Nano Communication Networks最新文献

Molecular Communication (MC) is a bio-inspired communication modality that utilizes chemical signals in the form of molecules to exchange information between spatially separated entities. Pulse shaping is an important process in all communication systems, as it modifies the waveform of transmitted signals to match the characteristics of the communication channel for reliable and high-speed information transfer. In MC systems, the unconventional architectures of components, such as transmitters and receivers, and the complex, nonlinear, and time-varying nature of MC channels make pulse shaping even more important. While several pulse shaping methods have been theoretically proposed for MC, their practicality and performance are still uncertain. Moreover, the majority of recently proposed experimental MC testbeds that rely on microfluidics technology lack the incorporation of programmable pulse shaping methods, which hinders the accurate evaluation of MC techniques in practical settings. To address the challenges associated with pulse shaping in microfluidic MC systems, we provide a comprehensive overview of practical microfluidic chemical waveform generation techniques that have been experimentally validated and whose architectures can inform the design of pulse shaping methods for microfluidic MC systems and testbeds. These techniques include those based on hydrodynamic and acoustofluidic force fields, as well as electrochemical reactions. We also discuss the fundamental working mechanisms and system architectures of these techniques, and compare their performances in terms of spatiotemporal resolution, selectivity, system complexity, and other performance metrics relevant to MC applications, as well as their feasibility for practical MC applications.

The conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology faces scalability and secondary effects issues in deep nanoscale regime. Therefore, many possible technologies are being explored to boost the current electronic industry. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is the possible technology to overcome the issues of conventional CMOS technology. QCA technology gives the advantages of area-efficient, low-power, and high-speed logic implementation in deep nanoscale regime. Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate is the fundamental logic required for different applications. Therefore, a reliable 3-input XOR gate using QCA technology is proposed in the paper. In communication system, the XOR gate can be utilized for the generation of parity bits. Hence, the proposed XOR gate is applied to develop the 2, 3, 4, and 5-input even and odd parity generators. The developed designs are more efficient in comparison with the existing designs. Any input parity generator can easily be developed using the proposed XOR gate. The number of cells, cell area, layout area, and design cost are improved for the proposed 3-input XOR gate as compared to the existing designs. The proposed 4-input parity generator consists of only 16 QCA cells and improves 76% design cost as compared to the best-reported work in the literature. Energy dissipation analysis is also presented for the proposed designs using the QCA Designer-E and QCA Pro. The proposed 4-input parity generator reduces 87.97% of total energy dissipation at a 1.5 Kink energy level as compared to the existing work.

Wireless NanoSensor Network (WNSN) is a brand-new type of sensor network with broad application prospects. In view of the limited energy of nano-nodes and unstable links in WNSNs, we propose an energy balance cluster network framework (EBCNF) based on Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT). The EBCNF framework extends the network lifetime of nano-nodes and uses a clustering algorithm called EBACC (an energy balance algorithm for intra-cluster and inter-cluster nodes) to make the energy consumption of nodes more uniform. Simulation shows that the EBCNF framework can make the network energy consumption more uniform, reduce the error rate of data transmission and the average network throughput, and can be used as an effective routing framework for WNSNs.

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a technology that has the potential to create nano communication systems that are both highly efficient in power consumption and compact in size When compared to CMOS enabled electronic devices, QCA can achieve faster operation speed, higher density and lower power dissipation which becomes a boon, in digital logic design. In this paper, proposed work of designing sequential circuits using QCA has been achieved. An efficient JK flip-flop design along with 2-bit, 3-bit, 4-bit and 8-bit shift registers which can be further scaled up to N-bits using the same proposed design of flip-flop is observed. Also, the fault tolerance of proposed JK flip-flop design against single cell addition and deletion defects are presented in this paper. After conducting a performance comparison and thorough analysis of energy dissipation, it has been determined that the proposed designs bear lower cost and lower energy dissipations. Using QCADesigner tool, the validation of functions and processes of all proposed sequential designs has been done accordingly.

The QCA technology is a strong contender for replacing CMOS technology in the design of nanoscale digital circuits. The goal of this paper’s design is to increase the performance of the multiplexer (MUX) circuit. The design strategy is using a cost-effective architecture and path-planning design, which can reduce design costs. This paper presents an efficient circuit for 2-to-1 QCA MUX. Then, two circuits including 4-to-1 and 8-to-1 QCA MUX circuits are developed using this 2-to-1 QCA MUX circuit. The functionality of these circuits is investigated using QCADesigner tool version 2.0.3. The designed 2-to-1 QCA MUX circuit has 0.5 clock cycles delay, $0.01\mu m$² area and 15 cells. Moreover, the suggested 4-to-1 (8-to-1) QCA MUX circuit has 53 (163) cells, 0.06 (0.18) $\mu$m² area and 1 (3.75) clock cycles delay. The energy dissipation (Area-delay cost) of the proposed 2-to-1, 4-to-1, and 8-to-1 MUX at 1${}^o$K is 8.91 mev (0.04), 17.9 mev (0.96), and 39.3 mev (8.82), respectively. The comparison results demonstrate that the designed circuits provide benefits compared to other MUX circuits.

In this paper, we present a joint localization and channel parameter estimation method in the presence of signal-dependent noise and inter-symbol interference for diffusive molecular communication systems. The joint parameter estimation of the nanomachine can provide reliable communication in a generic diffusive molecular communication system. In particular, an iterative maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach for jointly estimating locations, flow velocity, and diffusion coefficient is carried out. The Cramer–Rao lower bound on the variance of channel parameters and location is derived. The normalized estimation error is marginally higher for unknown parameters case than that of some known parameters. The individual result (location estimation or channel parameters estimation) outperforms the existing methods.

This paper proposes a graphene patch antenna for dual-band operation while maintaining a low profile. The antenna consists of the metasurface-based 4 x 4 AMC configuration and the square graphene patch driven through the aperture coupling. The fundamental TM₁₀ mode of graphene patch excites the first resonance frequency, while the TM₁₀ and antiphase TM₂₀ modes of metasurface simultaneously excite the second wide frequency band. The first resonance frequency excited by the graphene patch can be reconfigured by varying the external DC bias voltage on the graphene patch. An equivalent circuit of antenna using lumped elements has also been proposed using a vector fitting algorithm. The proposed antenna with a profile height of $0.12{\lambda }_0$ (where ${\lambda }_0$ is free space wavelength) at a center frequency of 1.14 THz achieves the gain from 7.06 dB to 10.4 dB in the first band and an average gain of 10 dB in the second band.

This paper presents a graphene-based frequency tunable isolation enhancement mechanism for terahertz (THz) MIMO antenna. The presented simple and compact decoupling method could also be employed for any THz device. An isolation enhancement of about 30.41 dB has been achieved at the frequency of operation. The decoupling structure has the ability to suppress mutual coupling caused by any radiation mode of the MIMO element. The change of 0.2 eV (i.e., from 0.5 to 0.7 eV) in chemical potential (${\mu }_c$) provides a frequency tunability of about one THz in the transmission coefficient of the decoupling structure. The proposed decoupling technique is applied to the slot ring-based dual-polarized MIMO/diversity antenna. The diversity antenna provides a bandwidth (BW) of 0.83 THz (5.68–6.51 THz) with isolation of 47.56 dB at resonant frequency (6 THz). The gain and efficiency of the proposed diversity antenna at 6 THz are better than 3.99 dBi and 90.17%, respectively. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) calculated from far-field and diversity gain (DG) are 4.818 × 10 ${}^{-7}$ and 10, respectively. Total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is found to be less than -10 dB for different values of input feeding phase $\theta$ and the mean effective gain ratio (${\text{MEG}}_i$/${\text{MEG}}_j$) is close to one, which confirms the antenna’s applicability for diversity application in multipath rich wireless channels.