aktivit v zastavěném městském prostředí.
本研究的目的是提出一种挖掘后处理地层和陶瓷数据的方法,以便基于分阶段序列模型创建多层城市地区的相对年表。地层和陶瓷数据之间的相互作用采用了序列化、对应和因子分析的爆炸性多维统计方法。该示例研究基于1996-1997年对ČeskéBudŞjovice市政厅庭院的研究,最近对研究结果进行了评估并发表。定居点的主要发展阶段从1265年开始建镇到16年年中文艺复兴时期市政厅的建造。世纪和相应的统计分离的陶瓷层。本文还概述了结合考古分层研究的社会和行为方法动态解释阶段性哈里斯序列图的可能性,这些方法指出了建成城市环境中的多种人类活动。
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引用次数: 0
Eneolitické kostrové hroby z Holubic, okr. Praha-západ
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.30
M. Dobeš, Josef Hložek, Petr Menšík, I. Světlík
Jeden z problémů středoevropského eneolitu představuje pohřební ritus badenské kultury, vcelku dobře dokumentovaný ve východní části jejího rozšíření a o to hůře v oblasti západní, kam spadají i Čechy. Předmětem předloženého příspěvku je prezentace prvních uspokojivě dokumentovaných kostrových hrobů ze jmenované oblasti, které byly prozkoumány v Holubicích, okr. Praha-západ. Práce přináší kromě zevrubného vyhodnocení nálezové situace a všech získaných pramenů též soubor radiokarbonových dat. Dále je v ní řešena detailní chronologická pozice hrobů a míra jejich podobnosti s projevy pohřbívání v jiných oblastech rozšíření badenského komplexu.
中欧风化层的问题之一是巴登文化的埋葬仪式,在其扩张的东部地区有很好的记录,在波西米亚也属于的西部地区更是如此。本文的主题是介绍第一个有令人满意的记录的来自命名地区的骨架坟墓,这些坟墓是在Doubice区勘探的。布拉格西区。除了对发现情况和获得的所有来源进行详细评估外,论文还提供了一组放射性碳数据。它还涉及坟墓的详细时间位置,以及它们与巴登建筑群其他扩展区域的埋葬表现的相似程度。
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引用次数: 1
Depot zbraní z doby římské v krušnohorské Hrádečné, okr. Chomutov
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.32
Agnieszka Půlpánová-Reszczyńska, Marek Půlpán, Lenka Ondráčková
Na k. ú. obce Hrádečná (okr. Chomutov, Ústecký kraj) byl při amatérském detektorovém průzkumu v roce 2003 objeven hromadný nález výzbroje a výstroje z doby římské čítající celkem 21 železných předmětů a vážící 2,3 kg. Součást výzbroje tvoří meč a 11 hrotů kopí/oštěpů; výstroj je zastoupena elementy několika štítů (4 puklice, 5 držadel). Na základě typologicko-chronologické analýzy lze předměty datovat rámcovým rozpětím stupňů B1–C1. Charakteristickým rysem souboru je jeho intencionální zničení. Nález umístěný mimo sídelní a funerální areály představuje ojedinělý doklad lidské aktivity v době římské v centrální části Krušných hor. Přes nejisté nálezové okolnosti lze klást soubor do souvislostí s rituálním chováním a interpretovat jej jako ireverzibilní depot uložený někdy na přelomu starší a mladší doby římské z votivních důvodů.
至k.o。Hrádečná村(Ústí地区Chomutov区)是在2003年的一次业余探测器调查中发现的,大量发现了罗马时代的设备和设备,共有21个铁物体,重2.3公斤;设备由几个护罩(4个护罩,5个手柄)组成。根据类型学年代分析,受试者的年龄可以确定为B1–C1。合奏的一个特点是故意破坏。位于定居点和墓地外的这一发现,代表了罗马时期奥雷山脉中部人类活动的独特证据。尽管发现情况不确定,但该文件可以与仪式行为联系起来,并被解释为一个不可逆转的仓库,有时由于还愿的原因而存储在罗马时代的新旧交替时期。
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引用次数: 1
Slag-pit bloomery furnace of the Tarchalice type Tarchalice型的渣坑开花炉
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.23
Paweł Madera, Dariusz Kik, I. Suliga
The paper presents the results of the first stage of experimental research on reconstruction of the bloomery process in the slag-pit furnace of the Tarchalice type. The phenomenon of bloomery furnaces from the Przeworsk culture settlement in Tarchalice (Tarxdorf), Lower Silesia, Poland, has been known to the scientific community since 1903. With regard to ancient slag-pit furnaces discovered in the second half of the twentieth century in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains and Mazovia region, these features had two-times larger diameter of slag-pits and almost four-times greater weight of slag blocks. The large sizes of the slag-pits suggested dissimilarity of conditions of running the process, formation of iron bloom and block of slag in relation to quite well known from scientific experiments the bloomery process from the Świętokrzyskie Mountains.
本文介绍了Tarchalice型渣坑炉熔炼过程改造的第一阶段试验研究结果。自1903年以来,波兰下西里西亚塔查利斯(塔克斯多夫)的Przeworsk文化定居点的开花炉现象已经为科学界所知。至于20世纪下半叶在Świętokrzyskie山脉和马佐维亚地区发现的古代渣坑炉,这些特征的渣坑直径大了两倍,渣块重量几乎大了四倍。大尺寸的渣坑表明,运行过程的条件、铁华的形成和渣块与科学实验中众所周知的Świętokrzyskie山脉的铁华过程不同。
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引用次数: 0
The manufacturing technology of a pattern-welded knife from Kobilić (Republic of Croatia) 科比利奇(克罗地亚共和国)花纹焊接刀的制造技术
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.25
Á. Thiele
A pattern-welded knife dated to the 13th century was found during an archaeological excavation conducted on the site of Kobilić 1 in 2010. Nowadays, pattern-welded knives are very popular due to their decorative appearance and supposedly excellent mechanical properties. This paper introduces some new experimental results gained during the manufacturing of a copy of the medieval pattern-welded knife using historical techniques. During this experimental work some new practical observations were taken in general about smelting and processing bloomery iron and concerning the decorative effect of phosphoric-iron used in pattern-welding.
2010年在kobiliki 1遗址进行的考古发掘中发现了一把13世纪的图案焊接刀。如今,图案焊接刀由于其装饰性的外观和据说优异的机械性能而非常受欢迎。本文介绍了在仿造中世纪花纹焊刀的过程中,运用历史工艺所获得的一些新的实验结果。在实验工作中,对灯笼铁的冶炼和加工,以及图案焊用磷铁的装饰效果,作了一些新的实际观察。
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引用次数: 1
Editorial 编辑
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.13
Jiří Hošek, P. Crew
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引用次数: 0
Modelling of bloomery processes in a medieval Russian furnace 中世纪俄罗斯熔炉中的开花过程建模
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.24
V. Zavyalov
A fully preserved 14th-century AD bloomery furnace was excavated in 2014 on the settlement of Kolesovka-4 (Russia, Tula district). This extraordinary find has been taken as a model for experimental work. The iron ore used came from the Loknya River, a metallurgical conglomerate used came from the archaeological site of Staraya Ryazan. The most successful result was achieved by using the conglomerate from Staraya Ryazan – three pieces of blooms were made, weighing about 1 kg, and consisting of soft iron and a large number of very coarse slag inclusions. These show a similar trace-element composition as the medieval bloom comingfrom the same site. Experiments conducted have shown that the bloomery furnace uncovered at the Kolesovka-4 settlement is a rational pyrotechnological construction, allowing for a large number of smelting cycles.
2014年,在Kolesovka-4定居点(俄罗斯图拉地区)出土了一座保存完好的公元14世纪的灯笼炉。这一非凡的发现已被当作实验工作的范例。使用的铁矿石来自洛克尼亚河,使用的冶金砾石来自Staraya Ryazan考古遗址。最成功的结果是使用Staraya Ryazan的砾石-制作了三块重约1公斤的花,由软铁和大量非常粗糙的渣夹杂物组成。这些显示出与来自同一地点的中世纪花朵相似的微量元素组成。实验表明,在Kolesovka-4定居点发现的bloomery炉是一种合理的烟火技术结构,允许大量的冶炼循环。
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引用次数: 0
Metallographic examination of four 7th–8th century long-blade weapons from Želovce (Slovakia) 4件产自Želovce(斯洛伐克)的7 - 8世纪长刃武器金相检验
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.26
J. Hošek, Márk Haramza
The article presents the metallographic examination of three sabres and one double-edged sword coming from the 7th–8th century Slavic-Avar site of Želovce (Slovakia). All four weapons had been subjected to metallography as early as 1975, but the results were not published in sufficient detail. With this article, written in honour of Radomír Pleiner, the authors wish to repay this debt. The blades are compared with other (metallographically examined) weapons from Želovce, and the manufacturing methods of early medieval production of sabres are discussed.
本文介绍了7 - 8世纪斯洛伐克Želovce斯拉夫-阿瓦尔遗址出土的三把军刀和一把双刃剑的金相检验。早在1975年,所有四种武器都进行了金相分析,但结果没有足够详细地公布。这篇文章是为了纪念Radomír Pleiner而写的,作者希望以此来偿还这笔债务。刀锋与其他武器(金相检验)从Želovce进行比较,并讨论了中世纪早期生产军刀的制造方法。
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引用次数: 1
Multi-phase microstructures in Anatolian Seljuks iron-steel objects: classification and production techniques 安纳托利亚塞尔柱钢铁制品中的多相微观结构:分类和生产技术
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.27
Ümit Güder, C. Tasan, Alptekin Yavaş
In this paper a collection of iron objects from the Anatolian Seljuks Period, ca. 12th–13th century AD, are analysed and discussed from a metallurgical perspective. A total number of 21 iron-steel objects, small knives and flat bodied (with thin cross-section) arrowheads was examined. These objects are coming from the Seljuks’ cultural layers of Eğirdir (Isparta, Central Anatolian Caravanserai), Kubad Abad (Konya, Central Anatolian Sultan’s Palace Complex), and Samsat (Adıyaman, Eastern Anatolian Fortress). In the samples which were taken from iron tools, composite-like structures formed by different ferrous phases were revealed by metallography, SEM-EDX and micro hardness examinations. These structures are classified according to the production materials and techniques. The first group revealed signs of continuous forging and, in some cases, bloomery iron folding, which can lead to such composite-like structures. The second group consisted of tools which were produced from different starting materials which were forge-welded before or during shaping process. The crucible steel knives can be classified as another group, in which the composite-like structure exhibits totally different constituents leading to more homogeneous mechanical character. In modern times, composite materials have gained importance and become key engineering materials due to their outstanding specific properties. This study reveals that skilled Seljuks’ blacksmiths made similar materials design choices in the production of iron or steel objects, despite limited materials and metallurgical knowledge.
本文从冶金学的角度对公元12 - 13世纪安纳托利亚塞尔柱时期的一批铁器进行了分析和讨论。共检查了21个钢铁物体、小刀具和扁体(横截面薄)箭头。这些物品来自塞尔柱人的文化层Eğirdir (Isparta,安纳托利亚中部的Caravanserai), Kubad Abad (Konya,安纳托利亚中部的苏丹宫殿建筑群)和Samsat (Adıyaman,安纳托利亚东部的堡垒)。通过金相分析、SEM-EDX和显微硬度测试,发现铁制工具试样中不同铁相形成的复合组织。这些结构根据生产材料和工艺进行分类。第一组发现了连续锻造的迹象,在某些情况下,有bloomery铁折叠的迹象,这可以导致这种复合结构。第二组由不同的起始材料制成的工具组成,这些工具在成形之前或成形过程中进行锻造焊接。坩埚钢刀具可归类为另一类,其复合材料状组织具有完全不同的成分,从而具有更均匀的力学特性。在现代,复合材料因其突出的特殊性能而日益受到重视,成为关键的工程材料。这项研究表明,尽管材料和冶金知识有限,熟练的塞尔柱铁匠在生产铁或钢物体时也做出了类似的材料设计选择。
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引用次数: 1
Before or after? 之前还是之后?
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.19
R. Janiszewski
Chronology of the bloomery fields of the Iron Age is a very complex and interesting subject. Usually it can be established by radiocarbon analysis of the organic debris, mainly charcoal fragments, found at the bottom of slag-pit furnaces or by dating archaeological material collected from the sites during excavations. Both methods however, based on very limited material, often provide only broad time frames for the occupation of the sites. In Mazovian Centre of Metallurgy, where several large bloomery fields were located very close to or even within the Iron Age settlements, frequently a number of slag-pit furnaces were recorded instratigraphic relations with other archaeological features. The chronology of those features could be established more precisely by analysing their archaeological contents. The aim of this paper will be to discuss the chronological implications for the slag-pit furnaces found in such relations. The results of this assessment will be compared with series of radiocarbon measurements from the Mazovian Centre which haven’t been published so far.
铁器时代的花田年表是一个非常复杂而有趣的课题。通常,它可以通过对在渣坑炉底部发现的有机碎片(主要是木炭碎片)进行放射性碳分析,或通过在挖掘过程中从现场收集的考古材料定年来确定。然而,这两种方法所依据的材料都非常有限,往往只能提供占领场址的广泛时限。在马佐维安冶金中心,有几个大的bloomery田离铁器时代的定居点很近,甚至在那里,经常有一些炉渣坑炉被记录下来,与其他考古特征有联系。通过分析这些特征的考古内容,可以更精确地确定这些特征的年代。本文的目的是讨论在这种关系中发现的渣坑炉的时间意义。这一评估结果将与马佐维安中心迄今尚未公布的一系列放射性碳测量结果进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
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Archeologicke Rozhledy
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