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Before or after? 之前还是之后?
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.19
R. Janiszewski
Chronology of the bloomery fields of the Iron Age is a very complex and interesting subject. Usually it can be established by radiocarbon analysis of the organic debris, mainly charcoal fragments, found at the bottom of slag-pit furnaces or by dating archaeological material collected from the sites during excavations. Both methods however, based on very limited material, often provide only broad time frames for the occupation of the sites. In Mazovian Centre of Metallurgy, where several large bloomery fields were located very close to or even within the Iron Age settlements, frequently a number of slag-pit furnaces were recorded instratigraphic relations with other archaeological features. The chronology of those features could be established more precisely by analysing their archaeological contents. The aim of this paper will be to discuss the chronological implications for the slag-pit furnaces found in such relations. The results of this assessment will be compared with series of radiocarbon measurements from the Mazovian Centre which haven’t been published so far.
铁器时代的花田年表是一个非常复杂而有趣的课题。通常,它可以通过对在渣坑炉底部发现的有机碎片(主要是木炭碎片)进行放射性碳分析,或通过在挖掘过程中从现场收集的考古材料定年来确定。然而,这两种方法所依据的材料都非常有限,往往只能提供占领场址的广泛时限。在马佐维安冶金中心,有几个大的bloomery田离铁器时代的定居点很近,甚至在那里,经常有一些炉渣坑炉被记录下来,与其他考古特征有联系。通过分析这些特征的考古内容,可以更精确地确定这些特征的年代。本文的目的是讨论在这种关系中发现的渣坑炉的时间意义。这一评估结果将与马佐维安中心迄今尚未公布的一系列放射性碳测量结果进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Socio-economic determinants of iron production on Polish lands during antiquity 古代波兰土地上铁生产的社会经济因素
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.20
Szymon Orzechowski
Metallurgical activity of the peoples living in the area known as Germania Magna is characterized by an extensive and ad hoc nature which clearly is different from the centralized Roman production model. In the so-called Barbarian parts of Europe however, there were regions where there was a specialized and identifiably large mass production of iron. On Polish lands three such centres were active – in the Holy Cross Mountains, in West Masovia and in some regions of Silesia. The presence within a single cultural unit of several large metallurgical centres functioning on the basis of different organizational patterns is a unique phenomenon and warrants reflection upon the causes of their creation and the meaning of production for their neighbouring areas. These enormous logistical projects indicate the existence of yet unknown to us interdependent social structures of large work teams in the population, evident over a period of several generations. Their reconstruction can help us understand at least some aspects of the social and economic life on Polish lands towards the end of antiquity.
居住在大日耳曼尼亚地区的人们的冶金活动具有广泛和特别的性质,这显然不同于集中的罗马生产模式。然而,在所谓的欧洲蛮族地区,有一些地区专门生产大量的铁。在波兰境内,有三个这样的中心在圣十字山、西马索维亚和西里西亚的一些地区活跃。几个大型冶金中心在不同组织模式的基础上运作的单一文化单位内的存在是一种独特的现象,值得对其产生的原因和生产对其邻近地区的意义进行反思。这些庞大的后勤项目表明,在几代人的时间里,人口中存在着我们所不知道的相互依存的大型工作团队的社会结构。它们的重建至少可以帮助我们了解古代末期波兰土地上的社会和经济生活的某些方面。
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引用次数: 1
Doubting radiocarbon dating from in-slag charcoal 怀疑炉渣炭的放射性碳定年法
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.14
Guntram Gassmann, A. Schäfer
A Roman-Period bloomery smelting site had been excavated in the Lahn valley at Wetzlar-Dalheim in central Germany during 2006–2012. The production unit consisted of a big rectangular workshop pit with 13 slag pit-furnaces, two waste dumps and a small sunken hut. The stratigraphical sequence, along with abundant pottery and small finds, allows the dating of short-lived smelting activity to a time slot around the third quarter of the first century AD. As a first series of radiocarbon measurements from in-slag charcoal samples resulted in a bewildering date range from the Iron Age right back into the Neolithic, a second dating series has been undertaken. This time exclusively charcoal samples taken from the bottom of the furnace pits have been analysed. The resulting dates fit to the archaeologically derived dating. It is clear that the 14C content of the in-slag charcoal samples must have been altered already during the process in antiquity. With none of the analysed dates younger than the archaeologically fixed date of the bloomery production unit, it is obvious that a contamination with fossil carbon must have taken place. The wide and inconsistent date range suggests that fossil carbon has entered the metallurgical system within the furnace in an uncontrollable manner. The observed phenomenon has wide implications for other metallurgical sites with high temperature processes under strongly reducing conditions. Charcoal samples from such sites, especially from inside slags, might be contaminated to an unpredictable degree and produce seemingly older dates. A first review of previously published data series calls for a reconsideration of the reliability of radiocarbon dates from metallurgical slags.
2006年至2012年期间,在德国中部Wetzlar-Dalheim的Lahn山谷中挖掘了一个罗马时期的bloomery冶炼遗址。生产单元由一个大的矩形车间坑,13个渣坑炉,两个废物堆和一个小的凹屋组成。地层序列,以及大量的陶器和小型发现,可以将短暂的冶炼活动定在公元1世纪的第三季度左右。由于对炉渣炭样品进行的第一系列放射性碳测量得出了一个令人困惑的年代范围,从铁器时代一直追溯到新石器时代,因此进行了第二次测定。这次只分析了从炉坑底部采集的木炭样本。由此得出的年代与考古学上得出的年代吻合。很明显,在古代的过程中,炉渣炭样品的14C含量一定已经发生了变化。由于分析的日期都没有比考古学上确定的开花植物生产单位的日期更早,很明显,化石碳的污染一定发生过。广泛而不一致的日期范围表明,化石碳以一种不可控的方式进入了炉内的冶金系统。观察到的现象对其他具有强还原条件下高温过程的冶金场所具有广泛的意义。来自这些地点的木炭样本,尤其是来自炉渣内部的木炭样本,可能会被污染到不可预测的程度,并产生看似更古老的日期。对先前发表的数据系列的第一次审查要求重新考虑冶金渣放射性碳日期的可靠性。
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引用次数: 5
Early medieval iron bloomery centre at Zamárdi (Hungary) 位于Zamárdi(匈牙利)的中世纪早期铁器厂中心
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.21
B. Török, Zsolt Gallina, Á. Kovács, F. Kristály
Archaeological excavations at Zamárdi (Hungary) revealed one of the largest early medieval iron smelting centres in Central Europe with about a hundred ore-roasting pits, twenty bloomery furnaces, reheating furnaces and a forge. In addition, a related Avar settlement dating from the 7th to 9th centuries was also unearthed, with remains of carriage roads, about twenty houses with stone furnaces and a number of open-air furnaces. The bloomery remains fit into the series of furnaces of the 7th and 8th centuries foundpreviously on other sites in former Pannonia. As a part of a complex research project, more than a hundred slag samples from Zamárdi were examined by XRF, ICP, XRD and SEM-EDS. Different slag types and their metallurgical roles were identified. We concluded that the nature of archaeometallurgical sites can be confidently determined by the typological examination of several kinds of slag.
Zamárdi(匈牙利)的考古发掘揭示了中欧最大的中世纪早期炼铁中心之一,有大约100个矿石焙烧坑、20个高炉、再加热炉和一个锻造厂。此外,还出土了一个可追溯到7至9世纪的相关阿瓦尔定居点,其中有马车路的遗迹、大约20座带石炉的房屋和一些露天炉。这座灯笼厂仍然适合7世纪和8世纪在前潘诺尼亚其他遗址上发现的一系列熔炉。作为一个复杂研究项目的一部分,对Zamárdi的100多个矿渣样品进行了XRF、ICP、XRD和SEM-EDS检测。确定了不同的炉渣类型及其冶金作用。我们得出的结论是,通过对几种矿渣的类型学检查,可以确定古冶金遗址的性质。
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引用次数: 4
The haizeola and the origins of the ‘Catalan method’ 海泽奥拉和“加泰罗尼亚方法”的起源
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.22
Mercedes Urteaga, X. Alberdi, Iosu Etxezarraga, Fernando Suquía, Mertxe Urkiola, J. Ugarte
Recent research shows that furnaces characteristically used in the ‘Catalan method’, a direct system of obtaining iron, are much older than they were thought to be. Archaeological evidence obtained in recent years indicates that the same model of furnace, although with smaller dimensions, was part of the ironmaking culture of the pre-water-powered phase, when work was done by manpower. This phase has been dated to between the 9th and 14th centuries and relates to installations known as haizeolas. They have been recognized in the Basque territories of Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Alava, in a geographical area on the western edge of the Pyrenees.
最近的研究表明,“加泰罗尼亚方法”(一种直接获取铁的系统)中使用的熔炉比人们想象的要古老得多。近年来获得的考古证据表明,同样的熔炉模型虽然尺寸较小,但却是前水力阶段炼铁文化的一部分,当时的工作是由人力完成的。这一阶段可以追溯到9世纪至14世纪,与被称为海泽拉斯的装置有关。在比利牛斯山脉西部边缘的巴斯克地区比斯开、吉普兹科亚和阿拉瓦,他们都得到了认可。
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引用次数: 0
The early iron metallurgy in the Siberian Arctic 西伯利亚北极地区早期的铁冶金
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.16
E. Vodyasov
Archaeological excavations conducted at the settlement-sanctuary of Ust-Polui, located just north of the Arctic Circle in Western Siberia yielded the oldest remains of early iron production in the Circumpolar region of Asia. Ust-Polui archaeological finds associated with metallurgy of iron are dated back to the 3rd century BC – 2nd century AD. Hence the finds date the origins of metallurgical technologies used in the north of Western Siberia virtually several centuries back in time and geographically extend the spread of iron metallurgy between the eras significantly. It seems that Ust-Polui is the most northern point on the Earth where iron metallurgy was developed by ancient people. The discovery of new iron production site poses an important question – what are the reasons and ways of appearance of the iron smelting technologies in the Polar North of Siberia? It is possible that all knowledge was obtained from outside via contacts with metal producing societies, who lived in the eastern regions of the Ural Mountains (to the southwest of Ust-Polui), and knew how to produce iron about two thousand years ago.
在位于西伯利亚西部北极圈以北的Ust-Polui定居圣地进行的考古发掘发现了亚洲环极地地区最古老的早期铁器生产遗迹。乌斯特-波吕考古发现与炼铁有关的历史可以追溯到公元前3世纪至公元2世纪。因此,这些发现可以追溯到几个世纪前西西伯利亚北部使用的冶金技术的起源,并在地理上显著地扩展了铁冶金技术在不同时代之间的传播。古波莱似乎是地球上最北的地方,古代人们在这里发明了炼铁术。新铁产地的发现提出了一个重要的问题——西伯利亚极北地区铁冶炼技术出现的原因和途径是什么?有可能所有的知识都是通过与金属生产社会的接触而从外部获得的,这些社会生活在乌拉尔山脉的东部地区(在乌斯特波卢伊的西南),大约两千年前就知道如何生产铁。
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引用次数: 2
New light on old iron 旧铁上的新光
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.17
P. Halkon, Zechariah Jinks-Fredrick
Over the last decade, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of projects and discoveries relating to Iron Age iron in the UK. These include the discovery of one of the earliest smelting furnaces at Messingham, North Lincolnshire, an extensive industry along the Thames Valley and finds of iron objects including swords and spearheads within the graves of the Arras culture of Eastern Yorkshire, for example at Pocklington. There has also been an encouraging increase of the number of PhD theses being undertakenin UK universities on early iron objects and their production and deposition, including those supervised and examined by the writer. This contribution will consider the origins of iron production in Iron Age Britain and the relationship between iron production, its uses and the deposition of iron artefacts within the landscape in the light of these recent discoveries.
在过去的十年里,英国与铁器时代铁有关的项目和发现数量显著增加。其中包括在北林肯郡的梅辛厄姆发现了最早的冶炼炉之一,泰晤士河谷沿岸的一个广泛的工业,在东约克郡阿拉斯文化的坟墓中发现了包括剑和矛头在内的铁制品,例如在波克灵顿。英国大学正在进行的关于早期铁制品及其生产和沉积的博士论文数量也出现了令人鼓舞的增长,包括作者监督和审查的论文。根据这些最新发现,这一贡献将考虑英国铁器时代铁生产的起源,以及铁生产、铁的用途和铁制品在景观中的沉积之间的关系。
{"title":"New light on old iron","authors":"P. Halkon, Zechariah Jinks-Fredrick","doi":"10.35686/ar.2018.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35686/ar.2018.17","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of projects and discoveries relating to Iron Age iron in the UK. These include the discovery of one of the earliest smelting furnaces at Messingham, North Lincolnshire, an extensive industry along the Thames Valley and finds of iron objects including swords and spearheads within the graves of the Arras culture of Eastern Yorkshire, for example at Pocklington. There has also been an encouraging increase of the number of PhD theses being undertakenin UK universities on early iron objects and their production and deposition, including those supervised and examined by the writer. This contribution will consider the origins of iron production in Iron Age Britain and the relationship between iron production, its uses and the deposition of iron artefacts within the landscape in the light of these recent discoveries.","PeriodicalId":54176,"journal":{"name":"Archeologicke Rozhledy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48858476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Milanówek/Falęcin – a settlement of iron-smelters from the Late Antiquity Milanówek/FalÉcin——古代晚期炼铁厂的定居点
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.18
M. Woźniak
The settlement at Milanówek/Falęcin is a part of large centre of iron production of the Przeworsk Culture, dating from the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Periods, and located in the western Masovia (central Poland). The site was discovered in the 1960s during surface surveys, and its area is estimated to 9–12 hectares. Over time, various non destructive archaeological methods have been employed at the site (e.g. aerial photography, geomagnetic surveys, advanced surface prospection), and excavations were carried out over an area of ca 1500 m2. There have been found remains of nearly 1000 slag pit furnaces, 4 lime kilns, 1 ‘horseshoe-shaped’ kiln, 2 buildings and several pits. The excavation yielded also a large set of artefacts, of which some were subjected to expert analysis (e.g. chemical composition of slags, mineralogical composition of clay of relic of shafts). On the basis of geomagnetic surveys and excavations it is presumed that the settlement at Milanówek Falęcin may contain remains of about fifteen thousand slag-pit furnaces.
该定居点位于Milanówek/Falęcin,是Przeworsk文化的大型铁生产中心的一部分,可追溯到前罗马晚期和罗马时期,位于马索维亚西部(波兰中部)。该遗址是在20世纪60年代的地面调查中发现的,其面积估计为9-12公顷。随着时间的推移,各种非破坏性的考古方法在遗址上被采用(例如航空摄影,地磁调查,先进的地表勘探),挖掘面积约为1500平方米。发现了近1000个渣坑炉、4个石灰窑、1个“马蹄形”窑、2座建筑和几个坑的遗迹。挖掘还产生了大量的人工制品,其中一些经过专家分析(例如,炉渣的化学成分,竖井遗迹粘土的矿物学成分)。根据地磁调查和挖掘,推测Milanówek Falęcin的沉降可能包含大约15000个渣坑炉的遗迹。
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引用次数: 1
K depotům měděných žeber ze starší doby bronzové v sídlištním kontextu 住宅环境中青铜时代的铜肋沉积物
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.8
Ondřej Chvojka, Petr Menšík, Petra Houfková, Tereza Šálková
Depot měděných žeber objevený v r. 2012 v Kučeři na Písecku umožnil díky odborně dokumentovaným nálezovým okolnostem položení několika významných otázek. Vedle typologického rozboru artefaktů z depotu v kontextu zachyceného rozdělení jednotlivých žeber do celkem čtyř svazků byly provedeny archeobotanické analýzy i radiokarbonové datování. Za důležitou považujeme otázku vztahu depotu k sídlišti, jehož existence byla potvrzena v několika drobných sondách a které nabízí možnosti analýzy vztahu hromadných nálezů starší doby bronzové k soudobým rovinným sídlištím v širším středoevropském prostoru. Palynologická analýza a analýza rostlinných makrozbytků nabízejí zamyšlení nad charakterem lidských aktivit v sídelním areálu. Komparace archeobotanických a radiokarbonových dat z depotu a z kulturní vrstvy pak umožňuje rozvahu nad vzájemným vztahem obou těchto komponent.
去年在Kučeřna Písek发现的铜肋库使人们能够提出这个问题,因为有专业记录的发现情况。除了对仓库中的文物进行类型学分析外,还进行了考古植物学分析和放射性碳年代测定。我们考虑了仓库与住宅区的关系问题,这一问题已在几次小型调查中得到证实,并为分析青铜时代早期的大规模发现与更广泛的中欧地区当代扁平住宅区的联系提供了可能性。孢粉学分析和植物宏观遗迹分析反映了定居区人类活动的特点。通过对仓库和文化层的古植物和放射性碳数据进行比较,可以平衡这两个组成部分的相互关系。
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引用次数: 1
Nové poznatky o ostatcích z hrobů K1 a K2 z rotundy sv. Víta na Pražském hradě 布拉格城堡圣维特圆形大厅K1和K2坟墓遗骸的新发现
IF 0.6 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.35686/ar.2018.10
Milena Bravermanová, M. Dobisíková, J. Frolík, Sylva Kaupová, Petra Stránská, I. Světlík, Daniel Vaněk, Petr Velemínský, Jitka Votrubová
Tématem příspěvku je nová analýza dostupných poznatků o hrobech K1 a K2 v lodi předrománské rotundy sv. Víta, které byly objeveny již v roce 1911 a připisovány několika přemyslovským knížatům. Provedena byla zejména revize antropologických poznatků, analýzy stabilních izotopů uhlíku (δ13C) a dusíku (δ15N), analýza DNA a radiouhlíkové datování. Získaná data nedávají dohromady konzistentní obraz. Archeologie vylučuje připsání ostatků knížeti Bořivoji I. († asi 888/889), antropologie pak knížeti Boleslavu I. († 972). Oba obory by dovolovaly připsat s určitou pravděpodobností kosterní ostatky knížeti Boleslavu II. († 999), tomu ale neodpovídá radiokarbonové datování. Navržena je možnost připsat ostatky písemně doloženému jménem neznámému synovi knížete Boleslava I., který zemřel před rokem 972. Analýza DNA z K2 připsala ostatky ženě, pravděpodobně tedy manželce osoby K1.
本文的主题是对1911年发现的圣维特前罗马式圆形大厅船上K1和K2坟墓的现有知识进行新的分析,这些坟墓被认为是几位Přemyslav王子的。特别是,对人类学知识、稳定碳同位素(Δ13C)和氮(Δ15N)的分析、DNA分析和放射性碳年代测定进行了修订。所获得的数据并不一致。考古排除了将遗骸归属于Bo伊沃伊一世亲王(†约888/889),人类学排除了将其归属于博列斯拉夫一世亲王的可能性(†972)。这两个领域都允许在一定程度上将骨骼遗骸归属于博莱斯拉夫二世亲王。(†999),但放射性碳年代测定不匹配。有人提议以书面形式将这些遗骸归属于博莱斯拉夫一世王子的无名儿子,他于972年前去世。K2的DNA分析表明,遗骸是一名女性,可能是K1的妻子。
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引用次数: 2
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Archeologicke Rozhledy
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