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Variation in root traits and phenotypic plasticity between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Chromolaena odorata 入侵植物臭椿在本地种群和外来种群之间的根系特征差异和表型可塑性
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.110985
Yang-Ping Li, Wei-Tao Li, Yan-Fen Niu, Yulong Feng
Understanding intraspecific trait variations, particularly for invasive species that occupy large geographic areas with different resource conditions, can enhance our understanding of plant responses to changes in environmental resources. However, most related studies have focused on aboveground traits, while variations in root traits and responses to changes in resources during biological invasion have not been clarified. To fill this knowledge gap, we compared the root traits of Chromolaena odorata from 10 introduced populations in Southeast Asia and 12 native populations in North and Central America under different soil nutrients. The introduced populations of the invader exhibited greater resource-acquisitive root traits, characterized by reduced fine root diameter but increased proportions of absorbing root length and specific root length, compared to the native populations. Although nutrient addition significantly affected root traits, the introduced populations showed greater phenotypic plasticity in four traits (root / shoot ratio, specific root length, absorbing root length proportion, and branching intensity) than the native populations. Different root trait syndromes were observed between the introduced and native populations. These results indicate that after introduction, C. odorata may shift towards a more soil resource-acquisitive strategy and thus respond more positively to increased soils nutrients, thereby showing better performance in high-resource environments. This study provides a better understanding of how species respond to environment changes and reveals the factors underlying exotic plant invasion success.
了解种内性状变异,尤其是了解占据不同资源条件的大片地域的入侵物种的性状变异,可以加深我们对植物对环境资源变化的反应的了解。然而,大多数相关研究都集中于地上部性状,而根部性状的变异以及对生物入侵过程中资源变化的反应尚未得到阐明。为了填补这一知识空白,我们比较了东南亚 10 个引入种群和北美及中美洲 12 个原生种群在不同土壤养分条件下的根系性状。与本地种群相比,入侵者的引入种群表现出更强的资源获取性根系特征,其特点是细根直径减少,但吸收根长度和比根长度的比例增加。虽然养分添加对根系性状有明显影响,但与本地种群相比,外来种群在四个性状(根/芽比、特定根长、吸收根长比例和分枝强度)上表现出更大的表型可塑性。在引入种群和本地种群之间观察到了不同的根系性状综合征。这些结果表明,在引入后,臭腥草可能会转向更多的土壤资源获取策略,从而对土壤养分的增加做出更积极的反应,从而在高资源环境中表现出更好的性能。这项研究让人们更好地了解物种如何对环境变化做出反应,并揭示了外来植物成功入侵的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of native and alien plant dominants at different spatial scales 不同空间尺度上本地植物和外来植物优势的影响
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.116392
A. Kortz, M. Hejda, J. Pergl, Josef Kutlvašr, P. Petřík, J. Sádlo, M. Vítková, M. Vojík, Petr Pyšek
Plant invasion science has made a substantial progress in documenting the impacts of aliens, but comparisons with the impacts of native dominants are still rare. Further, the impacts on larger spatial scales remain poorly understood. We recorded the impacts of 10 native and nine invasive dominant plants in the Czech Republic on species richness and Shannon diversity by comparing communities with high vs. low cover of the dominant species. To estimate the impacts at the (i) population level and (ii) between-population level, we compared the Jaccard dissimilarity, nestedness and turnover of high- and low-dominance plots. Further, we calculated the Jaccard dissimilarity, nestedness and turnover between the high- and low-dominance plots within each population to express the impacts on species composition. We tested whether (i) native and invasive dominants affect the population- and between population levels of diversity by making the vegetation more homogenous; (ii) whether these effects differ between the native and alien dominants; and (iii) whether the impacts at different spatial levels are related. At the population level, high-dominance plots (with both native and alien dominants) showed higher nestedness and lower turnover compared to the low-dominance plots. Further, all plots with native dominants, both with high- and low dominance, showed higher similarity but lower nestedness than plots with alien dominants. Most importantly, high-dominance plots with native dominants were more similar to each other but showed marginally significantly lower nestedness compared to high-dominance plots with alien dominants. At the between-population level, high-dominance plots with native dominants showed a marginally significantly lower turnover compared to high-dominance plots with alien dominants. The differences in Jaccard dissimilarity, nestedness and turnover between the low- and high-dominance plots at the population level showed strong positive relations to low- and high-dominance differences at the between-populations level. Further, compositional impacts, expressed as the dissimilarity between high- vs. low-dominance plots, positively related to the plot-level impacts on Shannon diversity. Our results show that (i) both native and invasive dominants tend to reduce the diversity over larger areas and that the effect of native dominants may be even stronger, and (ii) the effects on plot-level richness and diversity cannot be easily extrapolated to larger scales but the impacts at the population- and between-populations levels are positively related.
植物入侵科学在记录外来物种的影响方面取得了长足的进步,但与本地优势物种的影响进行比较的情况仍然很少。此外,人们对更大空间尺度上的影响仍然知之甚少。我们通过比较优势物种覆盖率高与低的群落,记录了捷克共和国 10 种本地优势植物和 9 种外来入侵优势植物对物种丰富度和香农多样性的影响。为了估算(i)种群水平和(ii)种群间水平的影响,我们比较了高优势地块和低优势地块的 Jaccard 差异度、嵌套度和周转率。此外,我们还计算了每个种群内高优势地块和低优势地块之间的 Jaccard 差异度、嵌套度和周转率,以表达对物种组成的影响。我们检验了:(i) 本地优势植物和外来优势植物是否会通过使植被更加同质化来影响种群间和种群与种群间的多样性水平;(ii) 本地优势植物和外来优势植物之间的影响是否存在差异;(iii) 不同空间水平上的影响是否相关。在种群水平上,与低优势地块相比,高优势地块(既有本地优势地块,也有外来优势地块)显示出更高的嵌套度和更低的周转率。此外,与有外来优势植物的地块相比,所有有本地优势植物的地块,无论是高优势还是低优势,都显示出较高的相似性,但嵌套度较低。最重要的是,与有外来优势植物的高优势地块相比,有本地优势植物的高优势地块的相似度更高,但嵌套度略低。在种群间水平上,与外来优势种群的高优势地块相比,本地优势种群的高优势地块的周转率略低。在种群水平上,低优势地块和高优势地块之间在 Jaccard 相似度、嵌套度和周转率上的差异与种群间水平上的低优势和高优势差异呈强烈的正相关关系。此外,以高优势地块与低优势地块之间的差异表示的组成影响与地块水平对香农多样性的影响呈正相关。我们的研究结果表明:(i) 在更大的区域内,本地优势种和入侵优势种都倾向于降低多样性,本地优势种的影响可能更大;(ii) 对地块丰富度和多样性的影响不容易推断到更大的范围,但在种群和种群间水平的影响是正相关的。
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引用次数: 0
Wattles on the move 移动中的瓦特尔
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.120486
Colin E. Hughes
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引用次数: 0
Detailed analysis of prey taxonomic composition indicates feeding habitat partitioning amongst co-occurring invasive gobies and native European perch 对猎物分类组成的详细分析表明,共同出现的入侵虾虎鱼和本地欧洲鲈鱼之间存在觅食栖息地分区
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.116033
Joanna Grabowska, M. Płóciennik, Michał Grabowski
One of the negative impacts of non-native invasive species on trophic interactions in an invaded ecosystem occurs via increased interspecific competition for food resources between the invader and local species of the same food niche. In freshwaters, there are usually several fish species that feed on similar food resources. Ponto-Caspian gobies are amongst the most successful and widespread invaders colonising European waterways. They have a wide food niche and an opportunistic feeding strategy, with a focus on benthic invertebrates and piscivory occurring occasionally mainly in the case of large individuals. Competition with native percids for food resources is predicted on the basis of high dietary overlap. However, studies published so far provide no unequivocal answer. In order to resolve this question, we conducted a comparative taxonomic analysis of gut content, with an emphasis on chironomids and amphipods, of the invasive monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis), racer goby (Babka gymnotrachelus) and the native Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) occurring sympatrically in a large lowland European river, the Bug River in Poland. We found that each species forages in slightly different habitats, as indicated by the different composition of prey species in the gut content. This suggests feeding niche partitioning between the studied species facilitating their co-existence and reduction or avoidance of competition for food resources. Resource partitioning regarding prey types and foraging habitats is a mechanism for permitting the co-existence of closely-related alien gobies with similar food preferences in the invaded waters and co-occurrence with local species. This mechanism can contribute to their invasion success, as observed in European waters during the recent decades. We also demonstrate that precise prey identification to the lowest possible taxon is crucial to reveal the dietary overlap between co-occurring fish species and to predict the impact of alien invaders on native species through interspecific competition, as well as to recommend such an approach in studies upon fish foraging strategies.
非外来入侵物种对被入侵生态系统中营养相互作用的负面影响之一,是通过增加入侵者与相同食物生态位的本地物种之间对食物资源的种间竞争而产生的。在淡水中,通常有几种鱼类以类似的食物资源为食。里海浮游虾虎鱼是欧洲水道中最成功、最广泛的入侵者之一。它们的食物范围很广,并采取机会主义的捕食策略,主要捕食底栖无脊椎动物,偶尔也捕食鱼类,主要是大型个体。根据食物高度重叠的情况,预计它们会与本地鲈鱼争夺食物资源。然而,迄今为止发表的研究还没有给出明确的答案。为了解决这个问题,我们对入侵的猴虾虎鱼(Neogobius fluviatilis)、耙虾虎鱼(Babka gymnotrachelus)和原生的欧亚鲈鱼(Perca fluviatilis)的肠道内容进行了比较分类分析,重点是摇蚊和片脚类动物。我们发现,两种鲈鱼觅食的栖息地略有不同,肠道内容物中猎物种类的不同也说明了这一点。这表明所研究的物种之间存在摄食生态位分配,有利于它们共存,减少或避免对食物资源的竞争。猎物类型和觅食栖息地的资源分区是允许具有相似食物偏好的近缘外来虾虎鱼在入侵水域共存并与当地物种共生的一种机制。正如最近几十年在欧洲水域观察到的那样,这种机制有助于它们成功入侵。我们还证明,精确到最低分类群的猎物鉴定对于揭示共栖鱼类物种之间的食物重叠、预测外来入侵者通过种间竞争对本地物种的影响以及在鱼类觅食策略研究中推荐这种方法至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Rapid risk assessment of plant pathogenic bacteria and protists likely to threaten agriculture, biodiversity and forestry in Zambia 对可能威胁赞比亚农业、生物多样性和林业的植物病原菌和原生生物进行快速风险评估
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.113801
J. Mulema, Sydney Phiri, Nchimunya Bbebe, Rodwell Chandipo, M. Chijikwa, Hildah Chimutingiza, Paul Kachapulula, Francisca Kankuma Mwanda, Mathews Matimelo, Emma Mazimba-Sikazwe, Sydney Mfune, M. Mkulama, Miyanda Moonga, W. Mphande, Millens Mufwaya, Rabson M. Mulenga, Brenda Mweemba, Damien Ndalamei Mabote, Phillip Nkunika, Isaiah Nthenga, M. Tembo, J. Chowa, Stacey Odunga, S. Opisa, Chapwa Kasoma, Lucinda Charles, F. Makale, I. Rwomushana, N. Phiri
A prioritisation study was conducted to address the lack of adequate information about potential pests likely to be introduced in Zambia and become invasive. The study was conducted by subject matter experts from relevant institutions in and outside Zambia. Although this study focused on major pest categories, this paper only addresses bacteria and Protista. A list of 306 bacterial and 10 Protista species adjudged to affect plants was generated using CABI’s Horizon Scanning Tool. The 316 (total) pest species were refined to focus on pests that affect value chains important to Zambia’s economy. This resulted in a final list of 133 bacteria and eight Protista. Four additional bacteria species considered of phytosanitary interest were added and all 137 bacteria and eight Protista species were subjected to a rapid risk assessment using agreed guidelines. Vectors reported to transmit any of the pathogenic organisms were also subjected to a risk assessment. A proportion of 53% (n = 77 of 145) comprising 73 bacteria and four Protista species were reported as present in Africa. Of these, 42 (57%, n = 73) bacterial species and two (n=4) Protista species were reported in neighbouring countries. Considering a cut-off of 54, the highest scoring pests were 40 bacteria (highest score of 140) and three Protista (highest score of 125). Three actions were suggested for high-scoring pests, a detection surveillance, a pest-initiated pest risk analysis (PRA) or a detection surveillance followed by pest-initiated PRA. A “no action” was suggested where the risk was very low although, for some pathogenic organisms, a “no action” was followed by periodic monitoring. This information will contribute towards proactive prevention and management of biological invasions.
为解决缺乏有关可能被引入赞比亚并成为入侵性有害生物的充分信息的问题,开展了一项优先次序研究。这项研究由赞比亚国内外相关机构的专题专家进行。尽管这项研究侧重于主要害虫类别,但本文仅讨论细菌和原生动物。使用 CABI 的地平线扫描工具生成了一份清单,其中包括 306 种细菌和 10 种被认为会影响植物的原生动物。对这 316 种(总计)害虫进行了细化,重点关注对赞比亚经济具有重要影响的价值链上的害虫。最终确定了 133 种细菌和 8 种原生动物。另外还增加了 4 种被认为具有植物检疫意义的细菌,并采用商定的准则对所有 137 种细菌和 8 种原生动物进行了快速风险评估。据报告可传播任何病原生物的媒介也接受了风险评估。据报告,非洲有 73 种细菌和 4 种原生动物,占 53%(145 种细菌中的 77 种)。其中,42 种(57%,n=73)细菌和 2 种(n=4)原生动物物种被报告出现在邻国。以 54 分为界,得分最高的害虫是 40 种细菌(最高分 140 分)和 3 种原生动物(最高分 125 分)。针对高分害虫,建议采取三种行动:检测监控、害虫引发的害虫风险分析 (PRA),或先检测监控再引发的害虫风险分析。如果风险很低,则建议 "不采取任何行动",但对于某些病原生物,"不采取任何行动 "之后会进行定期监测。这些信息将有助于积极预防和管理生物入侵。
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引用次数: 0
Can gardeners identify ‘future invaders’? 园丁能否识别 "未来入侵者"?
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.110560
Tomos Siôn Jones, A. Culham, B. J. Pickles, John David
It is estimated that there are 30 million gardeners in Britain, who could play a crucial role in being the ‘first contact’ for reporting ornamental plants in gardens with invasive potential. Invasive species are one of the five drivers of the global nature crisis, many of which were originally introduced through ornamental horticulture. Ornamentals confined to gardens and those which have already naturalised, but are not yet shown to be invasive, represent a ‘pool’ of species with invasive potential – ‘future invaders’. An online survey asking gardeners to report ornamentals they had noticed invading or taking over their garden resulted in 251 different taxa being reported (including cultivars). The future invaders were prioritised with a simple yet structured scheme, looking at the domestic and global naturalised and invasive status of each taxon, including in the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS) and the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) databases. The structured scheme identified a shortlist of nine ornamentals of concern which should be prioritised for further analysis, such as a formal risk assessment. Identifying and preventing future invaders before they escape gardens is critical, to prevent future threats to nature. There is also a gap in the identification of potentially invasive ornamentals, which are not currently invasive, yet are beyond the scope of formal horizon scanning because they are naturalised. Here we explore whether surveying gardeners can be a suitable approach to prioritising future invaders while also being an opportunity to increase awareness of invasive species. This positive feedback loop between gardeners and invasion scientists could help reduce the risk of future invaders.
据估计,英国有 3000 万名园丁,他们可以作为 "第一联系人",报告花园中具有入侵潜力的观赏植物。入侵物种是导致全球自然危机的五大因素之一,其中许多最初是通过观赏园艺引入的。园林中的观赏植物和那些已经归化但尚未被证明具有入侵性的植物代表了具有入侵潜力的物种 "池"--"未来的入侵者"。一项在线调查要求园丁报告他们注意到入侵或占领其花园的观赏植物,结果报告了 251 种不同的分类群(包括栽培品种)。我们采用了一个简单而有条理的方案,对未来入侵者进行了优先排序,考察了每个分类群在国内和全球的归化和入侵状况,包括在全球引进和入侵物种登记册(GRIIS)和全球归化外来植物群(GloNAF)数据库中的状况。该结构化方案确定了九种值得关注的观赏植物短名单,应优先对其进行进一步分析,如正式风险评估。在入侵者逃出花园之前对其进行识别和预防,对于防止未来对自然的威胁至关重要。在识别潜在入侵观赏植物方面也存在空白,这些观赏植物目前并不具有入侵性,但由于已经归化而超出了正式地平线扫描的范围。在此,我们将探讨对园丁进行调查是否是确定未来入侵者优先顺序的合适方法,同时也是提高人们对入侵物种认识的机会。园丁和入侵科学家之间的这种正反馈循环有助于降低未来入侵者的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of residence time on trait evolution in invasive plants: review and meta-analysis 停留时间对入侵植物性状进化的影响:综述与荟萃分析
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.109251
M. Gruntman, U. Segev
The success of invasive species is often attributed to rapid post-introduction evolution, due to novel selection pressures at the introduced range. However, evolutionary shifts in invasion-promoting traits can also take place within the introduced range over time. Here, we first present a review of the proposed hypotheses regarding the selection pressures and trait divergence along gradients of invasion history and the studies that examined them. In addition, we present the results of a meta-analysis aimed to provide a more general overview of current knowledge on trait evolution with time since introduction. Invasion-promoting traits, including growth, competitive ability and dispersal ability, were proposed to decline in more established populations with a long invasion history due to the attenuation of selection pressures, such as enemy release or interspecific competition, while herbivore defence was suggested to increase. Our meta-analysis results reveal a general indication for the evolution of invasive plants with residence time for most of the studied traits. However, this divergence did not have a consistent direction in most traits, except for growth, which, in contrast with our prediction, increased with residence time. The lack of empirical support for the predicted change in most of the studied traits over time suggests trait evolution might be affected by other context-dependent factors such as climatic gradients along invasion routes. Similarly, the increased allocation to size in older and more established populations may be driven by increased conspecific competition pressure experienced in these populations. The general temporal effect found in our meta-analysis stresses the need to consider population age when comparing attributes of invasive plants between native and invasive ranges. Moreover, the increased size of invasive plants in older populations, suggests that the dominance of these plants might not attenuate with time since introduction, thus highlighting the need to further explore the long-term dynamics between invasive plants and their recipient native communities.
入侵物种的成功通常归因于引入后的快速进化,这是由于在引入地区存在新的选择压力。然而,随着时间的推移,入侵促进性状的进化转变也可能发生在引入区内。在此,我们首先回顾了有关入侵历史梯度上的选择压力和性状分化的假说,以及对这些假说进行研究的情况。此外,我们还介绍了一项荟萃分析的结果,旨在提供有关性状随引入时间演变的现有知识的总体概览。在入侵历史较长的成熟种群中,由于敌害释放或种间竞争等选择压力的减弱,促进入侵的性状(包括生长、竞争能力和扩散能力)会下降,而食草动物防御性则会增强。我们的荟萃分析结果表明,入侵植物的进化在大多数研究性状上都与居住时间有关。然而,除了生长性状外,大多数性状的分化方向并不一致,与我们的预测相反,生长性状会随着驻留时间的延长而增加。对大多数研究性状随时间变化的预测缺乏经验支持,这表明性状的进化可能受到其他环境因素的影响,如入侵路线沿线的气候梯度。同样,在较老和较成熟的种群中,体型分配的增加可能是由于这些种群中同种竞争压力的增加。我们在荟萃分析中发现的一般时间效应强调,在比较入侵植物在原生地和入侵地之间的属性时,需要考虑种群的年龄。此外,入侵植物在较老种群中的体积增大,表明这些植物的优势可能不会随着引入时间的推移而减弱,从而突出了进一步探索入侵植物与其接受的本地群落之间长期动态的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Outcomes of control and monitoring of a widespread riparian invader (Tamarix spp.): a comparison of synthesis approaches 控制和监测广泛的河岸入侵者(柽柳属)的结果:综合方法比较
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.111628
A. Goetz, E. González-Sargas, Mayra C. Vidal, P. Shafroth, A. Henry, A. Sher
Effective ecological restoration requires empirical assessment to determine outcomes of projects, but conclusions regarding the effects of restoration treatments on the whole ecosystem remain rare. Control of invasive shrubs and trees in the genus Tamarix and associated riparian restoration in the American Southwest has been of interest to scientists and resource managers for decades; dozens of studies have reported highly variable outcomes of Tamarix control efforts, as measured by a range of response variables, temporal and spatial scales and monitoring strategies. We conducted a literature search and review, meta-analysis and vote count (comparison of numerical outcomes lacking reported variances and/or sample sizes) on published papers that quantitatively measured a variety of responses to control of Tamarix. From 96 publications obtained through a global search on terms related to Tamarix control, we found 52 publications suitable for a meta-analysis (n = 777 comparisons) and 63 publications suitable for two vote counts (n = 1,460 comparisons total; 622 comparisons reported as statistically significant) of response to Tamarix control. We estimated responses to control by treatment type (e.g. cut-stump treatment, burning, biocontrol) and ecosystem component (e.g. vegetation, fauna, fluvial processes). Finally, we compared results of the various synthesis methods to determine whether the increasingly stringent requirements for inclusion led to biased outcomes. Vegetation metrics, especially measures of Tamarix response, were the most commonly assessed. Ecosystem components other than vegetation, such as fauna, soils and hydrogeomorphic dynamics, were under-represented. The meta-analysis showed significantly positive responses by vegetation overall to biocontrol, herbicide and cut-stump treatments. This was primarily due to reduction of Tamarix cover; impacts on replacement vegetation were highly variable. We found concordance amongst our varied synthesis approaches, indicating that increased granularity from stricter quantitative techniques does not come at the cost of a biased sample. Overall, our results indicate that common control methods are generally effective for reducing Tamarix, but the indirect effects on other aspects of the ecosystem are variable and remain understudied. Given that this is a relatively well-studied invasive plant species, our results also illustrate the limitations of not only individual studies, but also of reviews for measuring the impact of invasive species control. We call on researchers to investigate the less commonly studied responses to Tamarix control and riparian restoration including the effects on fauna, soil and hydrogeomorphic characteristics.
有效的生态恢复需要经验评估来确定项目的成果,但有关恢复处理对整个生态系统的影响的结论仍然很少见。几十年来,美国西南部柽柳属入侵灌木和乔木的控制以及相关的河岸恢复一直是科学家和资源管理人员关注的问题;数十项研究报告了柽柳控制工作的高度可变结果,这些结果是通过一系列响应变量、时间和空间尺度以及监测策略来衡量的。我们对已发表的论文进行了文献检索和综述、荟萃分析和票数统计(对未报告方差和/或样本量的数字结果进行比较),这些论文对柽柳控制的各种反应进行了定量测量。通过对 Tamarix 防治相关术语进行全球搜索,我们从 96 篇出版物中找到了 52 篇适合进行荟萃分析(n = 777 项比较)的出版物,以及 63 篇适合对 Tamarix 防治反应进行两次票数统计(n = 1,460 项比较,其中 622 项比较具有统计学意义)的出版物。我们按处理类型(如伐桩处理、焚烧、生物防治)和生态系统组成部分(如植被、动物群、河流过程)估算了柽柳防治效果。最后,我们比较了各种综合方法的结果,以确定日益严格的纳入要求是否会导致结果偏差。植被指标,尤其是柽柳响应指标,是最常见的评估指标。而植被以外的生态系统组成部分,如动物群、土壤和水文地质动态,则代表性不足。荟萃分析表明,植被对生物控制、除草剂和砍伐树桩处理的总体反应明显积极。这主要是由于柽柳覆盖面积的减少;对替代植被的影响差异很大。我们发现不同的综合方法之间存在一致性,这表明更严格的定量技术所带来的粒度增加并不会带来样本的偏差。总之,我们的研究结果表明,常用的控制方法对减少柽柳的生长普遍有效,但对生态系统其他方面的间接影响却不尽相同,而且研究仍然不足。鉴于柽柳是一种研究相对较多的入侵植物物种,我们的结果也说明了单项研究的局限性,以及衡量入侵物种控制影响的综述的局限性。我们呼吁研究人员调查较少研究的柽柳控制和河岸恢复反应,包括对动物、土壤和水文地质特征的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Substrate complexity reduces prey consumption in functional response experiments: Implications for extrapolating to the wild 在功能反应实验中,底物的复杂性会减少猎物的消耗:对野生动物的影响
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.111222
Elizabeth M. Oishi, Kiara R. Kattler, Hannah V. Watkins, Brett R. Howard, Isabelle M. Côté
Understanding the density-dependent impacts of an invasive predator is integral for predicting potential consequences for prey populations. Functional response experiments are used to assess the rate of prey consumption and a predator’s ability to search for and consume prey at different resource densities. However, results can be highly context-dependent, limiting their extrapolation to natural ecosystems. Here, we examined how simulated habitat complexity, through the addition of substrate in which prey can escape predation, affects the functional response of invasive European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) foraging on two different bivalve species. Green crabs feeding on varnish clams (Nuttallia obscurata) shifted from a Type II hyperbolic functional response in the absence of substrate to density-independent consumption when prey could bury. Green crabs ate few Japanese littleneck clams (Venerupis philippinarum) under all densities, such that no functional response curve of any type could be produced and their total consumption was always density independent. However, the probability of at least one Japanese littleneck clam being consumed increased significantly with initial clam density and crab claw size across all treatments. At mean crab claw size and compared to trials without substrate, the proportion of varnish clams consumed were 4.2 times smaller when substrate was present, but substrate had a negligible effect (1.2 times) on Japanese littlenecks. The proportion of varnish clams consumed increased with crab claw size and were higher across both substrate conditions than the proportion of Japanese littlenecks consumed; however, the proportion of Japanese littleneck clams consumed increased faster with claw size than that of varnish clams. Our results suggest that including environmental features and variation in prey species can influence the density-dependent foraging described by functional response experiments. Incorporating replicable features of the natural environment into functional response experiments is imperative to make more accurate predictions about the impact of invasive predators on prey populations.
要预测入侵捕食者对猎物种群的潜在影响,就必须了解入侵捕食者随密度变化而产生的影响。功能反应实验可用于评估猎物消耗率以及捕食者在不同资源密度下搜寻和消耗猎物的能力。然而,实验结果可能高度依赖于具体环境,从而限制了其在自然生态系统中的推广应用。在这里,我们研究了通过增加可使猎物躲避捕食的基质来模拟生境复杂性如何影响入侵的欧洲青蟹(Carcinus maenas)捕食两种不同双壳类动物的功能反应。以漆蛤(Nuttallia obscurata)为食的青蟹从没有底质时的第二类双曲线功能反应转变为猎物可以掩埋时与密度无关的消耗。在所有密度下,青蟹都很少吃日本小颈蛤(Venerupis philippinarum),因此无法产生任何类型的功能响应曲线,其总消耗量始终与密度无关。然而,在所有处理中,至少有一个日本蛤蜊被吃掉的概率随着初始蛤蜊密度和蟹钳大小的增加而显著增加。在平均蟹螯尺寸下,与不使用底质的试验相比,有底质的试验中被吃掉的漆蛤所占比例要小 4.2 倍,但底质对日本窄颈蛤的影响可以忽略不计(1.2 倍)。吃掉的漆蛤比例随着蟹爪大小的增加而增加,在两种底质条件下都高于吃掉的日本鳞蛤比例;但是,吃掉的日本鳞蛤比例随着蟹爪大小的增加而增加的速度快于吃掉的漆蛤比例。我们的研究结果表明,环境特征和猎物种类的变化会影响功能反应实验所描述的密度依赖性觅食。为了更准确地预测入侵捕食者对猎物种群的影响,将自然环境中可复制的特征纳入功能反应实验是非常必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Clonal alien plants in the mountains spread upward more extensively and faster than non-clonal 山区的克隆外来植物比非克隆外来植物向上蔓延的范围更广、速度更快
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.115675
Miao-Miao Zheng, Petr Pyšek, Kun Guo, Hasigerili Hasigerili, Wen‐Yong Guo
Alien species are colonizing mountain ecosystems and increasing their elevation ranges in response to ongoing climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, posing increasing threats to native species. However, how quickly alien species spread upward and what drives their invasion remains insufficiently understood. Here, using 26,952 occurrence records of 58 alien plant species collected over two centuries in the Czech Republic, we explored the elevation range and invasion speed of each alien species and the underlying factors driving these variables. We collected species traits relevant for invasion (e.g., clonality, flowering time, life span, invasion status, height, mycorrhizal type, native range, naturalized range, monoploid genome size, and Ellenberg-type indicator values for light, temperature, and nitrogen), human-associated factors (e.g., introduction pathways and the sum of economic use types), and minimum residence time. We explored the relationships between these factors and species’ elevation range and invasion speed using phylogenetic regressions. Our results showed that 58 alien species have been expanding upward along mountain elevations in the Czech Republic over the past two centuries. A stronger effect of species’ traits than human-associated factors has been revealed, e.g., clonality was a key trait supporting the invasion of alien species into the mountains, while human-associated factors showed no effect. Our findings highlight that the characteristics associated with rapid reproduction and spread are crucial for alien species’ invasion into montane regions. Identifying key drivers of this process is important for predicting the spatiotemporal dynamics of alien species in high-altitude ecosystems and thus employing apposite measures to reduce the threat to native plant species.
随着气候变化和人为干扰的不断加剧,外来物种正在山区生态系统中定居并扩大其海拔范围,从而对本地物种构成越来越大的威胁。然而,人们对外来物种向上蔓延的速度及其入侵的驱动因素仍然缺乏足够的了解。在此,我们利用两个世纪以来在捷克共和国收集到的 58 种外来植物的 26952 条出现记录,探讨了每种外来物种的海拔范围和入侵速度,以及驱动这些变量的潜在因素。我们收集了与入侵相关的物种特征(如克隆性、开花时间、寿命、入侵状态、高度、菌根类型、原生范围、归化范围、单倍体基因组大小以及艾伦伯格类型的光照、温度和氮指标值)、人类相关因素(如引入途径和经济利用类型的总和)以及最短停留时间。我们利用系统发育回归法探讨了这些因素与物种海拔范围和入侵速度之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明,在过去的两个世纪中,58种外来物种沿着捷克共和国的山地海拔不断向上扩展。与人类相关因素相比,物种特征的影响更大,例如,克隆性是支持外来物种入侵山区的关键特征,而人类相关因素则没有影响。我们的研究结果突出表明,与快速繁殖和传播相关的特征对外来物种入侵高山地区至关重要。确定这一过程的关键驱动因素对于预测外来物种在高海拔生态系统中的时空动态,从而采取相应措施减少对本地植物物种的威胁非常重要。
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