Zeyi Niu, Wei Huang, Lei Zhang, Lin Deng, Haibo Wang, Yuhua Yang, Dongliang Wang, Hong Li
The rapid advancement of data-driven machine learning (ML) models has improved typhoon track forecasts, but challenges remain, such as underestimating typhoon intensity and lacking interpretability. This study introduces an ML-driven hybrid typhoon model, where Pangu forecasts constrain the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using spectral nudging. The results indicate that track forecasts from the WRF simulation nudged by Pangu forecasts significantly outperform those from the WRF simulation using the NCEP GFS initial field and those from the ECMWF IFS for Typhoon Doksuri (2023). Besides, the typhoon intensity forecasts from Pangu-nudging are notably stronger than those from the ECMWF IFS, demonstrating that the hybrid model effectively leverages the strengths of both ML and physical models. Furthermore, this study is the first to explore the significance of data assimilation in ML-driven hybrid typhoon model. The findings reveal that after assimilating water vapor channels from the FY-4B AGRI, the errors in typhoon intensity forecasts are significantly reduced.
{"title":"Improving Typhoon Predictions by Integrating Data-Driven Machine Learning Model With Physics Model Based on the Spectral Nudging and Data Assimilation","authors":"Zeyi Niu, Wei Huang, Lei Zhang, Lin Deng, Haibo Wang, Yuhua Yang, Dongliang Wang, Hong Li","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003952","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid advancement of data-driven machine learning (ML) models has improved typhoon track forecasts, but challenges remain, such as underestimating typhoon intensity and lacking interpretability. This study introduces an ML-driven hybrid typhoon model, where Pangu forecasts constrain the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using spectral nudging. The results indicate that track forecasts from the WRF simulation nudged by Pangu forecasts significantly outperform those from the WRF simulation using the NCEP GFS initial field and those from the ECMWF IFS for Typhoon Doksuri (2023). Besides, the typhoon intensity forecasts from Pangu-nudging are notably stronger than those from the ECMWF IFS, demonstrating that the hybrid model effectively leverages the strengths of both ML and physical models. Furthermore, this study is the first to explore the significance of data assimilation in ML-driven hybrid typhoon model. The findings reveal that after assimilating water vapor channels from the FY-4B AGRI, the errors in typhoon intensity forecasts are significantly reduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pham Viet Hoa, Nguyen An Binh, Giang Thi Phuong Thao, Nguyen Ngoc An, Pham The Trinh, Nguyen Quang Tuan, Nguyen Cao Hanh
Land surface temperature (LST) monitoring via Earth observation constellation will become optimized and consistent with spatiotemporal-explicit characteristics. Besides, scientific evidence for the interaction between LST and vegetation biophysical variables remains limited through spatial large-scale assessment and seamless long-term tracking. This study addresses this gap by utilizing gap-filled fine spatial resolution LST products in understanding the dynamic over the period 2000–2023 and the spatiotemporal relationship with leaf area index (LAI). Firstly, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST 1,000 m of both daytime and nighttime were downscaled to a finer resolution of 250 m using the Random Forest algorithm. The Whittaker algorithm was then applied to obtain gap-free LST products due to the typical cloud cover under tropical monsoon climate. Time series decomposition of gap-filled fine resolution LST revealed slight warming trends in daytime (0.005°C year−1), nighttime (0.036°C year−1), and mean of all-day time (0.02°C year−1) over recent 24 years, while seasonal amplitude in daytime (−3.7°C–4.8°C) is more fluctuated than in nighttime (−2.5°C–1.9°C). Spatial correlations of monthly LSTs and LAI indicated a consistent negative correlation (R ranging from −0.717 to −0.45). These findings shed light on the quantitative relationship between vegetation LAI and LST, contributing to a more unified theoretical framework for understanding functional vegetation responses under diverse climatic conditions.
{"title":"Long-Term Trend and Seasonal Cycles of Gap-Free Downscaled Diurnal/Nocturnal LST and the Interaction to Functional Plant Trait Under Tropical Monsoon Climate","authors":"Pham Viet Hoa, Nguyen An Binh, Giang Thi Phuong Thao, Nguyen Ngoc An, Pham The Trinh, Nguyen Quang Tuan, Nguyen Cao Hanh","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003888","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Land surface temperature (LST) monitoring via Earth observation constellation will become optimized and consistent with spatiotemporal-explicit characteristics. Besides, scientific evidence for the interaction between LST and vegetation biophysical variables remains limited through spatial large-scale assessment and seamless long-term tracking. This study addresses this gap by utilizing gap-filled fine spatial resolution LST products in understanding the dynamic over the period 2000–2023 and the spatiotemporal relationship with leaf area index (LAI). Firstly, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST 1,000 m of both daytime and nighttime were downscaled to a finer resolution of 250 m using the Random Forest algorithm. The Whittaker algorithm was then applied to obtain gap-free LST products due to the typical cloud cover under tropical monsoon climate. Time series decomposition of gap-filled fine resolution LST revealed slight warming trends in daytime (0.005°C year<sup>−1</sup>), nighttime (0.036°C year<sup>−1</sup>), and mean of all-day time (0.02°C year<sup>−1</sup>) over recent 24 years, while seasonal amplitude in daytime (−3.7°C–4.8°C) is more fluctuated than in nighttime (−2.5°C–1.9°C). Spatial correlations of monthly LSTs and LAI indicated a consistent negative correlation (R ranging from −0.717 to −0.45). These findings shed light on the quantitative relationship between vegetation LAI and LST, contributing to a more unified theoretical framework for understanding functional vegetation responses under diverse climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Majirský, Šimon Mackovjak, Silvia Kostárová, Samuel Amrich
Extreme Space Weather events can negatively affect ground-based infrastructure and satellite communications. European Space Agency plans to launch a new operational mission, Vigil, to monitor space weather activity and provide timely warnings about immediate danger. In this work, we have identified 24 instruments that have already acquired data on 8 space missions and are similar to instruments planned for mission Vigil. We then selected the 39 most extreme space weather events that affected the Earth in the past 30 years and gathered Vigil-like data for them. The objective of this work and our main motivation was to address the following question: “How would Vigil have observed extreme space weather events if it had been operational during those events?” For this reason, we prepared a pipeline for the community to obtain images and in-situ measurements for these specific periods, allowing straightforward applications for the follow-up data-driven studies. This effort could maximize Vigil's potential. Additionally, we studied the sources of extreme space weather events and the time it took for solar plasma to reach Earth's magnetosphere. This analysis demonstrates the utilization of the gathered data set and provides interesting insights into the most hazardous space events that influenced society in recent decades.
{"title":"Extreme Space Weather Events of the Past 30 Years: Preparation for Data From Mission Vigil","authors":"Adam Majirský, Šimon Mackovjak, Silvia Kostárová, Samuel Amrich","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003937","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extreme Space Weather events can negatively affect ground-based infrastructure and satellite communications. European Space Agency plans to launch a new operational mission, Vigil, to monitor space weather activity and provide timely warnings about immediate danger. In this work, we have identified 24 instruments that have already acquired data on 8 space missions and are similar to instruments planned for mission Vigil. We then selected the 39 most extreme space weather events that affected the Earth in the past 30 years and gathered Vigil-like data for them. The objective of this work and our main motivation was to address the following question: “How would Vigil have observed extreme space weather events if it had been operational during those events?” For this reason, we prepared a pipeline for the community to obtain images and in-situ measurements for these specific periods, allowing straightforward applications for the follow-up data-driven studies. This effort could maximize Vigil's potential. Additionally, we studied the sources of extreme space weather events and the time it took for solar plasma to reach Earth's magnetosphere. This analysis demonstrates the utilization of the gathered data set and provides interesting insights into the most hazardous space events that influenced society in recent decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vivek Agarwal, Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Stuart Marsh, Zhengyuan Qin, Anjan Sen, Khusbhu Kulhari
This study investigates land use, land cover (LULC) changes, vegetation health, and drought severity in Rajasthan, India, from 1985 to 2020 using remote sensing techniques. By analyzing satellite imagery with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), temperature condition index (TCI), vegetation condition index (VCI), and NDVI deviation (Dev_NDVI), we assess the spatial and temporal dynamics of the region's landscape and drought conditions. Our findings indicate significant LULC changes, including a decrease in water bodies from 6412.87 to 2248.51 km2 and dense forests by 61.37%, while built-up areas expanded by 890.50%, reflecting substantial human impact and environmental change. Drought analysis revealed that nearly 49% of the study area experienced moderate to severe drought conditions, with VCI levels below 40%, indicating widespread drought impact across different regions and time periods. The study employs weighted sum analysis of Dev_NDVI, VCI, and TCI to create a detailed drought severity map, revealing areas of severe and extreme drought that necessitate immediate action for sustainable management. The novelty of this approach lies in its integrated multi-index method for assessing drought over a 35 year period, providing a robust framework for analyzing environmental dynamics and the resilience of ecosystems to climatic stresses. This research emphasizes the value of remote sensing for continuous environmental monitoring and highlights future implications for integrating advanced satellite technologies to enhance drought management strategies, ultimately informing policy decisions for sustainable land and water resource management in Rajasthan and similar semi-arid regions globally.
{"title":"Integrated Remote Sensing for Enhanced Drought Assessment: A Multi-Index Approach in Rajasthan, India","authors":"Vivek Agarwal, Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj Singh, Stuart Marsh, Zhengyuan Qin, Anjan Sen, Khusbhu Kulhari","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003639","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates land use, land cover (LULC) changes, vegetation health, and drought severity in Rajasthan, India, from 1985 to 2020 using remote sensing techniques. By analyzing satellite imagery with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), temperature condition index (TCI), vegetation condition index (VCI), and NDVI deviation (Dev_NDVI), we assess the spatial and temporal dynamics of the region's landscape and drought conditions. Our findings indicate significant LULC changes, including a decrease in water bodies from 6412.87 to 2248.51 km<sup>2</sup> and dense forests by 61.37%, while built-up areas expanded by 890.50%, reflecting substantial human impact and environmental change. Drought analysis revealed that nearly 49% of the study area experienced moderate to severe drought conditions, with VCI levels below 40%, indicating widespread drought impact across different regions and time periods. The study employs weighted sum analysis of Dev_NDVI, VCI, and TCI to create a detailed drought severity map, revealing areas of severe and extreme drought that necessitate immediate action for sustainable management. The novelty of this approach lies in its integrated multi-index method for assessing drought over a 35 year period, providing a robust framework for analyzing environmental dynamics and the resilience of ecosystems to climatic stresses. This research emphasizes the value of remote sensing for continuous environmental monitoring and highlights future implications for integrating advanced satellite technologies to enhance drought management strategies, ultimately informing policy decisions for sustainable land and water resource management in Rajasthan and similar semi-arid regions globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Devon Dunmire, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Emam Hossain, Md Osman Gani, Alison F. Banwell, Hammad Younas, Brendan Myers
Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) can impact both the ice sheet surface mass balance and ice dynamics. Thus, understanding the evolution and dynamics of supraglacial lakes is important to provide improved parameterizations for ice sheet models to enable better projections of future GrIS changes. In this study, we utilize the growing inventory of optical and microwave satellite imagery to automatically determine the fate of Greenland-wide supraglacial lakes during 2018 and 2019; low and high melt seasons respectively. We develop a novel time series classification method to categorize lakes into four classes: (a) Refreezing, (b) rapidly draining, (c) slowly draining, and (d) buried. Our findings reveal significant interannual variability between the two melt seasons, with a notable increase in the proportion of draining lakes, and a particular dominance of slowly draining lakes, in 2019. We also find that as mean lake depth increases, so does the percentage of lakes that drain, indicating that lake depth may influence hydrofracture potential. We further observe rapidly draining lakes at higher elevations than the previously hypothesized upper-elevation hydrofracture limit (1,600 m), and that non-draining lakes are generally deeper during the lower melt 2018 season. Our automatic classification approach and the resulting 2-year ice-sheet-wide data set provide new insights into GrIS supraglacial lake dynamics and evolution, offering a valuable resource for future research.
{"title":"Greenland Ice Sheet Wide Supraglacial Lake Evolution and Dynamics: Insights From the 2018 and 2019 Melt Seasons","authors":"Devon Dunmire, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Emam Hossain, Md Osman Gani, Alison F. Banwell, Hammad Younas, Brendan Myers","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003793","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) can impact both the ice sheet surface mass balance and ice dynamics. Thus, understanding the evolution and dynamics of supraglacial lakes is important to provide improved parameterizations for ice sheet models to enable better projections of future GrIS changes. In this study, we utilize the growing inventory of optical and microwave satellite imagery to automatically determine the fate of Greenland-wide supraglacial lakes during 2018 and 2019; low and high melt seasons respectively. We develop a novel time series classification method to categorize lakes into four classes: (a) Refreezing, (b) rapidly draining, (c) slowly draining, and (d) buried. Our findings reveal significant interannual variability between the two melt seasons, with a notable increase in the proportion of draining lakes, and a particular dominance of slowly draining lakes, in 2019. We also find that as mean lake depth increases, so does the percentage of lakes that drain, indicating that lake depth may influence hydrofracture potential. We further observe rapidly draining lakes at higher elevations than the previously hypothesized upper-elevation hydrofracture limit (1,600 m), and that non-draining lakes are generally deeper during the lower melt 2018 season. Our automatic classification approach and the resulting 2-year ice-sheet-wide data set provide new insights into GrIS supraglacial lake dynamics and evolution, offering a valuable resource for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyler W. Miesse, Martin Henke, Andre de Souza de Lima, Celso M. Ferreira, Thomas Ravens
The Arctic region is experiencing significant changes due to climate change, and the resulting decline in sea ice concentration and extent is already impacting ocean dynamics and exacerbating coastal hazards in the region. In this context, numerical models play a crucial role in simulating the interactions between the ocean, land, sea ice, and atmosphere, thus supporting scientific studies in the region. This research aims to evaluate how different sea ice products with spatial resolutions varying from 2 to 25 km influence a phase averaged spectral wave model results in the Alaskan Arctic under storm conditions. Four events throughout the Fall to Winter seasons in 2019 were utilized to assess the accuracy of wave simulations generated under the dynamic sea ice conditions found in the Arctic. The selected sea ice products used to parameterize the numerical wave model include the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) sea ice concentration, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA5), the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model-Community Ice CodE (HYCOM-CICE) system assimilated with Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA), and the High-resolution Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (HIOMAS). The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model's accuracy in simulating waves using these sea ice products was evaluated against Sea State Daily Multisensor L3 satellite observations. Results show wave simulations using ERA5 consistently exhibited high correlation with observations, maintaining an accuracy above 0.83 to the observations across all events. Conversely, HIOMAS demonstrated the weakest performance, particularly during the Winter, with the lowest correlation of 0.40 to the observations. Remarkably, ERA5 surpassed all other products by up to 30% in accuracy during the selected storm events, and even when an ensemble was assessed by combining the selected sea ice products, ERA5's individual performance remained unmatched. Our study provides insights for selecting sea ice products under different sea ice conditions for accurately simulating waves and coastal hazards in high latitudes.
{"title":"The Critical Role of Sea Ice Products for Accurate Wind-Wave Simulations in the Arctic","authors":"Tyler W. Miesse, Martin Henke, Andre de Souza de Lima, Celso M. Ferreira, Thomas Ravens","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003803","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Arctic region is experiencing significant changes due to climate change, and the resulting decline in sea ice concentration and extent is already impacting ocean dynamics and exacerbating coastal hazards in the region. In this context, numerical models play a crucial role in simulating the interactions between the ocean, land, sea ice, and atmosphere, thus supporting scientific studies in the region. This research aims to evaluate how different sea ice products with spatial resolutions varying from 2 to 25 km influence a phase averaged spectral wave model results in the Alaskan Arctic under storm conditions. Four events throughout the Fall to Winter seasons in 2019 were utilized to assess the accuracy of wave simulations generated under the dynamic sea ice conditions found in the Arctic. The selected sea ice products used to parameterize the numerical wave model include the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) sea ice concentration, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA5), the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model-Community Ice CodE (HYCOM-CICE) system assimilated with Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA), and the High-resolution Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (HIOMAS). The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model's accuracy in simulating waves using these sea ice products was evaluated against Sea State Daily Multisensor L3 satellite observations. Results show wave simulations using ERA5 consistently exhibited high correlation with observations, maintaining an accuracy above 0.83 to the observations across all events. Conversely, HIOMAS demonstrated the weakest performance, particularly during the Winter, with the lowest correlation of 0.40 to the observations. Remarkably, ERA5 surpassed all other products by up to 30% in accuracy during the selected storm events, and even when an ensemble was assessed by combining the selected sea ice products, ERA5's individual performance remained unmatched. Our study provides insights for selecting sea ice products under different sea ice conditions for accurately simulating waves and coastal hazards in high latitudes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huiqun Wang, Caroline R. Nowlan, Gonzalo González Abad, Heesung Chong, Weizhen Hou, John C. Houck, Xiong Liu, Kelly Chance, Eun-Su Yang, Alexander Vasilkov, Joanna Joiner, Wenhan Qin, Zachary Fasnacht, K. Emma Knowland, Chris Chan Miller, Robert J. D. Spurr, David E. Flittner, James L. Carr, Raid M. Suleiman, John E. Davis, Jean A. Fitzmaurice
This Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) describes the retrieval algorithm and sensitivities of the Version 3 cloud product derived from the spectra collected by the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of POllution (TEMPO) instrument. The cloud product is primarily produced for supporting the retrievals of TEMPO trace gases that are important for understanding atmospheric chemistry and monitoring air pollution. The TEMPO cloud algorithm is adapted from NASA's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) oxygen collision complex (O2-O2) cloud algorithm. The retrieval generates effective cloud fraction (ECF) from the normalized radiance at 466 nm and generates cloud optical centroid pressure (OCP) using the O2-O2 column amount derived from the spectral absorption feature near 477 nm. The slant column of O2-O2 is retrieved using Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's spectral fitting code with optimized retrieval parameters. ECF and OCP are used by TEMPO trace gas retrievals to calculate Air Mass Factors which convert slant columns to vertical columns. The sensitivities of the cloud retrieval to various input parameters are investigated.
{"title":"Algorithm Theoretical Basis for Version 3 TEMPO O2-O2 Cloud Product","authors":"Huiqun Wang, Caroline R. Nowlan, Gonzalo González Abad, Heesung Chong, Weizhen Hou, John C. Houck, Xiong Liu, Kelly Chance, Eun-Su Yang, Alexander Vasilkov, Joanna Joiner, Wenhan Qin, Zachary Fasnacht, K. Emma Knowland, Chris Chan Miller, Robert J. D. Spurr, David E. Flittner, James L. Carr, Raid M. Suleiman, John E. Davis, Jean A. Fitzmaurice","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004165","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) describes the retrieval algorithm and sensitivities of the Version 3 cloud product derived from the spectra collected by the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of POllution (TEMPO) instrument. The cloud product is primarily produced for supporting the retrievals of TEMPO trace gases that are important for understanding atmospheric chemistry and monitoring air pollution. The TEMPO cloud algorithm is adapted from NASA's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) oxygen collision complex (O<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>2</sub>) cloud algorithm. The retrieval generates effective cloud fraction (ECF) from the normalized radiance at 466 nm and generates cloud optical centroid pressure (OCP) using the O<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>2</sub> column amount derived from the spectral absorption feature near 477 nm. The slant column of O<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>2</sub> is retrieved using Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's spectral fitting code with optimized retrieval parameters. ECF and OCP are used by TEMPO trace gas retrievals to calculate Air Mass Factors which convert slant columns to vertical columns. The sensitivities of the cloud retrieval to various input parameters are investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanzhen Kang, Yuhui Duan, Lei Liu, Xingdong Peng, Xiaogang Liang, Xi Liu
This study explored the complex evolution mechanism and fine-scale structures of a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) in the eastern Taihang Mountain from 1300 BST 12 to 0300 BST 13 August 2018 by using Doppler radar data, high-resolution surface observations and sounding data. The QLCS which produced heavy precipitation was maintained as the southeasterly being lifted when flowed over a mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) associated with a cold pool. Topographic blocking effect of Taihang Mountain and the cold environmental northeasterly enhanced the uplift of southeasterly at southwest and northeast of the MOB. Northeastward extension of the QLCS was promoted by the prevailing southeasterly airflow and high convective available potential energy. Meanwhile, the dry cold layer between 850 and 500 hPa obviously prevented southeastward movement of the QLCS. A clear increase of the disturbance pressure took place due to water loading increase other than the temperature dropping. Northwestward oriented “echo training” of convective cells facilitated the perfect-structured QLCS to split into several meso-β-scale rain bands with irregular convergence along the MOB. Mesoscale convective vortices associated with slow-moving strong convective echoes played an important role in middle part of the QLCS development which accounts for the heavy precipitation.
{"title":"Evolution and Structure of a Heavy-Precipitation-Producing Quasi-Linear Convective System Along a Mesoscale Outflow Boundary","authors":"Yanzhen Kang, Yuhui Duan, Lei Liu, Xingdong Peng, Xiaogang Liang, Xi Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explored the complex evolution mechanism and fine-scale structures of a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) in the eastern Taihang Mountain from 1300 BST 12 to 0300 BST 13 August 2018 by using Doppler radar data, high-resolution surface observations and sounding data. The QLCS which produced heavy precipitation was maintained as the southeasterly being lifted when flowed over a mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) associated with a cold pool. Topographic blocking effect of Taihang Mountain and the cold environmental northeasterly enhanced the uplift of southeasterly at southwest and northeast of the MOB. Northeastward extension of the QLCS was promoted by the prevailing southeasterly airflow and high convective available potential energy. Meanwhile, the dry cold layer between 850 and 500 hPa obviously prevented southeastward movement of the QLCS. A clear increase of the disturbance pressure took place due to water loading increase other than the temperature dropping. Northwestward oriented “echo training” of convective cells facilitated the perfect-structured QLCS to split into several meso-<i>β</i>-scale rain bands with irregular convergence along the MOB. Mesoscale convective vortices associated with slow-moving strong convective echoes played an important role in middle part of the QLCS development which accounts for the heavy precipitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barystatic sea level stores excess water mass from the atmosphere and land to maintain global mass conservations within the Earth system. Besides the secular contribution to global sea-level rise, changes in barystatic sea level also play an important role in mass-induced length-of-day (LOD) variations over a few years or shorter periods. Compared to barystatic sea level changes deduced from the geophysical models, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and GRACE follow-on (GRACE/GFO) measurements provide actual observed ocean mass changes. Here, we investigate short-term both seasonal (annual and semiannual) and non-seasonal LOD variations caused by mass redistribution using GRACE/GFO mass estimates and effective angular momentum (EAM) products, particularly quantitatively assessing the excitation from the barystatic sea level. Note that correcting the problem of global mass non-conservation is necessary for GRACE/GFO mass estimates in both spherical harmonic and mascon solutions to calculate the LOD excitation accurately. LOD mass term contributions derived from GRACE/GFO mass estimates considering global mass conservation show high consistency with satellite laser ranging results and are much closer to geodetic LOD observations than EAM products at seasonal and non-seasonal time scales. The barystatic sea level exhibits the most significant amplitude in mass-induced LOD variations, compensating for most land hydrological excitation, but shows no clear correlation with the atmosphere. Due to slight fluctuations in cryospheric effects and the substantial compensatory action of the barystatic sea level, differences in the land hydrological excitation do not lead to significant deviations in the total LOD mass term between EAM products and GRACE/GFO mass estimates.
{"title":"Role of Barystatic Sea Level Change in Global Mass Conservation and Its Excitation to Length-Of-Day Variations","authors":"Qiqi Shi, Yonghong Zhou, Cancan Xu, Xueqing Xu","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003848","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Barystatic sea level stores excess water mass from the atmosphere and land to maintain global mass conservations within the Earth system. Besides the secular contribution to global sea-level rise, changes in barystatic sea level also play an important role in mass-induced length-of-day (LOD) variations over a few years or shorter periods. Compared to barystatic sea level changes deduced from the geophysical models, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and GRACE follow-on (GRACE/GFO) measurements provide actual observed ocean mass changes. Here, we investigate short-term both seasonal (annual and semiannual) and non-seasonal LOD variations caused by mass redistribution using GRACE/GFO mass estimates and effective angular momentum (EAM) products, particularly quantitatively assessing the excitation from the barystatic sea level. Note that correcting the problem of global mass non-conservation is necessary for GRACE/GFO mass estimates in both spherical harmonic and mascon solutions to calculate the LOD excitation accurately. LOD mass term contributions derived from GRACE/GFO mass estimates considering global mass conservation show high consistency with satellite laser ranging results and are much closer to geodetic LOD observations than EAM products at seasonal and non-seasonal time scales. The barystatic sea level exhibits the most significant amplitude in mass-induced LOD variations, compensating for most land hydrological excitation, but shows no clear correlation with the atmosphere. Due to slight fluctuations in cryospheric effects and the substantial compensatory action of the barystatic sea level, differences in the land hydrological excitation do not lead to significant deviations in the total LOD mass term between EAM products and GRACE/GFO mass estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003848","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Westgate, K. Kucinskaite, E. Konstantinidis, A. Malehmir, M. Papadopoulou, U. Gregersen, M. Keiding, M. Bjerager
Understanding the structural intricacies of subsurface halokinetic formations is crucial for various geological applications, including geological capture and storage (geological carbon storage (GCS)). This study focuses on the seismic imaging of the Gassum structure in eastern Jutland, Denmark, employing high-resolution, dual-element acquisition, and processing techniques. The investigation aims to unravel details in the evolution of the salt dome and its implications for GCS potential. High-resolution seismic data processing and interpretation reveals a skewed dome structure with steeper flanks on the western and northern sides, characterized by faults and stratigraphic thinning. The asymmetric growth of the dome suggests uneven salt loading during its genesis, influencing local stress fields and structural development, with evidence of syn-tectonic subsidence that produced salt welds. This is supported by the presence of stratigraphic wedges and an increased depth of imaged horizons within steeper flanks of the dome. A mild piercement of the salt into overlying sediments, onlapping features, and the presence of normal faults that originate from the dome apex and extend radially, all indicate a reactive piercement process in the salt pillow's development stage. This produced an extensional regime in overlying strata, inducing sequence thinning and graben structures. Analysis of reservoir and seal properties unveils adequate conditions for GCS, with a continuous reservoir and thick primary and secondary seals. However, the presence of faults intersecting these formations raises concerns regarding long-term storage stability. Further investigations into reservoir porosity, migration paths, and volumetric analysis are warranted for conclusive GCS assessments.
{"title":"Seismic Imaging of Halokinetic Sequences and Structures With High-Resolution, Dual-Element Acquisition, and Processing: Applications to the Gassum Structure in Eastern Jutland, Denmark","authors":"M. Westgate, K. Kucinskaite, E. Konstantinidis, A. Malehmir, M. Papadopoulou, U. Gregersen, M. Keiding, M. Bjerager","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the structural intricacies of subsurface halokinetic formations is crucial for various geological applications, including geological capture and storage (geological carbon storage (GCS)). This study focuses on the seismic imaging of the Gassum structure in eastern Jutland, Denmark, employing high-resolution, dual-element acquisition, and processing techniques. The investigation aims to unravel details in the evolution of the salt dome and its implications for GCS potential. High-resolution seismic data processing and interpretation reveals a skewed dome structure with steeper flanks on the western and northern sides, characterized by faults and stratigraphic thinning. The asymmetric growth of the dome suggests uneven salt loading during its genesis, influencing local stress fields and structural development, with evidence of syn-tectonic subsidence that produced salt welds. This is supported by the presence of stratigraphic wedges and an increased depth of imaged horizons within steeper flanks of the dome. A mild piercement of the salt into overlying sediments, onlapping features, and the presence of normal faults that originate from the dome apex and extend radially, all indicate a reactive piercement process in the salt pillow's development stage. This produced an extensional regime in overlying strata, inducing sequence thinning and graben structures. Analysis of reservoir and seal properties unveils adequate conditions for GCS, with a continuous reservoir and thick primary and secondary seals. However, the presence of faults intersecting these formations raises concerns regarding long-term storage stability. Further investigations into reservoir porosity, migration paths, and volumetric analysis are warranted for conclusive GCS assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}