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Prioritisation of quarantine pest list for the Caribbean using a multi-criteria decision approach 使用多标准决策方法的加勒比检疫有害生物清单Prioritisation
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.102673
Duraisamy Saravanakumar, Ezra S. Bartholomew, Govind Seepersad, Janil Gore-Francis, Juliet Goldsmith, Naitram Ramnanan, Peta Gaye Chang, Puran Bridgemohan, Renita Sewsaran, Sardis Medrano-Cabral, St. Sanya Morrison
Quarantine plant pests are socially, economically and environmentally important due to their impact on food security, human health, global trade and crop production costs. The increase in global trade and tourism, frequent occurrence of natural disasters and climate changes have exacerbated the rate of entry, establishment and spread of plant pests regionally and globally. It has, therefore, become exigent to develop a list of pests of quarantine importance at the regional and national levels to prioritise and allocate the limited available resources to manage the associated risks. In the present study, the Technical Committee on the Formulation and Prioritisation of a Regional Priority Pest List for the Caribbean, in collaboration with the National Plant Protection Organisation of the Caribbean countries and the United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS), developed and prioritised a quarantine pest list using a multi-criteria decision-making approach. The technical committee successfully evolved the process in 2014 and 2018 and developed a list of the top 10 pests of quarantine importance for the Caribbean Region, employing the Delphi Technique (DT) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) through the assignment of criteria that are relevant to the region. The Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ), frosty pod rot ( Moniliophthora roreri ) and the tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta ), listed as top quarantine pest threats, were subsequently detected in the region. This exercise guided the authorities in advance to allocate resources and to develop response plans including capacity building for surveillance and detection of priority pests. This has demonstrated the significance and appropriateness of the multi-criteria decision approach to determine priority pest lists and prepare the region for development of better management practices.
由于检疫性植物有害生物对粮食安全、人类健康、全球贸易和作物生产成本的影响,它们在社会、经济和环境方面具有重要意义。全球贸易和旅游业的增长、自然灾害的频繁发生和气候变化加剧了植物有害生物在区域和全球范围内的进入、建立和传播速度。因此,迫切需要在区域和国家两级编制一份具有检疫重要性的有害生物清单,以确定优先次序并分配有限的可用资源来管理相关风险。在本研究中,加勒比区域优先有害生物清单制定和优先排序技术委员会与加勒比国家国家植物保护组织和美国农业部动植物卫生检验局(USDA-APHIS)合作,采用多标准决策方法制定了一份检疫有害生物清单并确定了优先顺序。技术委员会在2014年和2018年成功地发展了这一进程,并通过分配与该地区相关的标准,采用德尔菲技术(DT)和层次分析法(AHP),制定了加勒比地区十大检疫重要性害虫清单。随后,在该地区发现了地中海果蝇(certitis capitata)、霜冻荚果腐病(Moniliophthora roreri)和番茄叶螨(Tuta absoluta),它们被列为最大的检疫害虫威胁。这项工作预先指导当局分配资源和制定应对计划,包括监测和发现重点有害生物的能力建设。这表明,在确定优先有害生物清单和为本区域制定更好的管理做法做好准备方面,采用多标准决策方法具有重要意义和适当性。
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引用次数: 0
Predation risk by largemouth bass modulates feeding functional responses of native and non-native crayfish Predation大口黑鲈风险调节本地和非本地小龙虾的摄食功能反应
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.108457
Larissa Faria, Jean R. S. Vitule, Julian D. Olden
Context-dependency is prevalent in nature, challenging our understanding and prediction of the potential ecological impacts of non-native species (NNS). The presence of a top predator, for example, can modify the foraging behaviour of an intermediate consumer, by means of non-consumptive effects. This raises the question of whether the fear of predation might modulate consumption rates of NNS, thus shaping the magnitude of ecological impacts. Here, we quantified the functional feeding responses of three non-native crayfish species – red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii , rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus and virile crayfish Faxonius virilis – compared to the native analogue signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus , considering the predation risk imposed by a top fish predator, the globally invasive largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides . We applied the comparative functional response (FR) approach using snails as prey and exposing crayfish to water containing predator and dietary chemical cues or not. All crayfish species presented a destabilising Type II FR, regardless of the presence of chemical cues. Predation risk resulted in significantly longer handling times or lower attack rates in non-native crayfish; however, no significant differences were observed in signal crayfish. We estimated per capita impacts for each species using the functional response ratio (FRR; attack rate divided by handling time). The FRR metric was lower for all crayfish species when exposed to predation risk. Rusty crayfish demonstrated the highest FRR in the absence of chemical cues, followed by signal crayfish, virile crayfish and red swamp crayfish. By contrast, the FRR of signal crayfish was nearly twice that of rusty crayfish and virile crayfish and ten times greater than red swamp crayfish when chemical cues were present. The latter result agrees with the well-recognised ecological impacts of signal crayfish throughout its globally-introduced range. This study demonstrates the importance of considering the non-consumptive effects of predators when quantifying the ecological impacts of intermediate non-native consumers on prey. The direction and magnitude of the modulating effects of predators have clear implications for our understanding of NNS impacts and the prioritisation of management actions.
环境依赖性在自然界中普遍存在,这对我们对非本地物种潜在生态影响的理解和预测提出了挑战。例如,顶级捕食者的存在可以通过非消耗效应来改变中间消费者的觅食行为。这就提出了一个问题,即对捕食的恐惧是否会调节NNS的消费率,从而塑造生态影响的程度。在考虑全球入侵的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的捕食风险的情况下,我们量化了3种非本地小龙虾——红色沼泽小龙虾原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)、锈色小龙虾(Faxonius rusticus)和雄性小龙虾(Faxonius virilis)——与本地模拟信号小龙虾(Pacifastacus leniusculus)的功能性摄食反应。我们采用比较功能反应(FR)方法,以蜗牛为猎物,将小龙虾暴露在含有捕食者和饮食化学线索的水中。所有小龙虾种类均表现出不稳定的II型FR,无论是否存在化学线索。捕食风险导致非本地小龙虾处理时间明显延长或攻击率明显降低;而在信号小龙虾中没有观察到显著差异。我们使用功能响应比(FRR;攻击率除以处理时间)。当暴露于捕食风险时,所有小龙虾物种的FRR指标都较低。在没有化学线索的情况下,锈色小龙虾的FRR最高,其次是信号小龙虾、雄性小龙虾和红色沼泽小龙虾。相比之下,当化学线索存在时,信号小龙虾的FRR几乎是生锈小龙虾和雄性小龙虾的两倍,是红色沼泽小龙虾的十倍。后一个结果与信号小龙虾在其全球引入范围内的生态影响一致。这项研究表明,在量化中间非本地消费者对猎物的生态影响时,考虑捕食者的非消耗效应是重要的。捕食者调节作用的方向和幅度对我们理解NNS的影响和管理行动的优先级具有明确的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the invasion risk of traded alien ferns using species distribution models Assessing利用物种分布模型分析交易外来蕨类植物的入侵风险
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.101104
Emily J. McCulloch-Jones, Tineke Kraaij, Neil Crouch, Katelyn T. Faulkner
Risk analysis plays a crucial role in regulating and managing alien and invasive species but can be time-consuming and costly. Alternatively, combining invasion and impact history with species distribution models offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to assess invasion risk and identify species for which a comprehensive risk analysis should take precedence. We conducted such an assessment for six traded alien fern species, determining their invasion risk in countries where they are traded. Four of the species ( Dicksonia antarctica , Dryopteris erythrosora , Lygodium japonicum , and Phlebodium aureum ) showed limited global distributions, while Adiantum raddianum and Sphaeropteris cooperi had broader distributions. A. raddianum , however, was the only species found to pose a high invasion risk in two known trade countries – the USA and Australia – and requires a complete risk analysis to determine the appropriate regulatory responses. Dicksonia antarctica , Phlebodium aureum (for New Zealand), and Dryopteris erythrosora (for the USA) posed a medium risk of invasion due to the lack of evidence of impacts, and a complete risk analysis is thus deemed less crucial for these species in these countries. For other species, suitable environments were not predicted in the countries where they are traded, thus the risk of invasion is low, and a complete risk analysis is not required. For species in countries where suitable environments are predicted but no trade information or presence data are available, risk assessments are recommended to better determine the risk posed. Despite the relatively limited potential global distribution of the studied ferns relative to other major plant invaders (e.g., Pinus spp. and Acacia spp.), their history of invasion, documented impacts in pristine environments, and high propagule pressure from trade warrants concern, possibly necessitating legislative and regulatory measures in environmentally suitable regions.
风险分析在调节和管理外来和入侵物种方面起着至关重要的作用,但可能既耗时又昂贵。或者,将入侵和影响历史与物种分布模型相结合,可以提供一种经济高效的方法来评估入侵风险,并确定应该优先进行综合风险分析的物种。我们对六种交易的外来蕨类植物进行了这样的评估,确定它们在交易国家的入侵风险。其中4种(Dicksonia antarctica、Dryopteris erythrosora、Lygodium japonicum和Phlebodium aureum)全球分布有限,Adiantum raddianum和Sphaeropteris cooperi分布较广。然而,在美国和澳大利亚这两个已知的贸易国家中,镭是唯一发现具有高入侵风险的物种,需要进行完整的风险分析以确定适当的监管反应。由于缺乏影响的证据,南极双孢虫、金黄色白蛉(新西兰)和红鳞毛蕨(美国)构成了中等的入侵风险,因此对这些国家的这些物种进行完整的风险分析被认为不那么重要。对于其他物种,在其交易的国家没有预测到合适的环境,因此入侵的风险较低,不需要进行完整的风险分析。对于预测适宜环境但没有贸易信息或存在数据的国家的物种,建议进行风险评估,以更好地确定所构成的风险。尽管与其他主要入侵植物(如松属和金合欢属)相比,所研究的蕨类植物在全球的潜在分布相对有限,但它们的入侵历史、对原始环境的记录影响以及贸易带来的巨大繁殖压力值得关注,可能需要在环境适宜的地区采取立法和监管措施。
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引用次数: 0
Emerging tree diseases are accumulating rapidly in the native and non-native ranges of Holarctic trees Emerging树木疾病在全北极树木的本地和非本地范围内迅速积累
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.103525
A. Gougherty
Emerging infectious diseases threaten natural and managed trees worldwide – causing reduced vigour, increased mortality and, occasionally, extirpation – yet we have little understanding of how emerging diseases have accumulated over time and how accumulation has varied by host species, host nativity and in different global regions. To address this challenge, I assembled over 900 new disease reports on 284 tree species in 88 countries and quantified how emerging infectious diseases have accumulated geographically and on different hosts. I show disease accumulation is increasing rapidly globally, with numerous recent years having nearly twice the number of new records as the twenty-year average and the number of new reports doubling every ~ 11 years. Of the tree genera assessed, Pinus had by far the most new diseases reported over the last several decades, likely reflecting both its large native range in the Northern Hemisphere and its wide use in forestry globally. Most hosts tend to accumulate more diseases in their native ranges than their non-native ranges, consistent with pathogen introductions causing most new diseases. Europe and Central Asia had the most accumulated emerging diseases, but accumulation is also increasing rapidly in East Asia. This work suggests that the impacts of emergent tree diseases are likely to continue to compound in the future and threaten native and planted forests worldwide.
新出现的传染病威胁着世界各地的自然和管理树木——导致活力下降,死亡率上升,偶尔还会灭绝——但我们对新出现的疾病是如何随着时间的推移而积累的,以及宿主物种、宿主本土和全球不同地区的积累如何变化知之甚少。为了应对这一挑战,我收集了88个国家284个树种的900多份新的疾病报告,并量化了新出现的传染病是如何在地理位置和不同宿主上积累的。我表明,全球疾病积累正在迅速增加,近年来新记录的数量几乎是20年平均水平的两倍,新报告的数量每11年翻一番。在评估的树木属中,松属是过去几十年中报告的最新疾病,这可能反映了其在北半球的广泛分布和在全球林业中的广泛应用。大多数宿主倾向于在其原生范围内比在非原生范围内积累更多的疾病,这与导致大多数新疾病的病原体引入一致。欧洲和中亚的新发疾病积累最多,但东亚的积累也在迅速增加。这项工作表明,突发树木疾病的影响可能在未来继续加剧,并威胁到世界各地的原生森林和人工林。
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引用次数: 0
Testing a modified version of the EPPO decision-support scheme for release of classical biological control agents of plant pests using Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis and Cleruchoides noackae as case studies 以巴西Ganaspis cf.brasiliensis和Cleuchoides noackae为案例研究,测试EPPO决策支持方案的修改版本,以释放植物害虫的经典生物控制剂
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.103187
M. L. Seehausen, M. Branco, C. Afonso, M. Kenis
The 6/04 standard of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) on the safe use of biological control is a decision-support scheme (DSS) for the import and release of biological control agents in Europe. It was recently developed by the Joint EPPO/International Organisation of Biological Control (IOBC) Panel on Biological Control Agents. The DSS can be used to assess the potential environmental impacts of biological control agents. It is valid for different types of biological control: classical and augmentative biological control of invertebrates, pathogens and weeds. However, the DSS is not yet widely implemented in Europe and, during preliminary trials, it was found that its broad range of usages could lead to some confusion or misunderstandings, as well as requiring unnecessary information in some cases. Thus, the scheme was modified to specifically assess classical biological control against plant pests, i.e. the introduction of exotic natural enemies of plant pests for establishment and long-term control. The new version of the scheme was then tested on two parasitoids that are presently being released in Europe, the figitid Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis against the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii and the mymarid Cleruchoides noackae against the Eucalyptus bronze bug Thaumastocoris peregrinus. Both parasitoids were successfully assessed with the new version of the DSS. No major issues were encountered during the assessments and most questions were answered with low levels of uncertainty. Both assessments concluded that the parasitoids were safe to release in the impact assessment areas, with positive impacts exceeding negative impacts. Suggestions for potential improvements are provided.
欧洲和地中海植物保护组织(EPPO)关于生物控制安全使用的6/04标准是一项关于在欧洲进口和释放生物控制剂的决策支持计划(DSS)。它最近由EPPO/国际生物控制组织(IOBC)生物控制剂联合小组开发。DSS可用于评估生物控制剂对环境的潜在影响。它适用于不同类型的生物控制:无脊椎动物、病原体和杂草的经典和强化生物控制。然而,DSS尚未在欧洲广泛实施,在初步试验中发现,其广泛的使用可能会导致一些混乱或误解,在某些情况下还需要不必要的信息。因此,对该方案进行了修改,以专门评估针对植物害虫的经典生物控制,即引入植物害虫的外来天敌进行建立和长期控制。随后,该方案的新版本在目前正在欧洲释放的两种寄生蜂身上进行了测试,这两种寄生虫分别是针对斑翼果蝇的巴西小蠊(figitid Ganaspis cf.brasiliensis)和针对桉树青铜虫Thaumastocoris peregrinus的无尾粘虫(mymarid Cleuchoides noackae)。这两种寄生蜂都用新版DSS成功地进行了评估。评估期间没有遇到重大问题,大多数问题的回答不确定性很低。两项评估都得出结论,寄生蜂在影响评估区可以安全释放,积极影响超过消极影响。提供了潜在改进建议。
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引用次数: 0
Capsaicin-treated bait is ineffective in deterring non-target mammals from trap disturbance during invasive lizard control 辣椒素处理过的诱饵在阻止非目标哺乳动物在入侵蜥蜴控制过程中受到陷阱干扰方面无效
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.102969
L. McBrayer, D. Haro, Michael Brennan, B. Falk, A. Y. Yackel Adams
Excluding non-target species from invasive species control efforts can be challenging due to non-target attraction to trap structure, baits, and lures. Various methods have been used to deter non-target species from entering or disturbing traps including altered features (e.g., mesh size, trip mechanism, or entrances), staking traps, and chemical deterrents. Invasive populations of Argentine Black and White Tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) occur in several locations across Florida and Georgia, and there are ongoing trapping efforts to control them. At sites in Georgia, non-target mammals disturb most of the lizard traps (>80%), consume egg bait/lures, and thus reduce trap efficacy. In contrast, our Florida site has fewer problems with non-target mammals. Our goal was to quantify the efficacy of capsaicin-coated eggs, a known distasteful irritant to mammals, as a non-target bait deterrent in live traps set for tegus in both Georgia and Florida. We conducted feeding assays on three tegus and found that individuals readily consumed food coated in capsaicin. We then conducted a three-part, live trapping experiment to test 1) if trap disturbance by mammals habituated to eggs without capsaicin decreased when capsaicin-coated eggs were deployed in Georgia, 2) if mammals not habituated to eggs as bait (treated or untreated) disturbed live traps at the same rate as those habituated to eggs in Georgia, and 3) if tegu capture rates were different when capsaicin treated eggs were deployed in Florida. In Georgia, we found that trap disturbance by non-target mammals did not decrease when capsaicin was applied to eggs in an area previously habituated to trapping with this bait nor when applied in a novel area. In Florida, we found no significant difference in tegu captures using capsaicin-treated vs. untreated bait. Tegus were tolerant of capsaicin, but capsaicin treated eggs did not reduce non-target mammal disturbance to traps. Therefore, removal of invasive populations could be problematic if methods to reduce trap disturbance by non-targets are not identified and deployed.
由于非目标物种对陷阱结构、诱饵和诱饵的吸引力,将非目标物种排除在入侵物种控制工作之外可能具有挑战性。已经使用了各种方法来阻止非目标物种进入或干扰陷阱,包括改变特征(例如,网眼大小、跳闸机制或入口)、锁定陷阱和化学威慑剂。阿根廷黑白特古蜥蜴(Salvator meriane)的入侵种群分布在佛罗里达州和佐治亚州的几个地方,目前正在进行诱捕工作来控制它们。在乔治亚州的一些地方,非目标哺乳动物扰乱了大多数蜥蜴陷阱(>80%),消耗了蛋饵/诱饵,从而降低了陷阱的效率。相比之下,我们在佛罗里达州的站点对非目标哺乳动物的问题较少。我们的目标是量化辣椒素包裹的鸡蛋的功效,这是一种已知的哺乳动物厌恶刺激物,在佐治亚州和佛罗里达州为被盖动物设置的活陷阱中作为非目标诱饵威慑。我们对三只被盖进行了喂食试验,发现个体很容易食用含有辣椒素的食物。然后,我们进行了一项由三部分组成的活体诱捕实验,以测试1)当在乔治亚州部署辣椒素包被的蛋时,习惯于不含辣椒素的蛋的哺乳动物对诱捕器的干扰是否减少;2)如果不习惯于以蛋为诱饵(处理或未处理)的哺乳动物以与乔治亚州习惯于蛋的哺乳动物相同的速度干扰活体诱捕器,以及3)当在佛罗里达州部署辣椒素处理的鸡蛋时,tegu捕获率是否不同。在佐治亚州,我们发现,当在以前习惯于用这种诱饵诱捕的地区将辣椒素应用于鸡蛋时,非目标哺乳动物的诱捕干扰并没有减少,也没有在新的地区应用。在佛罗里达州,我们发现使用辣椒素处理的诱饵和未处理的诱饵捕获tegu没有显著差异。河豚对辣椒素具有耐受性,但经辣椒素处理的卵并不能减少非目标哺乳动物对诱捕器的干扰。因此,如果不确定和部署减少非目标陷阱干扰的方法,清除入侵种群可能会产生问题。
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引用次数: 0
Stable isotope values and trophic analysis of invasive three-spined stickleback in Upper Lake Constance points to significant piscivory Stable同位素值和营养分析表明,康斯坦斯湖上游入侵三棘鱼具有显著的鱼类特征
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.100355
S. Gugele, J. Baer, C. Spiessl, E. Yohannes, S. Blumenshine, Barnaby Roberts, Mário Mota‐Ferreira, A. Brinker
The three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus was introduced into Lake Constance in the 1940s and occupied a limited range until late 2012. Since then the species has expanded from a solely littoral habitat in Upper Lake Constance, but now makes seasonal migrations into the pelagic zone. This behavioral change has been accompanied by a drastic increase in stickleback abundance. In order to integrate information about feeding of sticklebacks in Upper Lake Constance over two consecutive years, stomach content analysis was combined with seasonal stable isotope analysis on two types of tissue (muscle and liver). Isotope values were also obtained for zooplankton, whitefish larvae and eggs. We calculated the contribution of potential food sources for sticklebacks’ diet using a Bayesian mixing model (SIMMR). Furthermore, we determined stickleback trophic position, and δ15N and δ13C values were compared with those of other fish species of Lake Constance. The results of the Bayesian model as well as the stomach content analysis showed clear evidence of stickleback predation on fish eggs and larvae. Stickleback δ15N values were elevated during winter and comparable to those of piscivorous pike, while δ15N values of zooplankton were reduced, and those of whitefish larvae were similar to those of sticklebacks after accounting trophic fractionation of N isotopes. Trophic position calculations further identified sticklebacks as piscivorous, while the δ13C values of the liver and stomach content analysis suggests that a benthic-pelagic species pair may exist in Lake Constance. These findings support the hypotheses that sticklebacks in Lake Constance can display piscivorous feeding behaviour on sympatric fish species, most likely whitefish larvae and eggs.
三棘棘鱼Gasterosteus aculeatus于20世纪40年代被引入康斯坦茨湖,直到2012年底才占据了有限的范围。从那时起,这个物种就从康斯坦茨湖上游的沿海栖息地扩展开来,但现在季节性地迁徙到远洋区。这种行为变化伴随着刺鱼数量的急剧增加。为了整合康斯坦斯湖上棘鱼连续两年的摄食信息,将胃内容物分析与两种组织(肌肉和肝脏)的季节性稳定同位素分析相结合。对浮游动物、白鱼幼鱼和鱼卵也进行了同位素测定。我们使用贝叶斯混合模型(SIMMR)计算了棘鱼饮食中潜在食物来源的贡献。此外,我们还确定了棘鱼的营养地位,并比较了康斯坦斯湖其他鱼类的δ15N和δ13C值。贝叶斯模型和胃内容物分析的结果清楚地表明,棘鱼捕食鱼卵和幼虫。冬季棘鱼的δ15N值升高,与食鱼梭子鱼相当,而浮游动物的δ15N值降低,考虑N同位素的营养分异,白鱼幼鱼的δ15N值与棘鱼相似。营养位置计算进一步确定了棘鱼为食鱼鱼,而肝脏和胃含量的δ13C值分析表明康斯坦斯湖可能存在底栖-中上层物种对。这些发现支持了一种假设,即康斯坦斯湖的棘鱼可以对同域鱼类(最有可能是白鱼的幼虫和卵)表现出食鱼行为。
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引用次数: 0
Weed wide web: characterising illegal online trade of invasive plants in Australia 杂草网:澳大利亚入侵植物非法网上交易的特点
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.104472
Jacob Maher, O. Stringham, Stephanie Moncayo, Lisa Wood, Charlotte R. Lassaline, J. Virtue, P. Cassey
Invasive plants seriously impact our environmental, agricultural and forestry assets, and the ornamental plant trade is a major introduction pathway. The variety and extent of the ornamental plant trade is growing in reach and is increasingly facilitated by the internet (i.e., through e-commerce). A lack of surveillance and regulation of e-commerce has resulted in invasive species being widely traded on these platforms. Here, we investigated the extent of illegal trade in invasive plant species in Australia by collecting advertisements found on a popular public e-commerce website. Across a 12-month period we collected a total of 235,162 plant advertisements. From 10,000 of these advertisements (4.25% of total advertisements) we found 155 plant taxa advertised online that were prohibited to trade in at least one Australian State or Territory (12.5% of Australia’s total prohibited plant taxa). We detected 1,415 instances of invasive plants advertised, of which 411 breached local jurisdictional (i.e., State or Territory) laws. Opuntia cacti and invasive aquatic plants were traded in the greatest quantities. A variety of uses for plants prohibited to trade were reported by the sellers, with aquatic uses being the most popular (i.e., water filtering and habitat for aquatic animals). We used generalised linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of prohibiting the sale of invasive plants on the quantity and price of online advertisements. Despite Australia’s strict internal biosecurity regulations, we found that trade prohibitions had no influence on the quantity and price of trade in illegal invasive plants. Given this, and the extent of illegal invasive plants traded, we believe increased monitoring and regulation of online plant trade is warranted. We demonstrate that targeted searches using string matching is an effective tool for detecting e-commerce trade of invasive species. However, to obtain the most optimal outcomes, regulations should be coupled with increased cooperation from e-commerce platforms and public awareness campaigns. Future weed risk assessments should consider online trade as a key factor in the long-distance dispersal and propagule pressure of a plant. Jurisdictions would also benefit from greater alignment on plant trade prohibitions and revision of associated compliance policies.
入侵植物严重影响我们的环境、农业和林业资产,观赏植物贸易是主要的引进途径。观赏植物贸易的种类和范围越来越广,互联网(即通过电子商务)也越来越便利。由于缺乏对电子商务的监督和监管,入侵物种在这些平台上被广泛交易。在这里,我们通过收集流行的公共电子商务网站上的广告,调查了澳大利亚入侵植物物种的非法贸易程度。在12个月的时间里,我们总共收集了235162个植物广告。从这些广告中的10000个(占总广告的4.25%),我们发现155个在网上广告的植物分类群在至少一个澳大利亚州或地区被禁止交易(占澳大利亚被禁止植物分类群总数的12.5%)。我们检测到1415例广告中的入侵植物,其中411例违反了当地管辖(即州或地区)法律。仙人掌和入侵水生植物的交易量最大。卖家报告了禁止交易的植物的各种用途,其中水生用途最受欢迎(即滤水和水生动物栖息地)。我们使用广义线性混合效应模型来测试禁止销售入侵植物对网络广告数量和价格的影响。尽管澳大利亚有严格的内部生物安全法规,但我们发现贸易禁令对非法入侵植物的贸易数量和价格没有影响。鉴于此,以及非法入侵植物交易的程度,我们认为有必要加强对在线植物交易的监测和监管。我们证明,使用字符串匹配的定向搜索是检测入侵物种电子商务交易的有效工具。然而,为了获得最佳结果,监管应与电子商务平台和公众宣传活动的加强合作相结合。未来的杂草风险评估应将在线交易视为植物远距离扩散和繁殖压力的关键因素。各管辖区还将受益于植物贸易禁令的更大一致性和相关合规政策的修订。
{"title":"Weed wide web: characterising illegal online trade of invasive plants in Australia","authors":"Jacob Maher, O. Stringham, Stephanie Moncayo, Lisa Wood, Charlotte R. Lassaline, J. Virtue, P. Cassey","doi":"10.3897/neobiota.87.104472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.87.104472","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive plants seriously impact our environmental, agricultural and forestry assets, and the ornamental plant trade is a major introduction pathway. The variety and extent of the ornamental plant trade is growing in reach and is increasingly facilitated by the internet (i.e., through e-commerce). A lack of surveillance and regulation of e-commerce has resulted in invasive species being widely traded on these platforms. Here, we investigated the extent of illegal trade in invasive plant species in Australia by collecting advertisements found on a popular public e-commerce website. Across a 12-month period we collected a total of 235,162 plant advertisements. From 10,000 of these advertisements (4.25% of total advertisements) we found 155 plant taxa advertised online that were prohibited to trade in at least one Australian State or Territory (12.5% of Australia’s total prohibited plant taxa). We detected 1,415 instances of invasive plants advertised, of which 411 breached local jurisdictional (i.e., State or Territory) laws. Opuntia cacti and invasive aquatic plants were traded in the greatest quantities. A variety of uses for plants prohibited to trade were reported by the sellers, with aquatic uses being the most popular (i.e., water filtering and habitat for aquatic animals). We used generalised linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of prohibiting the sale of invasive plants on the quantity and price of online advertisements. Despite Australia’s strict internal biosecurity regulations, we found that trade prohibitions had no influence on the quantity and price of trade in illegal invasive plants. Given this, and the extent of illegal invasive plants traded, we believe increased monitoring and regulation of online plant trade is warranted. We demonstrate that targeted searches using string matching is an effective tool for detecting e-commerce trade of invasive species. However, to obtain the most optimal outcomes, regulations should be coupled with increased cooperation from e-commerce platforms and public awareness campaigns. Future weed risk assessments should consider online trade as a key factor in the long-distance dispersal and propagule pressure of a plant. Jurisdictions would also benefit from greater alignment on plant trade prohibitions and revision of associated compliance policies.","PeriodicalId":54290,"journal":{"name":"Neobiota","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46905068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Comparative mitogenomics of native European and alien Ponto-Caspian amphipods Comparative原生欧洲和外来蓬托-里海片脚类动物的有丝分裂基因组学
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.105941
Jan-Niklas Macher, Eglė Šidagytė-Copilas, D. Copilaș‐Ciocianu
European inland surface waters are home to a rich diversity of native amphipod crustaceans, many of which face threats from invasive Ponto-Caspian counterparts. In this study, we analyse mitochondrial genomes to deduce phylogenetic relationships and compare gene order and nucleotide composition between representative native European and invasive Ponto-Caspian taxa across five families, ten genera and 20 species (with 13 newly sequenced herein). We observe various gene rearrangement patterns in the phylogenetically diverse native species pool. Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa and Synurella ambulans exhibit notable deviations from the typical organisation, featuring extensive translocations of tRNAs and the nad1 gene, as well as a tRNA-F polarity switch in the latter. The monophyletic invasive Ponto-Caspian gammarids display a conserved gene order, primarily differing from native species by a tRNA-E and tRNA-R translocation, which reinforces previous findings. However, Chaetogammarus warpachowskyi shows extensive rearrangement with translocations of six tRNAs. The invasive corophiid, Chelicorophium curvispinum, maintains a highly conserved gene order despite its distant phylogenetic position. We also discover that native species have a significantly higher GC and lower AT content compared to invasive species. The mitogenomic differences observed between native and invasive amphipods warrant further investigation and could provide insights into the mechanisms underlying invasion success.
欧洲内陆地表水是丰富多样的本地片脚类甲壳类动物的家园,其中许多都面临着来自入侵的蓬托-里海同类的威胁。在这项研究中,我们分析了线粒体基因组来推断系统发育关系,并比较了5科、10属和20种(其中13种是新测序的)具有代表性的欧洲本土和入侵的蓬托-里海分类群的基因顺序和核苷酸组成。我们观察到不同的基因重排模式在系统发育不同的本地物种池。四足Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa和山缕草(Synurella ambulans)表现出与典型组织的显著差异,其特征是trna和nad1基因的广泛易位,以及后者的tRNA-F极性开关。单系入侵的Ponto-Caspian gammarids表现出保守的基因序列,主要与本地物种的tRNA-E和tRNA-R易位不同,这加强了先前的研究结果。然而,Chaetogammarus warpachowskyi表现出广泛的重排,6个trna易位。入侵的corophhium Chelicorophium curvispinum,尽管其系统发育位置较远,但仍保持着高度保守的基因序列。我们还发现,与入侵种相比,本地种的GC含量明显高于入侵种,AT含量明显低于入侵种。观察到的本土和入侵片脚类之间的有丝分裂基因组差异值得进一步研究,并可能为入侵成功的机制提供见解。
{"title":"Comparative mitogenomics of native European and alien Ponto-Caspian amphipods","authors":"Jan-Niklas Macher, Eglė Šidagytė-Copilas, D. Copilaș‐Ciocianu","doi":"10.3897/neobiota.87.105941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.87.105941","url":null,"abstract":"European inland surface waters are home to a rich diversity of native amphipod crustaceans, many of which face threats from invasive Ponto-Caspian counterparts. In this study, we analyse mitochondrial genomes to deduce phylogenetic relationships and compare gene order and nucleotide composition between representative native European and invasive Ponto-Caspian taxa across five families, ten genera and 20 species (with 13 newly sequenced herein). We observe various gene rearrangement patterns in the phylogenetically diverse native species pool. Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa and Synurella ambulans exhibit notable deviations from the typical organisation, featuring extensive translocations of tRNAs and the nad1 gene, as well as a tRNA-F polarity switch in the latter. The monophyletic invasive Ponto-Caspian gammarids display a conserved gene order, primarily differing from native species by a tRNA-E and tRNA-R translocation, which reinforces previous findings. However, Chaetogammarus warpachowskyi shows extensive rearrangement with translocations of six tRNAs. The invasive corophiid, Chelicorophium curvispinum, maintains a highly conserved gene order despite its distant phylogenetic position. We also discover that native species have a significantly higher GC and lower AT content compared to invasive species. The mitogenomic differences observed between native and invasive amphipods warrant further investigation and could provide insights into the mechanisms underlying invasion success.","PeriodicalId":54290,"journal":{"name":"Neobiota","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44402980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Flowers of Impatiens glandulifera as hubs for both pollinators and pathogens 作为传粉者和病原体的枢纽Flowers的凤仙花
IF 5.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.102576
K. Najberek, W. Solarz, Wojciech Wysoczański, E. Wȩgrzyn, P. Olejniczak
Flower infestation by pathogens may influence pollination effectiveness. At the same time, by sharing infested flowers, pollinators increase transmission of pathogens. In the presented study we identified fungi that colonised flowers of the invasive alien Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera, one of the most nectar rewarding plants in Europe, as well as its pollinators. We determined factors (e.g., plant size, length of flower lower sepal and the width of its entry, air temperature and sun illuminance) that affect pathogen species presence and pollinators numbers. The study was conducted in three regions in Poland differing in time from the I. glandulifera invasion onset. It allowed embedding our results in the context of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. With reference to this hypothesis we tested whether I. glandulifera from the two younger populations are more frequently pollinated than individuals from the old one, which may be a result of the higher infection prevalence in the flowers of individuals from the latter population. Harmful primary pathogens of I. glandulifera (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum) were identified from its flowers. Although the knowledge of the impact of the recorded pathogen species on the pollinators that transmit them is still limited, these pathogens are known to cause devastating diseases of native plant species and to incur significant economic losses in crops. Therefore, the facilitation of their transmission by I. glandulifera in the invaded communities may pose a serious threat both to native biodiversity and nearby crop production. We did not find support for the EICA hypothesis that flower release from pathogens may increase the pollinator’s activity. Bombus hortorum was the most frequent visitor in the youngest surveyed population, while B. pascuorum was most frequent in the two others. So far the dominance of B. hortorum as a pollinator of I. glandulifera has not been recorded. A possible explanation is that flowers in the youngest population, with significantly wider entries than in the two older ones, were more accessible for this large bumblebee. We suggest that the shifts in flower dimensions may result from the evolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity; however, this suggestion needs to be confirmed in further studies. At the same time, it can be expected that exceptionally frequent visits of B. hortorum in flowers of I. glandulifera in the youngest population may contribute to increasing transmission rate of pathogen species to the new native host plants that are particularly associated with this pollinator.
病原菌对花的侵染可能影响授粉效果。同时,通过分享受感染的花朵,传粉者增加了病原体的传播。在这项研究中,我们发现了外来入侵的喜马拉雅凤仙花(Impatiens glandulifera)及其传粉者的花朵上的真菌,凤仙花是欧洲最能获得花蜜的植物之一。我们确定了影响病原菌种类存在和传粉者数量的因素(如植株大小、花的下萼片长度和入口宽度、空气温度和光照)。该研究是在波兰的三个地区进行的,在时间上不同于腺体蚜的入侵开始。它允许将我们的结果嵌入到竞争能力增强(EICA)假说的进化背景中。根据这一假设,我们检验了来自两个年轻种群的腺体花是否比来自老种群的个体更频繁地授粉,这可能是后者个体花的侵染率更高的结果。从其花中鉴定出有害的原发病原菌(如灰霉病菌和谷草镰刀菌)。虽然关于记录的病原体物种对传播它们的传粉媒介的影响的知识仍然有限,但已知这些病原体会对本地植物物种造成毁灭性疾病,并给作物造成重大经济损失。因此,它们在入侵群落中的传播可能会对当地生物多样性和附近作物生产造成严重威胁。我们没有发现支持EICA假设的证据,即花朵从病原体中释放可能会增加传粉者的活动。在最年轻的调查人群中,蜂窝蜂是最常见的访虫,而在其他两个调查人群中,牧草是最常见的。到目前为止,还没有记录到蜂状芽孢杆菌作为腺芽孢杆菌传粉者的优势地位。一种可能的解释是,在最年轻的种群中,花朵的入口比两个较老的种群要宽得多,这对大黄蜂来说更容易接近。我们认为,花尺寸的变化可能与进化过程和/或表型可塑性有关;然而,这一建议需要在进一步的研究中得到证实。与此同时,可以预期,在最年轻的种群中,蜂状芽孢杆菌在腺体花中的异常频繁的访问可能有助于增加病原体物种对与该传粉媒介特别相关的新本地寄主植物的传播率。
{"title":"Flowers of Impatiens glandulifera as hubs for both pollinators and pathogens","authors":"K. Najberek, W. Solarz, Wojciech Wysoczański, E. Wȩgrzyn, P. Olejniczak","doi":"10.3897/neobiota.87.102576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.87.102576","url":null,"abstract":"Flower infestation by pathogens may influence pollination effectiveness. At the same time, by sharing infested flowers, pollinators increase transmission of pathogens. In the presented study we identified fungi that colonised flowers of the invasive alien Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera, one of the most nectar rewarding plants in Europe, as well as its pollinators. We determined factors (e.g., plant size, length of flower lower sepal and the width of its entry, air temperature and sun illuminance) that affect pathogen species presence and pollinators numbers. The study was conducted in three regions in Poland differing in time from the I. glandulifera invasion onset. It allowed embedding our results in the context of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. With reference to this hypothesis we tested whether I. glandulifera from the two younger populations are more frequently pollinated than individuals from the old one, which may be a result of the higher infection prevalence in the flowers of individuals from the latter population. Harmful primary pathogens of I. glandulifera (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum) were identified from its flowers. Although the knowledge of the impact of the recorded pathogen species on the pollinators that transmit them is still limited, these pathogens are known to cause devastating diseases of native plant species and to incur significant economic losses in crops. Therefore, the facilitation of their transmission by I. glandulifera in the invaded communities may pose a serious threat both to native biodiversity and nearby crop production. We did not find support for the EICA hypothesis that flower release from pathogens may increase the pollinator’s activity. Bombus hortorum was the most frequent visitor in the youngest surveyed population, while B. pascuorum was most frequent in the two others. So far the dominance of B. hortorum as a pollinator of I. glandulifera has not been recorded. A possible explanation is that flowers in the youngest population, with significantly wider entries than in the two older ones, were more accessible for this large bumblebee. We suggest that the shifts in flower dimensions may result from the evolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity; however, this suggestion needs to be confirmed in further studies. At the same time, it can be expected that exceptionally frequent visits of B. hortorum in flowers of I. glandulifera in the youngest population may contribute to increasing transmission rate of pathogen species to the new native host plants that are particularly associated with this pollinator.","PeriodicalId":54290,"journal":{"name":"Neobiota","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42086971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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Neobiota
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