Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100593
Ama Bandara, Abhijit Das, Fátima Rodríguez-Galán, Eduard Alarcón, Sergi Abadal
As chiplet-based integration and many-core architectures become the norm in computing, on-chip wireless communication has emerged as a compelling alternative to traditional interconnects. However, scalable Medium Access Control (MAC) remains a fundamental challenge, particularly under dense traffic and limited spectral resources. This paper presents TRMAC, a novel cross-layer MAC protocol that exploits the spatial focusing capability of Time Reversal (TR) to enable multiple parallel transmissions over a shared frequency channel. By leveraging the quasi-deterministic nature of on-chip wireless channels, TRMAC pre-characterizes Channel Impulse Responses (CIRs) to coordinate access using energy-based thresholds, eliminating the need for orthogonal resource allocation or centralized arbitration. Through detailed physical-layer simulation and system-level evaluation on diverse traffic, TRMAC demonstrates comparable or superior performance to existing multi-channel MAC protocols, achieving low latency, high throughput, and strong scalability across hundreds of cores. Moreover, we prove that TRMAC can be utilized for parallel transmissions with a single frequency channel with a similar throughput and latency as in using multiple frequency bands, omitting the need for complex transceivers.
{"title":"TRMAC: A time-reversal-based MAC protocol for wireless networks within computing packages","authors":"Ama Bandara, Abhijit Das, Fátima Rodríguez-Galán, Eduard Alarcón, Sergi Abadal","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As chiplet-based integration and many-core architectures become the norm in computing, on-chip wireless communication has emerged as a compelling alternative to traditional interconnects. However, scalable Medium Access Control (MAC) remains a fundamental challenge, particularly under dense traffic and limited spectral resources. This paper presents TRMAC, a novel cross-layer MAC protocol that exploits the spatial focusing capability of Time Reversal (TR) to enable multiple parallel transmissions over a shared frequency channel. By leveraging the quasi-deterministic nature of on-chip wireless channels, TRMAC pre-characterizes Channel Impulse Responses (CIRs) to coordinate access using energy-based thresholds, eliminating the need for orthogonal resource allocation or centralized arbitration. Through detailed physical-layer simulation and system-level evaluation on diverse traffic, TRMAC demonstrates comparable or superior performance to existing multi-channel MAC protocols, achieving low latency, high throughput, and strong scalability across hundreds of cores. Moreover, we prove that TRMAC can be utilized for parallel transmissions with a single frequency channel with a similar throughput and latency as in using multiple frequency bands, omitting the need for complex transceivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100594
Arpita Kundu , Jadav Chandra Das , Bikash Debnath , Debashis De
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm with profound implications for computation, communication, encryption, and information theory. As classical systems approach their miniaturization and energy-efficiency limits, quantum technologies offer new mechanisms rooted in superposition, entanglement, and reversibility. This paper introduces a foundational nanocommunication framework that integrates three known reversible circuit primitives—majority voter, parity generator, and parity checker—into a unified communication system. Unlike prior works that analyze these circuits in isolation, the proposed architecture validates their combined functionality on the IBM Quantum platform, tested under both ideal (Aer simulator) and realistic noisy (NISQ hardware) conditions. By incorporating depolarizing noise models, mid-circuit resets, and hardware execution, the framework directly reflects the physical constraints of real devices, including qubit errors, decoherence, and relaxation effects. Simulation and hardware results demonstrate system-level fidelity, circuit cost, and accuracy for both small- and higher-bit counts. Comparative analysis with existing teleportation- and entanglement-based protocols highlights the efficiency and scalability of the approach. Overall, this study establishes a practical and foundational step toward noise-resilient, parity-based quantum communication systems, paving the way for larger processor-scale designs in the future.
{"title":"Parity generator-checker based nano communication network using reversible quantum majority voter","authors":"Arpita Kundu , Jadav Chandra Das , Bikash Debnath , Debashis De","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm with profound implications for computation, communication, encryption, and information theory. As classical systems approach their miniaturization and energy-efficiency limits, quantum technologies offer new mechanisms rooted in superposition, entanglement, and reversibility. This paper introduces a foundational nanocommunication framework that integrates three known reversible circuit primitives—majority voter, parity generator, and parity checker—into a unified communication system. Unlike prior works that analyze these circuits in isolation, the proposed architecture validates their combined functionality on the IBM Quantum platform, tested under both ideal (Aer simulator) and realistic noisy (NISQ hardware) conditions. By incorporating depolarizing noise models, mid-circuit resets, and hardware execution, the framework directly reflects the physical constraints of real devices, including qubit errors, decoherence, and relaxation effects. Simulation and hardware results demonstrate system-level fidelity, circuit cost, and accuracy for both small- and higher-bit counts. Comparative analysis with existing teleportation- and entanglement-based protocols highlights the efficiency and scalability of the approach. Overall, this study establishes a practical and foundational step toward noise-resilient, parity-based quantum communication systems, paving the way for larger processor-scale designs in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100594"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100586
Yi-Wei Chen , Xin-Wei Yao , Qiang Li
The improvement of nanocommunication technology has promoted intra-body medical applications. With the advancement of nano-devices and terahertz communication technology, the performance of intra-body nanonetworks has been continuously enhanced, making the remote medical data transmission a reality. Intra-body nanonetworks can stably transmit the physiological information captured within the human body to the distant medical service center. Considering the aqueous environment of the human body, the communication of nanonetworks is subject to environmental interference and the physical limitations of nano-devices, and traditional routing protocols are difficult to meet the communication requirements in intra-body nanonetworks. Especially in the aspect of health monitoring,different types of data have corresponding importance, and some urgent data deserve more attention. For example, signals of acute arrhythmias (such as ventricular fibrillation) detected by nano-nodes are of the highest priority. Therefore, this paper designs a Data Priority-based Opportunistic Routing (DPOR) protocol. In this protocol, nano-nodes select the appropriate relay according to the level of data priority to improve the transmission efficiency of intra-body nanonetworks. On this basis, a thermal-aware model is constructed. By restricting the energy of nano-nodes and managing the energy consumption of nodes, it prevents nodes from overheating and damaging human tissues. Simulation experiments show that this model can optimize the routing selection, extend the network lifetime, and ensure the timeliness and reliability of transmission during the data transmission process while ensuring the safety of node temperature.
{"title":"DPOR: A data priority-based opportunity routing protocol for intra-body nanonetworks","authors":"Yi-Wei Chen , Xin-Wei Yao , Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The improvement of nanocommunication technology has promoted intra-body medical applications. With the advancement of nano-devices and terahertz communication technology, the performance of intra-body nanonetworks has been continuously enhanced, making the remote medical data transmission a reality. Intra-body nanonetworks can stably transmit the physiological information captured within the human body to the distant medical service center. Considering the aqueous environment of the human body, the communication of nanonetworks is subject to environmental interference and the physical limitations of nano-devices, and traditional routing protocols are difficult to meet the communication requirements in intra-body nanonetworks. Especially in the aspect of health monitoring,different types of data have corresponding importance, and some urgent data deserve more attention. For example, signals of acute arrhythmias (such as ventricular fibrillation) detected by nano-nodes are of the highest priority. Therefore, this paper designs a Data Priority-based Opportunistic Routing (DPOR) protocol. In this protocol, nano-nodes select the appropriate relay according to the level of data priority to improve the transmission efficiency of intra-body nanonetworks. On this basis, a thermal-aware model is constructed. By restricting the energy of nano-nodes and managing the energy consumption of nodes, it prevents nodes from overheating and damaging human tissues. Simulation experiments show that this model can optimize the routing selection, extend the network lifetime, and ensure the timeliness and reliability of transmission during the data transmission process while ensuring the safety of node temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100585
Priyanka Das, Ameer Abbas H, Sheena Christabel Pravin, Lekha P
This research reports deep learning model-based image reconstruction of healthy cells and cancerous cells by deployment of metamaterial absorbers. Two different tunable absorbers have been proposed. In absorber I, tunability is introduced by varying the chemical potential of graphene strips which act as switches while in absorber II, tunability is facilitated by using multiple graphene patches embedded in slotted silver patches. Equivalent circuit models (ECM) have been proposed for modelling the electromagnetic coupling between different constituents in the absorbers by lumped parameters for analysing the reflection characteristics. This study is vital for comprehending the effect of the absorber geometry in determining the resonant frequencies corresponding to peak absorption and reflection nulls. The surface current distribution aids in determining whether electric or magnetic resonances are formed in the absorber. The tunable absorbers achieved a maximum sensitivity of 435 GHz/RIU. Maximum quality factor of 319 and figure of merit (FOM) of 11 have been obtained. The proposed absorbers can be used in detecting cancerous cells of human skin when the latter is placed as an analyte over it. Distinct 2D images of healthy and cancerous cells have been reconstructed from the reflection characteristics of the absorber when placed in vicinity of human skin which ensures that it can be used as a biosensor for non-invasive detection of skin cancer at an early stage. A meticulous analysis of convolutional neural network (CNN) enabled imaging algorithm from the reflectance spectrum has been elucidated. The model achieved 94.3% accuracy, 92.7% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity, and an F1 score of 93.2%.
{"title":"Tunable THz sensing for early detection of skin cancer by deep learning enabled image reconstruction","authors":"Priyanka Das, Ameer Abbas H, Sheena Christabel Pravin, Lekha P","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research reports deep learning model-based image reconstruction of healthy cells and cancerous cells by deployment of metamaterial absorbers. Two different tunable absorbers have been proposed. In absorber I, tunability is introduced by varying the chemical potential of graphene strips which act as switches while in absorber II, tunability is facilitated by using multiple graphene patches embedded in slotted silver patches. Equivalent circuit models (ECM) have been proposed for modelling the electromagnetic coupling between different constituents in the absorbers by lumped parameters for analysing the reflection characteristics. This study is vital for comprehending the effect of the absorber geometry in determining the resonant frequencies corresponding to peak absorption and reflection nulls. The surface current distribution aids in determining whether electric or magnetic resonances are formed in the absorber. The tunable absorbers achieved a maximum sensitivity of 435 GHz/RIU. Maximum quality factor of 319 and figure of merit (FOM) of 11 have been obtained. The proposed absorbers can be used in detecting cancerous cells of human skin when the latter is placed as an analyte over it. Distinct 2D images of healthy and cancerous cells have been reconstructed from the reflection characteristics of the absorber when placed in vicinity of human skin which ensures that it can be used as a biosensor for non-invasive detection of skin cancer at an early stage. A meticulous analysis of convolutional neural network (CNN) enabled imaging algorithm from the reflectance spectrum has been elucidated. The model achieved 94.3% accuracy, 92.7% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity, and an F1 score of 93.2%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100585"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100584
Florian Lau , Lara Josephine Prange , Regine Wendt , Sarah Scheer , Christian Hyttrek , Saswati Pal , Jorge Torres Gómez , Falko Dressler , Stefan Fischer
DNA-based nanonetworks hold great promise for future biomedical applications, especially in the areas of early disease detection and targeted therapy. However, reliably transmitting information from the nanoscale to external monitoring systems remains a major challenge. This paper explores using commercially available continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors as gateways between in vivo nanonetworks and external devices. We propose a novel architecture in which DNA-based nanosensors release glucose as a signaling molecule when disease-relevant biomarkers are detected. CGM systems can detect these glucose surges, enabling real-time external communication. After analyzing various biosensor types, we found that CGM sensors are the most viable option due to their widespread availability, biocompatibility, and ability to measure biochemical signals. We present several architectural alternatives, calculate the required signal strength for reliable detection, and discuss potential experimental validation strategies. Our findings highlight a feasible and practical pathway toward integrating nanoscale diagnostics with existing biosensing technologies.
{"title":"Using off-the-shelf biosensors to implement gateways for alarm-system nanonetworks","authors":"Florian Lau , Lara Josephine Prange , Regine Wendt , Sarah Scheer , Christian Hyttrek , Saswati Pal , Jorge Torres Gómez , Falko Dressler , Stefan Fischer","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>DNA-based nanonetworks hold great promise for future biomedical applications, especially in the areas of early disease detection and targeted therapy. However, reliably transmitting information from the nanoscale to external monitoring systems remains a major challenge. This paper explores using commercially available continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors as gateways between in vivo nanonetworks and external devices. We propose a novel architecture in which DNA-based nanosensors release glucose as a signaling molecule when disease-relevant biomarkers are detected. CGM systems can detect these glucose surges, enabling real-time external communication. After analyzing various biosensor types, we found that CGM sensors are the most viable option due to their widespread availability, biocompatibility, and ability to measure biochemical signals. We present several architectural alternatives, calculate the required signal strength for reliable detection, and discuss potential experimental validation strategies. Our findings highlight a feasible and practical pathway toward integrating nanoscale diagnostics with existing biosensing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-30DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100576
Cen Li , Xin Guo , Liping Chen
The electronic chip industry is moving toward downsizing, which places physical constraints on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. At lower threshold levels, the issues with current leakage and dissipated energy in CMOS have become apparent. As a result, researchers are exploring alternatives that could replace CMOS in the coming years. Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA), a recently created transistor-free structure with tremendous chip density, exceptionally low power consumption, and speedy processing operations, is one of the crucial technologies that can be utilized as a substitute for CMOS technology. The configurable logic module (CLM) is one of the most important digital structures that are useful in FPGA circuits. The previous configurable logic module suffers from a high occupied area and low speed, so it is necessary to solve all the previous shortcomings by implementing it in a suitable technology such as QCA to increase the efficiency of the entire field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit. If the programmable circuit is quick, power-conscious, and nano-sized, the effectiveness of high-end complex circuits like the FPGA is considerably increased. In the QCA, configurable systems are not addressed much. The present paper examines the exploration of the conception and implementation of an innovative CLM within the QCA framework, incorporating nano communication networks. A D flip flop, a programmable block (PB), and a multiplexer are used in the construction of the module under examination, which is enhanced with nano communication networks for improved functionality. This module’s durability can be ascribed to the skillful development of both sequential and combinational circuits, combined with the benefits of nano communication networks. The implementation of sophisticated circuits, such as 2-bit, 3-bit, and 4-bit slice designs for FPGA, demonstrates the suggested module’s flexibility and versatility. When compared to an identical circuit that already exists, the QCA-based 4-bit slice circuit that has been recommended has exhibited a considerable improvement in cell count and area. Compared to the best previous coplanar architecture, the suggested 4-bit slice performed 30 % and 40 % better regarding the area and cell count, respectively. In addition, when compared to the best 16-bit LUT design, the suggested structure has produced results that are 14.72 percent and 3.81 percent more effective regarding area and cell count, correspondingly. All the recommended circuits incorporating nano communication networks have been simulated using QCA Designer 2.0.3 technology.
{"title":"Design of an efficient nano-scale configurable digital logic module using coplanar gates for quantum-based communication networks","authors":"Cen Li , Xin Guo , Liping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electronic chip industry is moving toward downsizing, which places physical constraints on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. At lower threshold levels, the issues with current leakage and dissipated energy in CMOS have become apparent. As a result, researchers are exploring alternatives that could replace CMOS in the coming years. Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA), a recently created transistor-free structure with tremendous chip density, exceptionally low power consumption, and speedy processing operations, is one of the crucial technologies that can be utilized as a substitute for CMOS technology. The configurable logic module (CLM) is one of the most important digital structures that are useful in FPGA circuits. The previous configurable logic module suffers from a high occupied area and low speed, so it is necessary to solve all the previous shortcomings by implementing it in a suitable technology such as QCA to increase the efficiency of the entire field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit. If the programmable circuit is quick, power-conscious, and nano-sized, the effectiveness of high-end complex circuits like the FPGA is considerably increased. In the QCA, configurable systems are not addressed much. The present paper examines the exploration of the conception and implementation of an innovative CLM within the QCA framework, incorporating nano communication networks. A D flip flop, a programmable block (PB), and a multiplexer are used in the construction of the module under examination, which is enhanced with nano communication networks for improved functionality. This module’s durability can be ascribed to the skillful development of both sequential and combinational circuits, combined with the benefits of nano communication networks. The implementation of sophisticated circuits, such as 2-bit, 3-bit, and 4-bit slice designs for FPGA, demonstrates the suggested module’s flexibility and versatility. When compared to an identical circuit that already exists, the QCA-based 4-bit slice circuit that has been recommended has exhibited a considerable improvement in cell count and area. Compared to the best previous coplanar architecture, the suggested 4-bit slice performed 30 % and 40 % better regarding the area and cell count, respectively. In addition, when compared to the best 16-bit LUT design, the suggested structure has produced results that are 14.72 percent and 3.81 percent more effective regarding area and cell count, correspondingly. All the recommended circuits incorporating nano communication networks have been simulated using QCA Designer 2.0.3 technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-26DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100575
Bhagwati Sharan , Raja Manjula , Sindhu Hak Gupta , Asmita Rajawat , Anirban Ghosh , Raja Datta
In this article, a novel microstrip patch antenna of size 210 × 205 × 22 operating in the terahertz band is proposed. We then perform optimization of the proposed antenna using the Golden Ratio technique to realize an antenna with reduced dimensions and better performance. The optimized nanoantenna has reduced dimensions of 120 × 160 × 14 ( 71.61 % reduction in volume); improved return loss S11 ( -45.43 dB); gain ( 5.29 dBi), and bandwidth (156.9 GHz i.e., 45% more). The results are validated through an equivalent circuit model (ECM) in Advanced Design System (ADS), demonstrating good agreement with the CST Studio results. Next, a human heart-phantom model has been created and tested for each designed scenario. It examines the interactions between the heart tissues and the proposed antenna, and it identifies the substrate material that performs the best. The results show that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material performs better than other substrates. Additionally, the research includes an analysis of the link budget of terahertz channels in the intrabody nanocommunication networks—a bio-medical application. The findings indicate the feasibility of using nanoantennas for practical in-vivo nanocommunications.
{"title":"Gold-based nanoantenna design using golden ratio optimization for in-vivo communication at terahertz frequency","authors":"Bhagwati Sharan , Raja Manjula , Sindhu Hak Gupta , Asmita Rajawat , Anirban Ghosh , Raja Datta","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, a novel microstrip patch antenna of size 210 × 205 × 22 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> operating in the terahertz band is proposed. We then perform optimization of the proposed antenna using the Golden Ratio technique to realize an antenna with reduced dimensions and better performance. The optimized nanoantenna has reduced dimensions of 120 × 160 × 14 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 71.61 % reduction in volume); improved return loss S11 (<span><math><mo><</mo></math></span> -45.43 dB); gain (<span><math><mo>></mo></math></span> 5.29 dBi), and bandwidth (156.9 GHz i.e., 45% more). The results are validated through an equivalent circuit model (ECM) in Advanced Design System (ADS), demonstrating good agreement with the CST Studio results. Next, a human heart-phantom model has been created and tested for each designed scenario. It examines the interactions between the heart tissues and the proposed antenna, and it identifies the substrate material that performs the best. The results show that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material performs better than other substrates. Additionally, the research includes an analysis of the link budget of terahertz channels in the intrabody nanocommunication networks—a bio-medical application. The findings indicate the feasibility of using nanoantennas for practical <em>in-vivo</em> nanocommunications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-02DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100574
Muhammad Zohaib , Nima Jafari Navimipour , Mehmet Timur Aydemir , Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour
Signal processing has significantly influenced our lives in many domains, including telecommunications, education, healthcare, industry, and security. The efficiency of signal processing heavily relies on the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), which stands as an essential hardware component. In addition, ALU is a fundamental part of a central processing unit (CPU), leading to fundamental operations inside the processor. However, the growing demand for small, robust hardware systems has led researchers to create nano-electronic technologies under consideration. One of the leading technologies in this field is Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), which demonstrates promising value as a possible alternative to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) designs since it enables compact circuit designs with minimal power consumption. The existing QCA-based ALU designs face limitations in cell count density together with high occupied area and high delay, which reduces their performance for real-time signal processing. This research presents a 1-bit ALU through a QCA-optimized approach for DSP applications. QCADesigner is used to validate and verify all proposed designs. Results show a statistically significant improvement in cell count reduction of 46.84 % and a total occupied area of 64.28 % lower than the most advanced version published to date.
{"title":"High-speed and area-efficient arithmetic and logic unit architecture using quantum-dot cellular automata for digital signal processing","authors":"Muhammad Zohaib , Nima Jafari Navimipour , Mehmet Timur Aydemir , Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Signal processing has significantly influenced our lives in many domains, including telecommunications, education, healthcare, industry, and security. The efficiency of signal processing heavily relies on the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), which stands as an essential hardware component. In addition, ALU is a fundamental part of a central processing unit (CPU), leading to fundamental operations inside the processor. However, the growing demand for small, robust hardware systems has led researchers to create nano-electronic technologies under consideration. One of the leading technologies in this field is Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), which demonstrates promising value as a possible alternative to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) designs since it enables compact circuit designs with minimal power consumption. The existing QCA-based ALU designs face limitations in cell count density together with high occupied area and high delay, which reduces their performance for real-time signal processing. This research presents a 1-bit ALU through a QCA-optimized approach for DSP applications. QCADesigner is used to validate and verify all proposed designs. Results show a statistically significant improvement in cell count reduction of 46.84 % and a total occupied area of 64.28 % lower than the most advanced version published to date.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isolation between the ports of a two-port terahertz (THz) multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator (DR) antenna (DRA) is enhanced using a newly implemented technique which has been numerically analysed. Frustum geometry of DRs can provide the high isolation without requiring the separation distance between the radiators. The minimum isolation between the ports is enhanced to 21 dB in the case of frustum geometry of the DRs which remains around 12 dB in the case of conventional cylindrical DRs over a wide impedance bandwidth of THz. The orthogonal feeding arrangement is utilized to find the polarization diversity in antenna. The operation of antenna with multiple modes equivalent to the vertical electric dipoles of fundamental and higher order offers the radiation patterns with peaks off to the boresight axis which are resultantly organized to find the pattern diversity in antenna. The circuit analysis validates the antenna operation. The radiating surface of the DRs is coated with graphene that can provide the electrically tunable response over a wide frequency range. Setting the adequate surface conductivity of graphene can provide the dual mode operation of antenna with the capability of MIMO and self-diplexing with high gain around 6 dBi. The MIMO parameters like envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain are found <0.1 and >9.98, respectively.
利用一种新实施的技术增强了双端口太赫兹（THz）多输入多输出（MIMO）介质谐振器（DR）天线（DRA）端口之间的隔离度，并对该技术进行了数值分析。DR 的浮士德几何形状可以提供高隔离度，而不需要辐射器之间的分离距离。在 2.71-3.69THz 的宽阻抗带宽内，DR 的挫面几何形状可将端口之间的最小隔离度提高到 21 dB，而传统圆柱形 DR 的隔离度仅为 12 dB 左右。利用正交馈电安排来实现天线的极化分集。天线的工作模式相当于基阶和高阶的垂直偶极子，其辐射模式的峰值偏离镗孔轴，从而使天线的模式多样化。电路分析验证了天线的工作原理。DR 的辐射表面涂有石墨烯，可以在很宽的频率范围内提供电可调响应。设置适当的石墨烯表面电导率可实现天线的双模运行，具有多输入多输出（MIMO）和自双工（self-iplexing）能力，增益约为 6 dBi。包络相关系数和分集增益等 MIMO 参数分别为 0.1 和 9.98。
{"title":"Isolation enhancement in a tunable wideband THz MIMO DRA with polarization and pattern diversity without using decoupling element","authors":"Ravikanti Vinay kumar , Pinku Ranjan , Gaurav Kaushal","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Isolation between the ports of a two-port terahertz (THz) multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator (DR) antenna (DRA) is enhanced using a newly implemented technique which has been numerically analysed. Frustum geometry of DRs can provide the high isolation without requiring the separation distance between the radiators. The minimum isolation between the ports is enhanced to 21 dB in the case of frustum geometry of the DRs which remains around 12 dB in the case of conventional cylindrical DRs over a wide impedance bandwidth of <span><math><mrow><mn>2.71</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>3.69</mn><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>THz. The orthogonal feeding arrangement is utilized to find the polarization diversity in antenna. The operation of antenna with multiple modes equivalent to the vertical electric dipoles of fundamental and higher order offers the radiation patterns with peaks off to the boresight axis which are resultantly organized to find the pattern diversity in antenna. The circuit analysis validates the antenna operation. The radiating surface of the DRs is coated with graphene that can provide the electrically tunable response over a wide frequency range. Setting the adequate surface conductivity of graphene can provide the dual mode operation of antenna with the capability of MIMO and self-diplexing with high gain around 6 dBi. The MIMO parameters like envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain are found <0.1 and >9.98, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100572
Srinivas Paruchuri , V. Vijayasri Bolisetty , D. AnandKumar , Bokkisam Venkata Sai Sailaja
In this work, we present a novel wideband 2 × 2 terahertz (THz) antenna array for MIMO applications, featuring a compact footprint of 300 × 490 × 50 µm³ on a silicon substrate with a dielectric constant of 11.9. The proposed design incorporates circular split-ring resonators (CSRRs) and radiating slots etched in a unique "sun-shaped" radiating layer, achieving broad bandwidth and efficient radiation characteristics. The two MIMO elements are positioned side-by-side to optimize data transmission and isolation. The antenna demonstrates a wide operational bandwidth from 1.76 THz to 5.07 THz, with a gain exceeding 9 dBi across this range. Key performance metrics include an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of -0.08 dB and a diversity gain of 9.92 dB at 3.16 THz, indicating strong MIMO performance and minimal mutual coupling. The reflection (S11) and transmission (S21) parameters are better than -40 dB, further confirming excellent impedance matching and inter-element isolation. Additionally, the channel capacity loss remains under 0.4 bps/Hz, ensuring efficient data throughput. The proposed sun-shaped MIMO THz antenna offers promising potential for high-speed, reliable wireless communication applications in the terahertz domain.
{"title":"High-gain radiating sun-shaped silicon-based wideband with defected ground structured dual-port MIMO antenna operating at 3.6 THz for 6 G Terahertz Applications","authors":"Srinivas Paruchuri , V. Vijayasri Bolisetty , D. AnandKumar , Bokkisam Venkata Sai Sailaja","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present a novel wideband 2 × 2 terahertz (THz) antenna array for MIMO applications, featuring a compact footprint of 300 × 490 × 50 µm³ on a silicon substrate with a dielectric constant of 11.9. The proposed design incorporates circular split-ring resonators (CSRRs) and radiating slots etched in a unique \"sun-shaped\" radiating layer, achieving broad bandwidth and efficient radiation characteristics. The two MIMO elements are positioned side-by-side to optimize data transmission and isolation. The antenna demonstrates a wide operational bandwidth from 1.76 THz to 5.07 THz, with a gain exceeding 9 dBi across this range. Key performance metrics include an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of -0.08 dB and a diversity gain of 9.92 dB at 3.16 THz, indicating strong MIMO performance and minimal mutual coupling. The reflection (S<sub>11</sub>) and transmission (S<sub>21</sub>) parameters are better than -40 dB, further confirming excellent impedance matching and inter-element isolation. Additionally, the channel capacity loss remains under 0.4 bps/Hz, ensuring efficient data throughput. The proposed sun-shaped MIMO THz antenna offers promising potential for high-speed, reliable wireless communication applications in the terahertz domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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