Pub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100571
Pezhman Kiani Vosta
QCA (Quantum-dot Cellular Automata) technology is considered as an innovative method in the design of electronic circuits due to its ability to perform fast processing calculations. In this article, for the first time, some new designs of digital circuits were designed and simulated in the best case with a new and practical technique. This article uses a unique technique to design a d-flip-flop with reset capability with 33 cells, an area of and a delay of 0.75 clock cycles, a PFD (Phase-Frequency Detector) of the first type with 88 cells, an area of and a delay of one clock cycle, and a second type of PFD with 119 cells, an area of and has designed a delay of 1.75 clock cycles. Also, the number of cells and the occupied area of the proposed designs have improved by 33.74 % and 59 %, respectively, compared to different authorities. Therefore, the proposed designs are considered among the best designs among different authorities.
{"title":"Novel design of phase-frequency detector using a new flip-flop with reset capability in QCA technology","authors":"Pezhman Kiani Vosta","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>QCA (Quantum-dot Cellular Automata) technology is considered as an innovative method in the design of electronic circuits due to its ability to perform fast processing calculations. In this article, for the first time, some new designs of digital circuits were designed and simulated in the best case with a new and practical technique. This article uses a unique technique to design a <span>d</span>-flip-flop with reset capability with 33 cells, an area of <span><math><mrow><mn>0.02</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and a delay of 0.75 clock cycles, a PFD (Phase-Frequency Detector) of the first type with 88 cells, an area of <span><math><mrow><mn>0.07</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and a delay of one clock cycle, and a second type of PFD with 119 cells, an area of <span><math><mrow><mn>0.09</mn><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> and has designed a delay of 1.75 clock cycles. Also, the number of cells and the occupied area of the proposed designs have improved by 33.74 % and 59 %, respectively, compared to different authorities. Therefore, the proposed designs are considered among the best designs among different authorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 100571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100563
Juan Xu, Xin Li, Jiali Kan, Ruofan Wang
Lung damage caused by viral infections such as COVID-19, MERS, and SARS can lead to serious or even fatal conditions. Therefore, monitoring lung diseases at the nanoscale has great potential for development. Some biomedical sensors implanted in the human body can generate electromagnetic radiation, and excessive emission power may pose a serious threat to tissues in the human body. Therefore, while constructing lung wireless nanosensor network (WNSN), we need to consider the limited energy storage and potential thermal effects of nanosensors. In this paper, an energy harvesting-based thermal aware routing (EHTAR) protocol is proposed. The protocol introduces a piezoelectric energy harvesting system to charge the nanonodes and proposes a sleep-wake mechanism for node temperature and energy to establish a next-hop link cost function using node temperature, remaining energy, and distance as cost factors. Simulation results demonstrate that EHTAR makes the node temperature not exceed the set threshold and the energy harvesting mechanism can greatly extend the network survival, so EHTAR can be better applied in the lung health monitoring scenario.
{"title":"Energy harvesting-based thermal aware routing protocol for lung terahertz nanosensor networks","authors":"Juan Xu, Xin Li, Jiali Kan, Ruofan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lung damage caused by viral infections such as COVID-19, MERS, and SARS can lead to serious or even fatal conditions. Therefore, monitoring lung diseases at the nanoscale has great potential for development. Some biomedical sensors implanted in the human body can generate electromagnetic radiation, and excessive emission power may pose a serious threat to tissues in the human body. Therefore, while constructing lung wireless nanosensor network (WNSN), we need to consider the limited energy storage and potential thermal effects of nanosensors. In this paper, an energy harvesting-based thermal aware routing (EHTAR) protocol is proposed. The protocol introduces a piezoelectric energy harvesting system to charge the nanonodes and proposes a sleep-wake mechanism for node temperature and energy to establish a next-hop link cost function using node temperature, remaining energy, and distance as cost factors. Simulation results demonstrate that EHTAR makes the node temperature not exceed the set threshold and the energy harvesting mechanism can greatly extend the network survival, so EHTAR can be better applied in the lung health monitoring scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100561
Hadi Rasmi , Mohammad Mosleh , Nima Jafari Navimipour , Mohammad Kheyrandish
Atomic Silicon Dangling Bond (ASDB) is a promising new nanoscale technology for fabricating logic gates and digital circuits. This technology offers tremendous advantages, such as small size, high speed, and low power consumption. As science and technology progress, ASDB technology may eventually replace the current VLSI technology. This nanoscale technology is still in its early stages of development. Recently, many computing circuits, such as full-adder, have been designed. However, these circuits have a common fundamental problem; they consume a lot of energy and occupy a lot of area, which reduces the performance of complex circuits. This paper proposes a novel ASDB layout for designing an efficient full-adder circuit in ASDB technology. Moreover, a four-bit ASDB ripple carry adder(RCA) is designed using the proposed ASDB full-adder. The proposed ASDB full-adder not only improves the stability of the output but also surpasses the previous works, in terms of energy and accuracy,by 90% and 38%, respectively. Also, it has very favorable conditions in terms of occupied area and is resistant to DB misalignment defects.
{"title":"Towards a scalable and efficient full- adder structure in atomic silicon dangling band technology","authors":"Hadi Rasmi , Mohammad Mosleh , Nima Jafari Navimipour , Mohammad Kheyrandish","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atomic Silicon Dangling Bond (ASDB) is a promising new nanoscale technology for fabricating logic gates and digital circuits. This technology offers tremendous advantages, such as small size, high speed, and low power consumption. As science and technology progress, ASDB technology may eventually replace the current VLSI technology. This nanoscale technology is still in its early stages of development. Recently, many computing circuits, such as full-adder, have been designed. However, these circuits have a common fundamental problem; they consume a lot of energy and occupy a lot of area, which reduces the performance of complex circuits. This paper proposes a novel ASDB layout for designing an efficient full-adder circuit in ASDB technology. Moreover, a four-bit ASDB ripple carry adder(RCA) is designed using the proposed ASDB full-adder. The proposed ASDB full-adder not only improves the stability of the output but also surpasses the previous works, in terms of energy and accuracy,by 90% and 38%, respectively. Also, it has very favorable conditions in terms of occupied area and is resistant to DB misalignment defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100564
Javeed Iqbal Reshi, M․Tariq Banday, Farooq A. Khanday
Quantum dot Cellular Automata is considered as promising alternative technology for designing nanoscale circuits. It operates on the principle derived from quantum mechanics and utilizes quantum dots as building blocks for information processing and computations. QCA offers numerous benefits including ultra-low energy dissipation, enhanced performance, high device density, resistance to scaling limitations and inherent parallelism. Previous realizations of Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) based-adder and subtractor circuits faced significant challenges like cell count, complexity and energy dissipation. This paper, proposes novel designs of adder-subtractor circuits based on novel 3-input XOR gate. The proposed circuits do not require any rotated cells or crossovers and are based on single layer design that eases the manufacturability. In addition, the proposed designs demonstrate significant reduction in cell count, complexity and energy dissipation compared to best known prior counterparts. Specifically, the reductions are 14.28 %, 42.85 %, and 56.66 % for adder, subtractor and adder-subtractor respectively. These improvements signify a substantial gain in circuit efficiency. The functional validity of the proposed layouts is verified using QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator. The power efficiency analysis has been performed using QCADesigner-E tool, which enables the designer to analyse, optimize and validate the power consumption characteristics of the proposed circuits. The overall energy consumption of adder, subtractor and adder-subtractor is reported to be 1.10e-002 eV, 1.12e-002 eV, 1.06e-002 eV respectively. Additionally, the average energy dissipation of 9.96e-004 eV, 1.02e-003 eV, 9.63e-004 eV was observed using QCADesigner-E tool.
{"title":"Modelling of novel ultra-efficient single layer nano-scale adder-subtractor in QCA nanotechnology","authors":"Javeed Iqbal Reshi, M․Tariq Banday, Farooq A. Khanday","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum dot Cellular Automata is considered as promising alternative technology for designing nanoscale circuits. It operates on the principle derived from quantum mechanics and utilizes quantum dots as building blocks for information processing and computations. QCA offers numerous benefits including ultra-low energy dissipation, enhanced performance, high device density, resistance to scaling limitations and inherent parallelism. Previous realizations of Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) based-adder and subtractor circuits faced significant challenges like cell count, complexity and energy dissipation. This paper, proposes novel designs of adder-subtractor circuits based on novel 3-input XOR gate. The proposed circuits do not require any rotated cells or crossovers and are based on single layer design that eases the manufacturability. In addition, the proposed designs demonstrate significant reduction in cell count, complexity and energy dissipation compared to best known prior counterparts. Specifically, the reductions are 14.28 %, 42.85 %, and 56.66 % for adder, subtractor and adder-subtractor respectively. These improvements signify a substantial gain in circuit efficiency. The functional validity of the proposed layouts is verified using QCADesigner 2.0.3 simulator. The power efficiency analysis has been performed using QCADesigner-E tool, which enables the designer to analyse, optimize and validate the power consumption characteristics of the proposed circuits. The overall energy consumption of adder, subtractor and adder-subtractor is reported to be 1.10e-002 eV, 1.12e-002 eV, 1.06e-002 eV respectively. Additionally, the average energy dissipation of 9.96e-004 eV, 1.02e-003 eV, 9.63e-004 eV was observed using QCADesigner-E tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100550
Bitop Maitra , Emine Bardakci , Oktay Cetinkaya , Ozgur B. Akan
The advancements in nanotechnology, material science, and electrical engineering have shrunk the sizes of electronic devices down to the micro/nanoscale. This brings the opportunity of developing the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT). With nanodevices, numerous new possibilities emerge in the biomedical, military fields, and industrial products. However, a continuous energy supply is mandatory for these devices to work. At the micro/nanoscale, batteries cannot supply this demand due to size limitations and the limited energy contained in the batteries. Internet of Harvester Nano Things (IoHNT), a concept of Energy Harvesting (EH) integrated with wireless power transmission (WPT) techniques, converts the existing different energy sources into electrical energy and transmits to IoNT nodes. As IoHNTs are not directly attached to IoNTs, it gives flexibility in size. However, we define the size of IoHNTs as up to 10 cm. In this review, we comprehensively investigate the available energy sources and EH principles to wirelessly power IoNTs. We discuss the IoHNT principles, material selections, and state-of-the-art applications of each energy source for different sectoral applications. The different technologies of WPT and how communication is influenced by the incorporation of IoHNTs to power IoNTs are discussed with the future research directions. IoHNTs represent a shift in the nanodevice power supply, leading us towards a future where wireless technology is widespread. Hence, it will motivate researchers to envision and contribute to advancing the following power revolution in IoNT, providing unmatched simplicity and efficiency.
{"title":"Internet of harvester nano things: A future prospects","authors":"Bitop Maitra , Emine Bardakci , Oktay Cetinkaya , Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancements in nanotechnology, material science, and electrical engineering have shrunk the sizes of electronic devices down to the micro/nanoscale. This brings the opportunity of developing the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT). With nanodevices, numerous new possibilities emerge in the biomedical, military fields, and industrial products. However, a continuous energy supply is mandatory for these devices to work. At the micro/nanoscale, batteries cannot supply this demand due to size limitations and the limited energy contained in the batteries. Internet of Harvester Nano Things (IoHNT), a concept of Energy Harvesting (EH) integrated with wireless power transmission (WPT) techniques, converts the existing different energy sources into electrical energy and transmits to IoNT nodes. As IoHNTs are not directly attached to IoNTs, it gives flexibility in size. However, we define the size of IoHNTs as up to 10 cm. In this review, we comprehensively investigate the available energy sources and EH principles to wirelessly power IoNTs. We discuss the IoHNT principles, material selections, and state-of-the-art applications of each energy source for different sectoral applications. The different technologies of WPT and how communication is influenced by the incorporation of IoHNTs to power IoNTs are discussed with the future research directions. IoHNTs represent a shift in the nanodevice power supply, leading us towards a future where wireless technology is widespread. Hence, it will motivate researchers to envision and contribute to advancing the following power revolution in IoNT, providing unmatched simplicity and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the world continues to embrace digital transformation, there is a growing need for even more advanced communication technologies to meet the demands of massive connectivity, huge data rates, and low latency requirements. 6 G is the next frontier in wireless communication. This technology explores breakthroughs in different fields, such as terahertz communication, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and even quantum communication. This review paper explains the advancements, Challenges, and future directions in the 6 G wireless communication networks. Furthermore, this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities in realizing the vision of 6 G communication, ranging from spectrum allocation and hardware design to security and ethical considerations. The key technologies, such as visible light communications, holographic messaging, and concepts on subterahertz frequencies are explained briefly. This paper also deals with practical considerations such as heterogeneous multi-layer mobile edge computing, intelligent vehicular networks, and deep learning communication systems. Furthermore, fundamental concepts such as massive MIMO and spatial division of multiple access are analyzed. The key enabling technologies that shape the 6 G use cases and their challenges are also discussed. Finally, this paper concludes by outlining the potential candidate technologies for future research and innovation, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts to realize the transformative potential of 6 G technology.
{"title":"Beyond 5G: Exploring key enabling technologies, use cases, and future prospects of 6 G communication","authors":"Nagarjuna Telagam , Nehru Kandasamy , Arun Kumar Manoharan , Palani Anandhi , Raji Atchudan","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the world continues to embrace digital transformation, there is a growing need for even more advanced communication technologies to meet the demands of massive connectivity, huge data rates, and low latency requirements. 6 G is the next frontier in wireless communication. This technology explores breakthroughs in different fields, such as terahertz communication, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and even quantum communication. This review paper explains the advancements, Challenges, and future directions in the 6 G wireless communication networks. Furthermore, this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities in realizing the vision of 6 G communication, ranging from spectrum allocation and hardware design to security and ethical considerations. The key technologies, such as visible light communications, holographic messaging, and concepts on subterahertz frequencies are explained briefly. This paper also deals with practical considerations such as heterogeneous multi-layer mobile edge computing, intelligent vehicular networks, and deep learning communication systems. Furthermore, fundamental concepts such as massive MIMO and spatial division of multiple access are analyzed. The key enabling technologies that shape the 6 G use cases and their challenges are also discussed. Finally, this paper concludes by outlining the potential candidate technologies for future research and innovation, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts to realize the transformative potential of 6 G technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100562
Venkat S , Tapas Bapu B R , Radhika R , Aruna V V
The advent of 5G wireless communication systems necessitates the development of advanced antenna designs that offer superior performance across multiple frequency bands. Traditional patch antenna design methods, involving iterative simulations, are time-consuming and often insufficient in fully exploring the vast design space and provide less efficiency. To overcome these issues, this work proposes a novel approach for designing a triband circularly polarized hexagon-shaped patch antenna optimized for 5G applications using an Optimized Siamese Heterogeneous Convolutional Neural Network (SHCNN) coupled with a Circle-Inspired Optimization Algorithm (CIOA). Initially, the triband circularly polarized hexagon-shaped patch antenna is designed. The proposed approach leverages SHCNN to learn the relationship between antenna geometry and performance characteristics, utilizing two identical subnetworks with heterogeneous convolutional layers for efficient feature extraction from varied hexagonal antenna geometries. The CIOA, inspired by the properties of circles such as uniformity and symmetry, refines the antenna design suggested by the SHCNN to achieve optimal triband CP performance. This methodology significantly reduces design time by suggesting promising geometries, explores a vast design space for potential novel configurations, and ensures efficient optimization for optimal performance within the desired frequency bands. Applications include compact, high-performance antennas for 5G base stations and user equipment, enhancing multi-band signal transmission and reception. The introduced antenna design is compiled using MATLAB and HFSS platforms. The simulation results of the proposed antenna, employing SHCNNCIOA methods and operating across three frequency bands (triband) such as low (600 MHz - 1 GHz), mid (2.5GHz - 3.7 GHz), and high (24 GHz - 28 GHz), achieve a gain of 8–10 dB, a return loss of less than -20 dB, higher efficiency at 98 %, and a lower VSWR of 1.5 compared with existing designs.
{"title":"Design of triband circularly polarized hexagon shaped patch antenna using optimized Siamese heterogeneous convolutional neural networks for 5G wireless communication system","authors":"Venkat S , Tapas Bapu B R , Radhika R , Aruna V V","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advent of 5G wireless communication systems necessitates the development of advanced antenna designs that offer superior performance across multiple frequency bands. Traditional patch antenna design methods, involving iterative simulations, are time-consuming and often insufficient in fully exploring the vast design space and provide less efficiency. To overcome these issues, this work proposes a novel approach for designing a triband circularly polarized hexagon-shaped patch antenna optimized for 5G applications using an Optimized Siamese Heterogeneous Convolutional Neural Network (SHCNN) coupled with a Circle-Inspired Optimization Algorithm (CIOA). Initially, the triband circularly polarized hexagon-shaped patch antenna is designed. The proposed approach leverages SHCNN to learn the relationship between antenna geometry and performance characteristics, utilizing two identical subnetworks with heterogeneous convolutional layers for efficient feature extraction from varied hexagonal antenna geometries. The CIOA, inspired by the properties of circles such as uniformity and symmetry, refines the antenna design suggested by the SHCNN to achieve optimal triband CP performance. This methodology significantly reduces design time by suggesting promising geometries, explores a vast design space for potential novel configurations, and ensures efficient optimization for optimal performance within the desired frequency bands. Applications include compact, high-performance antennas for 5G base stations and user equipment, enhancing multi-band signal transmission and reception. The introduced antenna design is compiled using MATLAB and HFSS platforms. The simulation results of the proposed antenna, employing SHCNN<img>CIOA methods and operating across three frequency bands (triband) such as low (600 MHz - 1 GHz), mid (2.5GHz - 3.7 GHz), and high (24 GHz - 28 GHz), achieve a gain of 8–10 dB, a return loss of less than -20 dB, higher efficiency at 98 %, and a lower VSWR of 1.5 compared with existing designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100551
Mohamed El Jbari, Mohamed Moussaoui
Considering the increasing demands for wireless communication networks and information system applications, the wireless sector must meet the pressing requirement for high-speed technological advances. The terahertz (THz) frequency band, spanning 0.3 to 10 THz, is of significant interest in current technological innovations and academic research in telecommunications. The THz frequency band has unique properties, including high time-resolving power (femtosecond) and low absorption. This paper proposes a THz propagation ultra-wideband (UWB) channel model and coding scheme for indoor environments starting from 0.3 THz. First, we investigated the propagation path loss model by considering the effects of transmitter dimensions, molecular absorption, and attenuation as functions of frequency and distance. We developed models for power propagation delay, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems and discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) response channels. Using the standard Saleh–Valenzuela model combined with Ray-tracing (RT-SVM), we studied the transmission of THz signals in indoor scenarios. We introduced physical parameters relevant to the THz indoor channel, such as line-of-sight (LoS) path loss, power distributions, temporal and spatial properties, and associations between THz multipath properties. These parameters were integrated with the RT-SVM channel model and applied to THz indoor communication. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed hybrid channel model enhances THz system performance and outperforms traditional statistical and geometric-based stochastic channel models in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions, contributing to frequency loss variations.
{"title":"RT-SVM: Channel modeling and analysis for indoor terahertz communication scenarios","authors":"Mohamed El Jbari, Mohamed Moussaoui","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the increasing demands for wireless communication networks and information system applications, the wireless sector must meet the pressing requirement for high-speed technological advances. The terahertz (THz) frequency band, spanning 0.3 to 10 THz, is of significant interest in current technological innovations and academic research in telecommunications. The THz frequency band has unique properties, including high time-resolving power (femtosecond) and low absorption. This paper proposes a THz propagation ultra-wideband (UWB) channel model and coding scheme for indoor environments starting from 0.3 THz. First, we investigated the propagation path loss model by considering the effects of transmitter dimensions, molecular absorption, and attenuation as functions of frequency and distance. We developed models for power propagation delay, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems and discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) response channels. Using the standard Saleh–Valenzuela model combined with Ray-tracing (RT-SVM), we studied the transmission of THz signals in indoor scenarios. We introduced physical parameters relevant to the THz indoor channel, such as line-of-sight (LoS) path loss, power distributions, temporal and spatial properties, and associations between THz multipath properties. These parameters were integrated with the RT-SVM channel model and applied to THz indoor communication. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed hybrid channel model enhances THz system performance and outperforms traditional statistical and geometric-based stochastic channel models in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions, contributing to frequency loss variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100530
Changgui Xie , Xin Zhao , Nima Jafari Navimipour
Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), a nano-scale computer framework, is developing as a potential alternative to current transistor-based technologies. However, it is susceptible to a variety of fabrication-related errors and process variances because it is a novel technology. As a result, QCA-based circuits pose reliability-related problems since they are prone to faults. To address the dependability challenges, it is becoming increasingly necessary to create fault-tolerance QCA-based circuits. On the other hand, the applications of code converters in digital systems are essential for rapid signal processing. Using fault-tolerance XOR and multiplexer, this research suggests a nano-based binary-to-gray and gray-to-binary code converter circuit in a single layer to increase efficiency and reduce complexity. The fault-tolerance performance of the suggested circuits against cell omission, misalignment, displacement, and extra cell deposition faults has significantly improved. Concerning the generalized design metrics of QCA circuits, the fault-tolerance designs have been contrasted with the existing structures. The proposed fault-tolerance circuits' energy dissipation findings have been calculated using the precise QCADesigner-E power estimator tool. Using the QCADesigner-E program, the proposed circuits' functionality has been confirmed. The results implied the high efficiency and applicability of the proposed designs.
{"title":"Design and analysis of a fault tolerance nano-scale code converter based on quantum-dots","authors":"Changgui Xie , Xin Zhao , Nima Jafari Navimipour","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum-dot cellular automata (<em>QCA</em>), a nano-scale computer framework, is developing as a potential alternative to current transistor-based technologies. However, it is susceptible to a variety of fabrication-related errors and process variances because it is a novel technology. As a result, QCA-based circuits pose reliability-related problems since they are prone to faults. To address the dependability challenges, it is becoming increasingly necessary to create fault-tolerance QCA-based circuits. On the other hand, the applications of code converters in digital systems are essential for rapid signal processing. Using fault-tolerance <em>XOR</em> and multiplexer, this research suggests a nano-based binary-to-gray and gray-to-binary code converter circuit in a single layer to increase efficiency and reduce complexity. The fault-tolerance performance of the suggested circuits against cell omission, misalignment, displacement, and extra cell deposition faults has significantly improved. Concerning the generalized design metrics of QCA circuits, the fault-tolerance designs have been contrasted with the existing structures. The proposed fault-tolerance circuits' energy dissipation findings have been calculated using the precise <em>QCADesigner-E</em> power estimator tool. Using the QCADesigner-E program, the proposed circuits' functionality has been confirmed. The results implied the high efficiency and applicability of the proposed designs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142012110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces a novel ultra-broadband Metamaterial Absorber (UBMA) demonstrating significant absorption capabilities across a wide terahertz frequency range from 2.42 THz to 6.11 THz. The 3.7 THz bandwidth represents 87% of the central frequency. The proposed UBMA comprises three layers: a star-shaped metal patch on top, a dielectric substrate in the middle, and a metallic ground plane below. Simulations using CST Microwave Studio software reveal that the design achieves high absorption at five distinct frequencies: 2.47, 3.45, 4.89, 6.01, and 6.87 THz, with absorption rates of 99% for the first four peaks and 90% for the fifth peak. The study of electric field and surface current distribution provides insights into the absorption mechanism. While the UBMA exhibits polarization-independent performance, its angular response shows some sensitivity to the incident angle, especially beyond 30° Despite this, the absorber maintains over 70% absorptivity up to a 45° incidence angle for both TE and TM polarizations within specific frequency ranges. The simple structure combined with high absorption efficiency makes the UBMA suitable for THz imaging, detection, and stealth applications, although its angular sensitivity must be considered for certain applications.
{"title":"An ultra broadband metamaterial absorber based on metal-dielectric-metal technology for THz spectrum","authors":"Sachin Sharma , Fatemeh Kazemi , Pankaj Singh , Anup Kumar , Ferdows B. Zarrabi","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2024.100531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces a novel ultra-broadband Metamaterial Absorber (UBMA) demonstrating significant absorption capabilities across a wide terahertz frequency range from 2.42 THz to 6.11 THz. The 3.7 THz bandwidth represents 87% of the central frequency. The proposed UBMA comprises three layers: a star-shaped metal patch on top, a dielectric substrate in the middle, and a metallic ground plane below. Simulations using CST Microwave Studio software reveal that the design achieves high absorption at five distinct frequencies: 2.47, 3.45, 4.89, 6.01, and 6.87 THz, with absorption rates of 99% for the first four peaks and 90% for the fifth peak. The study of electric field and surface current distribution provides insights into the absorption mechanism. While the UBMA exhibits polarization-independent performance, its angular response shows some sensitivity to the incident angle, especially beyond 30° Despite this, the absorber maintains over 70% absorptivity up to a 45° incidence angle for both TE and TM polarizations within specific frequency ranges. The simple structure combined with high absorption efficiency makes the UBMA suitable for THz imaging, detection, and stealth applications, although its angular sensitivity must be considered for certain applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142077320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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