Nano Communication Networks最新文献

End-to-End Molecular Communications Systems: Simulation and analysis following IEEE 1906.1 and 1906.1.1 standards 端到端分子通信系统：模拟和分析以下IEEE 1906.1和1906.1.1标准

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100612

Yesenia Cevallos , Tadashi Nakano , Paola G. Vinueza-Naranjo , Luis Tello-Oquendo , Navinkumar Patil , Santiago Armas , Cristian Vacacela Gomez , Talia Tene , Deysi Inca , Jiri Svozilik

Molecular Communications (MCs) systems exist in nature and have evolved over billions of years. These systems can be found all around and within us. MCs represent a new communication paradigm that plays a crucial role in science, particularly in medical science, by facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Emulation of biological processes occurring at the nanoscale has enabled personalized predictions of disease progression. In this context, simulations are useful in MCs due to their unique ability to bridge the gap between theoretical models (that often rely on simplifications and assumptions that may not fully capture the complexities of real-world scenarios) and practical experiments (that are too complex and expensive). Currently, there exists a large number of programming Extensible Markup Language (XML) and simulators for MCs systems that are generally not interoperable with each other, and consequently, simulations cannot be reused, hindering reproducibility of results. To address this challenge, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has propelled 1906.1 and 1906.1.1 standards to establish a common framework to simulate and subsequently to use the programming code for other simulations by other researchers, thereby eliminating the heterogeneity and programming code incompatibility. These standards establish Network Simulator-3 (NS-3) as the simulation tool and provide an MC example that considers a MCs system using On–Off Keying (OOK) modulation, where molecules displacement are modeled by Brownian motion. In this paper, we extend this example to various MCs scenarios using diverse types of modulation at the transmitter, different physical propagation characteristics in communications channels, and various ways to decode information at the destination in end-to-end systems. The results are compared with analytical expressions to establish the efficacy and fidelity of the simulator.

分子通信（MCs）系统存在于自然界中，并且已经进化了数十亿年。这些系统可以在我们周围和体内找到。mc代表了一种新的传播模式，通过促进疾病的诊断和治疗，在科学，特别是医学科学中发挥着至关重要的作用。对发生在纳米尺度上的生物过程的模拟使疾病进展的个性化预测成为可能。在这种情况下，模拟在mc中是有用的，因为它们具有独特的能力，可以弥合理论模型（通常依赖于可能无法完全捕捉现实世界场景复杂性的简化和假设）和实际实验（过于复杂和昂贵）之间的差距。目前，存在大量用于mc系统的编程可扩展标记语言（Extensible Markup Language， XML）和模拟器，这些编程可扩展标记语言和模拟器之间通常不能互操作，因此，模拟不能被重用，阻碍了结果的再现性。为了应对这一挑战，电气和电子工程师协会（IEEE）推动了1906.1和1906.1.1标准，以建立一个通用的框架来模拟，并随后将编程代码用于其他研究人员的其他模拟，从而消除了异构性和编程代码的不兼容性。这些标准建立了网络模拟器-3 （NS-3）作为仿真工具，并提供了一个MC示例，该示例考虑了使用开关键控（OOK）调制的MC系统，其中分子位移由布朗运动建模。在本文中，我们将这个例子扩展到各种mc场景，使用发射机的不同调制类型，通信信道中的不同物理传播特性，以及端到端系统中目的地信息解码的各种方法。将仿真结果与解析表达式进行比较，验证了仿真器的有效性和保真度。

{"title":"End-to-End Molecular Communications Systems: Simulation and analysis following IEEE 1906.1 and 1906.1.1 standards","authors":"Yesenia Cevallos , Tadashi Nakano , Paola G. Vinueza-Naranjo , Luis Tello-Oquendo , Navinkumar Patil , Santiago Armas , Cristian Vacacela Gomez , Talia Tene , Deysi Inca , Jiri Svozilik","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular Communications (MCs) systems exist in nature and have evolved over billions of years. These systems can be found all around and within us. MCs represent a new communication paradigm that plays a crucial role in science, particularly in medical science, by facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Emulation of biological processes occurring at the nanoscale has enabled personalized predictions of disease progression. In this context, simulations are useful in MCs due to their unique ability to bridge the gap between theoretical models (that often rely on simplifications and assumptions that may not fully capture the complexities of real-world scenarios) and practical experiments (that are too complex and expensive). Currently, there exists a large number of programming Extensible Markup Language (XML) and simulators for MCs systems that are generally not interoperable with each other, and consequently, simulations cannot be reused, hindering reproducibility of results. To address this challenge, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has propelled 1906.1 and 1906.1.1 standards to establish a common framework to simulate and subsequently to use the programming code for other simulations by other researchers, thereby eliminating the heterogeneity and programming code incompatibility. These standards establish Network Simulator-3 (NS-3) as the simulation tool and provide an MC example that considers a MCs system using On–Off Keying (OOK) modulation, where molecules displacement are modeled by Brownian motion. In this paper, we extend this example to various MCs scenarios using diverse types of modulation at the transmitter, different physical propagation characteristics in communications channels, and various ways to decode information at the destination in end-to-end systems. The results are compared with analytical expressions to establish the efficacy and fidelity of the simulator.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100612"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electrophoretic beam steering in molecular communication: Toward targeted extracellular vesicle delivery 分子通讯中的电泳束导向：朝向有针对性的细胞外囊泡递送

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100613

Mohammad Zoofaghari , Liv Cornelia Middelthon , Mladen Veletić , Ilangko Balasingham

Directing extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, toward specific cells is an emerging focus in nanomedicine, owing to their natural role as carriers of proteins, RNAs, and drugs. EVs can be manipulated by external electric fields due to their intrinsic surface charge and biophysical properties. This study investigates the feasibility of using extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields to guide EV transport. A theoretical framework based on the Fokker–Planck equation was developed and numerically solved to model vesicle trajectories under time-harmonic drift. Computational simulations were conducted to systematically assess the influence of key electric field parameters—including phase, frequency, and intensity—on vesicle displacement and trajectory. The findings demonstrate that frequencies below

5 H z

combined with field strengths of 200–2000 V/m can induce substantial directional control of EV motion. Moreover, enhanced directivity was achieved through the application of multi-component electric fields. Overall, this work establishes a theoretical foundation for the external-field-based beam steering of nanoparticles within the framework of MC.

将细胞外囊泡（EVs），如外泌体和微囊泡，导向特定细胞是纳米医学的一个新兴焦点，因为它们作为蛋白质、rna和药物的载体具有天然的作用。电动汽车由于其固有的表面电荷和生物物理特性，可以被外电场操纵。本研究探讨了利用极低频电磁场引导电动汽车输运的可行性。建立了基于Fokker-Planck方程的理论框架，并对其进行了数值求解，以模拟时调和漂移下的囊泡运动轨迹。通过计算模拟系统地评估了关键电场参数（包括相位、频率和强度）对囊泡位移和轨迹的影响。研究结果表明，低于5Hz的频率结合200-2000 V/m的场强可以诱导EV运动的方向性控制。此外，通过多分量电场的应用，增强了指向性。总之，本研究为MC框架下基于外场的纳米粒子光束导向奠定了理论基础。

{"title":"Electrophoretic beam steering in molecular communication: Toward targeted extracellular vesicle delivery","authors":"Mohammad Zoofaghari , Liv Cornelia Middelthon , Mladen Veletić , Ilangko Balasingham","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Directing extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, toward specific cells is an emerging focus in nanomedicine, owing to their natural role as carriers of proteins, RNAs, and drugs. EVs can be manipulated by external electric fields due to their intrinsic surface charge and biophysical properties. This study investigates the feasibility of using extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields to guide EV transport. A theoretical framework based on the Fokker–Planck equation was developed and numerically solved to model vesicle trajectories under time-harmonic drift. Computational simulations were conducted to systematically assess the influence of key electric field parameters—including phase, frequency, and intensity—on vesicle displacement and trajectory. The findings demonstrate that frequencies below <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mi>H</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></math></span> combined with field strengths of 200–2000 V/m can induce substantial directional control of EV motion. Moreover, enhanced directivity was achieved through the application of multi-component electric fields. Overall, this work establishes a theoretical foundation for the external-field-based beam steering of nanoparticles within the framework of MC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Grover enhanced quantum repeater system with 8-qubit optimization 基于8量子位优化的Grover增强型量子中继系统

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100608

Md. Siam Uddin , Joheb Muhammad Tanzeer Sayeed , Md Abu Talha , Shameem Ahmad , Md. Mehedi Hasan Monna

Long-distance quantum communication faces significant challenges due to the decay of quantum entanglement over distance and the limitations of direct quantum transmission. Traditional quantum repeater systems struggle with scalability, and resource demands. This paper presents an optimized quantum repeater system for entanglement distribution, utilizing Grover’s algorithm to enhance qubit probability amplitudes and increase entanglement probability. Most importantly, the system can automatically select a qubit state using an oracle and boost its probability through the diffusion process, thereby improving communication performance. The system initializes qubits in superposition using Hadamard gates, followed by entanglement through controlled-X (CNOT) gates. Grover’s Oracle and diffusion functions are employed to amplify the probability of target qubit states and optimize entanglement swapping via Bell State Measurements (BSM) for long-distance communication. Simulation results using the Qiskit library show a 93 % increase in target qubit probability amplitude and a 0.46 increase in entanglement probability for the state α|00,101⟩ + β|11,010⟩. Comparative analysis reveals that the proposed design outperforms existing quantum repeaters by achieving higher entanglement probability while addressing scalability and efficiency concerns in long-distance quantum communication.

由于量子纠缠在距离上的衰减和直接量子传输的局限性，远距离量子通信面临着重大挑战。传统的量子中继器系统在可扩展性和资源需求方面存在问题。本文提出了一种优化的量子中继器纠缠分布系统，利用Grover算法增强量子比特概率幅值，提高纠缠概率。最重要的是，系统可以使用oracle自动选择量子比特状态，并通过扩散过程提高其概率，从而提高通信性能。该系统使用Hadamard门初始化叠加的量子位，然后通过控制x （CNOT）门进行纠缠。利用格罗弗Oracle函数和扩散函数放大目标量子比特状态的概率，并通过贝尔状态测量（BSM）优化远程通信的纠缠交换。使用Qiskit库的模拟结果显示目标量子比特概率幅度增加93%，状态α|00,101⟩+ β|11,010⟩的纠缠概率增加0.46。对比分析表明，该设计在解决远程量子通信的可扩展性和效率问题的同时，实现了更高的纠缠概率，优于现有的量子中继器。

{"title":"Grover enhanced quantum repeater system with 8-qubit optimization","authors":"Md. Siam Uddin , Joheb Muhammad Tanzeer Sayeed , Md Abu Talha , Shameem Ahmad , Md. Mehedi Hasan Monna","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-distance quantum communication faces significant challenges due to the decay of quantum entanglement over distance and the limitations of direct quantum transmission. Traditional quantum repeater systems struggle with scalability, and resource demands. This paper presents an optimized quantum repeater system for entanglement distribution, utilizing Grover’s algorithm to enhance qubit probability amplitudes and increase entanglement probability. Most importantly, the system can automatically select a qubit state using an oracle and boost its probability through the diffusion process, thereby improving communication performance. The system initializes qubits in superposition using Hadamard gates, followed by entanglement through controlled-X (CNOT) gates. Grover’s Oracle and diffusion functions are employed to amplify the probability of target qubit states and optimize entanglement swapping via Bell State Measurements (BSM) for long-distance communication. Simulation results using the Qiskit library show a 93 % increase in target qubit probability amplitude and a 0.46 increase in entanglement probability for the state α|00,101⟩ + β|11,010⟩. Comparative analysis reveals that the proposed design outperforms existing quantum repeaters by achieving higher entanglement probability while addressing scalability and efficiency concerns in long-distance quantum communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100608"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimized iterative neural network-based notch fractal metasurface antenna for 5th generation midband applications 基于迭代神经网络的第五代中频缺口分形超表面天线

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100611

S. Divya , S. Anila

Wireless technology of the fifth generation has made great strides and thereby increased the need for compact antennas with better electromagnetic performance and less complex design. In this aspect, the midband spectrum (1–6 GHz) is particularly attractive due to its trade-off between bandwidth and area covered. However, in traditional approaches, parametric design is limited by overload of computation and design inefficiency. This research introduces a Multi-notch Metasurface Fractal Antenna (MMFA) based on an optimized iterative neural network for midband applications of the fifth generation. The suggested design uses a hybrid geometry of forward and inverted pyramidal patches combined with a modified ground plane and a metasurface superstrate with Rectangular Split-Ring Resonators (RSRRs). The Reinforced Iterative Neural network-based function System (RINS) is employed to physically optimize the parameters of the antenna for improved return loss, gain, voltage standing wave ratio, and efficiency throughout the UNII-1 band. The RINS framework leverages surrogate modeling with gorilla troops optimization and puma hiking optimization for hyperparameter tuning, which results in a significant cut in simulation burden. Simulations and measured data reveal excellent performance with a peak return loss of –55.6 dB and a gain over 7.12 dBi. The assessment of RINS predictions compared to target values proves a high prediction accuracy with errors of less than 3%. The incorporation of machine learning into the antenna design process has led to a remarkable performance improvement, shortened design time, and faster arrival at the best configurations.

第五代无线技术取得了巨大的进步，从而增加了对具有更好电磁性能和更简单设计的紧凑型天线的需求。在这方面，中频频谱（1 - 6ghz）由于其在带宽和覆盖面积之间的权衡而特别有吸引力。然而，在传统方法中，参数化设计受到计算过载和设计效率低下的限制。介绍了一种基于优化迭代神经网络的多缺口超表面分形天线（MMFA），用于第五代中频应用。建议的设计使用了正、倒金字塔块的混合几何结构，并结合了改进的地平面和带有矩形分裂环谐振器（RSRRs）的超表面层。采用基于增强迭代神经网络的函数系统（RINS）对天线参数进行物理优化，以提高uni -1频段的回波损耗、增益、电压驻波比和效率。RINS框架利用代理建模与大猩猩部队优化和美洲狮徒步优化进行超参数调优，这大大减少了仿真负担。仿真和实测数据表明，该系统具有优异的性能，峰值回波损耗为-55.6 dB，增益超过7.12 dBi。将RINS预测值与目标值进行比较，结果表明RINS预测精度高，误差小于3%。将机器学习整合到天线设计过程中，可以显著提高性能，缩短设计时间，并更快地达到最佳配置。

{"title":"Optimized iterative neural network-based notch fractal metasurface antenna for 5th generation midband applications","authors":"S. Divya , S. Anila","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2026.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wireless technology of the fifth generation has made great strides and thereby increased the need for compact antennas with better electromagnetic performance and less complex design. In this aspect, the midband spectrum (1–6 GHz) is particularly attractive due to its trade-off between bandwidth and area covered. However, in traditional approaches, parametric design is limited by overload of computation and design inefficiency. This research introduces a Multi-notch Metasurface Fractal Antenna (MMFA) based on an optimized iterative neural network for midband applications of the fifth generation. The suggested design uses a hybrid geometry of forward and inverted pyramidal patches combined with a modified ground plane and a metasurface superstrate with Rectangular Split-Ring Resonators (RSRRs). The Reinforced Iterative Neural network-based function System (RINS) is employed to physically optimize the parameters of the antenna for improved return loss, gain, voltage standing wave ratio, and efficiency throughout the UNII-1 band. The RINS framework leverages surrogate modeling with gorilla troops optimization and puma hiking optimization for hyperparameter tuning, which results in a significant cut in simulation burden. Simulations and measured data reveal excellent performance with a peak return loss of –55.6 dB and a gain over 7.12 dBi. The assessment of RINS predictions compared to target values proves a high prediction accuracy with errors of less than 3%. The incorporation of machine learning into the antenna design process has led to a remarkable performance improvement, shortened design time, and faster arrival at the best configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intersymbol interference mitigation in biological nanonetworks based on polynomial regression 基于多项式回归的生物纳米网络符号间干扰抑制

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100610

Charalampos Metallinos , Grigorios Karagiannakis , Konstantinos Kantelis , Petros Nicopolitidis , Georgios Papadimitriou

The field of nanotechnology has experienced rapid growth in recent years, leading to new applications in biomedicine, electronics, energy and the military industry, thus making it one of the most promising interdisciplinary fields. However, significant challenges must be overcome to fully exploit the enormous potential of nanocommunication systems. In this work, we focus on molecular communications based on diffusion, where the physical channel is governed by Fick’s laws of diffusion and the channel-memory effect, leading to destructive interference between past inputs and current signals. To overcome this effect, we initially propose a new mathematical formulation for modeling message reception with particular emphasis on the receiver. As a complementary aspect of the proposed model, we propose a twofold method to enhance the performance of the nanonetwork by increasing the achieved transmission rate. The proposed framework aims to mitigate the channel memory effect on diffusion-based molecular nanonetworks. It does so, by scheduling pulse releases and deactivating information molecules after a certain time interval, rendering them unable to interact with the receiver via the Ligand–Receptor model, extracted from the proposed mathematical formulation. Both methods handle intersymbol interference, allowing the system to exchange messages at higher rates and with a higher reception rate. A number of simulation scenarios were devised to evaluate the performance of the framework in terms of message delivery rate and message error rate. The results demonstrate an almost 33% improvement in the message delivery rate compared to the theoretical limit imposed by the typical pulse width. This offers new prospects to design new communication protocols and improve existing ones, tailored to the Internet of Bio-Nano Things application domain.

纳米技术近年来发展迅速，在生物医药、电子、能源、军事等领域都有新的应用，是目前最具发展前景的跨学科领域之一。然而，要充分利用纳米通信系统的巨大潜力，必须克服重大挑战。在这项工作中，我们专注于基于扩散的分子通信，其中物理通道由菲克扩散定律和通道记忆效应控制，导致过去输入和当前信号之间的破坏性干扰。为了克服这种影响，我们最初提出了一个新的数学公式来建模消息接收，特别强调接收者。作为所提出模型的补充，我们提出了一种双重方法，通过增加实现的传输速率来增强纳米网络的性能。提出的框架旨在减轻基于扩散的分子纳米网络中的通道记忆效应。它是这样做的，通过调度脉冲释放和在一定时间间隔后使信息分子失活，使它们无法通过从提出的数学公式中提取的配体-受体模型与接收器相互作用。这两种方法都可以处理符号间的干扰，使系统能够以更高的速率和更高的接收速率交换消息。设计了许多仿真场景，从消息传递率和消息错误率方面评估框架的性能。结果表明，与典型脉冲宽度所施加的理论限制相比，消息传递率提高了近33%。这为设计新的通信协议和改进现有协议提供了新的前景，以适应生物纳米物联网的应用领域。

{"title":"Intersymbol interference mitigation in biological nanonetworks based on polynomial regression","authors":"Charalampos Metallinos , Grigorios Karagiannakis , Konstantinos Kantelis , Petros Nicopolitidis , Georgios Papadimitriou","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The field of nanotechnology has experienced rapid growth in recent years, leading to new applications in biomedicine, electronics, energy and the military industry, thus making it one of the most promising interdisciplinary fields. However, significant challenges must be overcome to fully exploit the enormous potential of nanocommunication systems. In this work, we focus on molecular communications based on diffusion, where the physical channel is governed by Fick’s laws of diffusion and the channel-memory effect, leading to destructive interference between past inputs and current signals. To overcome this effect, we initially propose a new mathematical formulation for modeling message reception with particular emphasis on the receiver. As a complementary aspect of the proposed model, we propose a twofold method to enhance the performance of the nanonetwork by increasing the achieved transmission rate. The proposed framework aims to mitigate the channel memory effect on diffusion-based molecular nanonetworks. It does so, by scheduling pulse releases and deactivating information molecules after a certain time interval, rendering them unable to interact with the receiver via the Ligand–Receptor model, extracted from the proposed mathematical formulation. Both methods handle intersymbol interference, allowing the system to exchange messages at higher rates and with a higher reception rate. A number of simulation scenarios were devised to evaluate the performance of the framework in terms of message delivery rate and message error rate. The results demonstrate an almost 33% improvement in the message delivery rate compared to the theoretical limit imposed by the typical pulse width. This offers new prospects to design new communication protocols and improve existing ones, tailored to the Internet of Bio-Nano Things application domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100610"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Capacity of the intensity-driven signal transduction channel with and without feedback 有反馈和无反馈时强度驱动信号转导通道的容量

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100609

Wenxuan Hui , Pengfeng Hou , Xiufang Ren

In the biological world, signal transduction plays a crucial role in coordinating cellular activities, maintaining homeostasis, and responding to the environment. In this paper, we first introduce the channel modeling of the intensity-driven signal transduction. We then show how to obtain the independent and identically distributed capacity and the feedback capacity for the Channel-Rhodopsin-2 receptor. We reveal that the non-feedback capacity of this channel equals its feedback capacity. Moreover, we give the upper bound of the capacity and provide a general method to maximize the directed information rate to obtain the optimal input distribution. Finally, simulation results are presented to confirm our analysis.

在生物世界中，信号转导在协调细胞活动、维持体内平衡和对环境的反应中起着至关重要的作用。本文首先介绍了强度驱动信号转导的信道建模。然后，我们展示了如何获得通道-视紫红质-2受体的独立和相同分布的容量和反馈容量。我们发现该信道的非反馈容量等于它的反馈容量。此外，我们还给出了容量的上界，并给出了最大化有向信息率以获得最优输入分布的一般方法。最后给出了仿真结果来验证我们的分析。

引用次数: 0

Optimized quantum self-attention neural network for biomedical tongue colour image analysis disease diagnosis and classification in Internet of Things 优化量子自关注神经网络用于生物医学舌色图像分析、物联网疾病诊断与分类

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100596

S.R. Preethi , P. Chinniah , P. Ezhilarasi , T.R. Vijaya Lakshmi

Tongue characteristics reflect health conditions. In the context of emerging IoT healthcare, automated tongue image analysis is essential for accurate disease classification and diagnosis. Existing challenges include imaging variations, preprocessing issues, poor multiclass accuracy, IoT integration challenges and security concerns. To overcome these complications, Biomedical Tongue Colour Image Analysis using Optimized Quantum Self-Attention Neural Network for Disease Diagnosis and Classification in Internet of Things (BM-TCIA-QS-ANN) is proposed. Here, the input images are taken from tongue image dataset and type 2 diabetes mellitus tongue dataset. The gathered input images are pre-processed using Maximum Correntropy Quaternion Kalman Filtering (MCQ-KF) is employed to decrease noise and enhance the image quality. After preprocessing, the images are fed into Synchro-Transient-Extracting Transform (STET) to extract geometric and texture features like smaller half distance, center distance, circle area, square area, triangle area, energy, entropy, contrast, and homogeneity. Then the extracted features are fed into Quantum Self-Attention Neural Network (QS-ANN) for classifying the tongue images as healthy, Erosive Gastritis (EG), Chronic Gastritis (CG), Nephrotic Syndrome (NS), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Nephritis (NT), Gastritis Verrucosa (GV), and Coronary Heart disease (CH) in the tongue image dataset and diabetes and non-diabetes in the type 2 diabetes mellitus tongue database. To enhance accuracy, the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) is utilized to optimize QS-ANN parameters, ensuring precise tongue colour image analysis disease classification. The proposed BM-TCIA-QS-ANN technique is implemented in Python. The BM-TCIA-QS-ANN method achieves superior performance with 99.42 % accuracy, 98.34 % precision, and 98.12 % recall, outperforming existing techniques such as TDM-SE-ResNet50-GD, TD-CTLNTI-DCNN, and TRTS-DenseNet-IC respectively.

舌头的特征反映了健康状况。在新兴的物联网医疗背景下，自动舌头图像分析对于准确的疾病分类和诊断至关重要。现有的挑战包括成像变化、预处理问题、多类精度差、物联网集成挑战和安全问题。为了克服这些问题，提出了一种基于优化量子自关注神经网络的生物医学舌色图像分析方法（BM-TCIA-QS-ANN）。在这里，输入图像分别取自舌图像数据集和2型糖尿病舌数据集。采集到的输入图像采用最大相关四元数卡尔曼滤波（MCQ-KF）进行预处理，以降低噪声，提高图像质量。经过预处理后，将图像送入同步瞬态提取变换（STET），提取较小的半距、中心距离、圆形面积、正方形面积、三角形面积、能量、熵、对比度、均匀性等几何和纹理特征。然后将提取的特征输入量子自关注神经网络（QS-ANN），将舌头图像分类为健康、糜烂性胃炎（EG）、慢性胃炎（CG）、肾病综合征（NS）、糖尿病（DM）、肾炎（NT）、疣状胃炎（GV）、冠心病（CH），以及2型糖尿病舌头数据库中的糖尿病和非糖尿病。为了提高准确率，利用鹈鹕优化算法（Pelican Optimization Algorithm， POA）对QS-ANN参数进行优化，确保舌色图像分析疾病的精确分类。提出的BM-TCIA-QS-ANN技术在Python中实现。BM-TCIA-QS-ANN方法的准确率为99.42%，精密度为98.34%，召回率为98.12%，优于现有的TDM-SE-ResNet50-GD、TD-CTLNTI-DCNN和TRTS-DenseNet-IC技术。

{"title":"Optimized quantum self-attention neural network for biomedical tongue colour image analysis disease diagnosis and classification in Internet of Things","authors":"S.R. Preethi , P. Chinniah , P. Ezhilarasi , T.R. Vijaya Lakshmi","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tongue characteristics reflect health conditions. In the context of emerging IoT healthcare, automated tongue image analysis is essential for accurate disease classification and diagnosis. Existing challenges include imaging variations, preprocessing issues, poor multiclass accuracy, IoT integration challenges and security concerns. To overcome these complications, Biomedical Tongue Colour Image Analysis using Optimized Quantum Self-Attention Neural Network for Disease Diagnosis and Classification in Internet of Things (BM-TCIA-QS-ANN) is proposed. Here, the input images are taken from tongue image dataset and type 2 diabetes mellitus tongue dataset. The gathered input images are pre-processed using Maximum Correntropy Quaternion Kalman Filtering (MCQ-KF) is employed to decrease noise and enhance the image quality. After preprocessing, the images are fed into Synchro-Transient-Extracting Transform (STET) to extract geometric and texture features like smaller half distance, center distance, circle area, square area, triangle area, energy, entropy, contrast, and homogeneity. Then the extracted features are fed into Quantum Self-Attention Neural Network (QS-ANN) for classifying the tongue images as healthy, Erosive Gastritis (EG), Chronic Gastritis (CG), Nephrotic Syndrome (NS), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Nephritis (NT), Gastritis Verrucosa (GV), and Coronary Heart disease (CH) in the tongue image dataset and diabetes and non-diabetes in the type 2 diabetes mellitus tongue database. To enhance accuracy, the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) is utilized to optimize QS-ANN parameters, ensuring precise tongue colour image analysis disease classification. The proposed BM-TCIA-QS-ANN technique is implemented in Python. The BM-TCIA-QS-ANN method achieves superior performance with 99.42 % accuracy, 98.34 % precision, and 98.12 % recall, outperforming existing techniques such as TDM-SE-ResNet50-GD, TD-CTLNTI-DCNN, and TRTS-DenseNet-IC respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Parity generator-checker based nano communication network using reversible quantum majority voter 基于奇偶生成器校验器的可逆量子多数投票人纳米通信网络

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100594

Arpita Kundu , Jadav Chandra Das , Bikash Debnath , Debashis De

Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm with profound implications for computation, communication, encryption, and information theory. As classical systems approach their miniaturization and energy-efficiency limits, quantum technologies offer new mechanisms rooted in superposition, entanglement, and reversibility. This paper introduces a foundational nanocommunication framework that integrates three known reversible circuit primitives—majority voter, parity generator, and parity checker—into a unified communication system. Unlike prior works that analyze these circuits in isolation, the proposed architecture validates their combined functionality on the IBM Quantum platform, tested under both ideal (Aer simulator) and realistic noisy (NISQ hardware) conditions. By incorporating depolarizing noise models, mid-circuit resets, and hardware execution, the framework directly reflects the physical constraints of real devices, including qubit errors, decoherence, and relaxation effects. Simulation and hardware results demonstrate system-level fidelity, circuit cost, and accuracy for both small- and higher-bit counts. Comparative analysis with existing teleportation- and entanglement-based protocols highlights the efficiency and scalability of the approach. Overall, this study establishes a practical and foundational step toward noise-resilient, parity-based quantum communication systems, paving the way for larger processor-scale designs in the future.

量子计算已经成为一种革命性的范式，对计算、通信、加密和信息理论有着深远的影响。当经典系统接近其小型化和能效极限时，量子技术提供了基于叠加、纠缠和可逆性的新机制。本文介绍了一个基本的纳米通信框架，该框架集成了三种已知的可逆电路原语-多数投票人，奇偶校验器和奇偶校验器-到一个统一的通信系统中。与之前孤立分析这些电路的工作不同，所提出的架构在IBM量子平台上验证了它们的综合功能，并在理想（Aer模拟器）和现实噪声（NISQ硬件）条件下进行了测试。通过结合去极化噪声模型、中路复位和硬件执行，该框架直接反映了实际设备的物理约束，包括量子位误差、退相干和松弛效应。仿真和硬件结果证明了系统级保真度、电路成本和小比特数和高比特数的精度。与现有的基于隐形传态和纠缠的协议的比较分析突出了该方法的效率和可扩展性。总的来说，这项研究为抗噪声、基于奇偶的量子通信系统迈出了实用和基础的一步，为未来更大的处理器规模设计铺平了道路。

{"title":"Parity generator-checker based nano communication network using reversible quantum majority voter","authors":"Arpita Kundu , Jadav Chandra Das , Bikash Debnath , Debashis De","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm with profound implications for computation, communication, encryption, and information theory. As classical systems approach their miniaturization and energy-efficiency limits, quantum technologies offer new mechanisms rooted in superposition, entanglement, and reversibility. This paper introduces a foundational nanocommunication framework that integrates three known reversible circuit primitives—majority voter, parity generator, and parity checker—into a unified communication system. Unlike prior works that analyze these circuits in isolation, the proposed architecture validates their combined functionality on the IBM Quantum platform, tested under both ideal (Aer simulator) and realistic noisy (NISQ hardware) conditions. By incorporating depolarizing noise models, mid-circuit resets, and hardware execution, the framework directly reflects the physical constraints of real devices, including qubit errors, decoherence, and relaxation effects. Simulation and hardware results demonstrate system-level fidelity, circuit cost, and accuracy for both small- and higher-bit counts. Comparative analysis with existing teleportation- and entanglement-based protocols highlights the efficiency and scalability of the approach. Overall, this study establishes a practical and foundational step toward noise-resilient, parity-based quantum communication systems, paving the way for larger processor-scale designs in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100594"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing subthreshold interconnect performance with log-normal distribution model: A study of CNT bundles and CuCNT composites 利用对数正态分布模型增强阈下互连性能：碳纳米管束和碳纳米管复合材料的研究

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100597

Ritika Sharma, Mayank Kumar Rai, Rajesh Khanna

This paper presents a more accurate diameter-dependent model based on a Log-Normal (Log-N) distribution, addressing the limitations of previous normal distribution models that can produce unrealistic negative CNT diameters. The model aligns closely with experimental data, with only a 1.1 % deviation. The study explores the circuit parameters and the performance of CNT bundles and CuCNT composite interconnects specifically within the subthreshold regime, where ultra-low-power operation is essential. Design optimizations enhance the electrical performance of CNT bundle interconnects by taking into account the effects of dielectric surface roughness and structural defects. Results indicate that optimized CuCNT composites reduce average crosstalk delay by 79.36 % and 45.41 % on rough and smooth substrates, respectively. The study further examines the impact of CNT count and aspect ratio scaling, showing that both optimized CNT bundles and CuCNT composites significantly improve subthreshold performance metrics. The optimized CuCNT composite interconnect achieves superior crosstalk delay reduction, bandwidth, power delay product, and stability, making it ideal for future low-power VLSI applications.

本文提出了一个基于对数正态分布（Log-N）的更精确的直径相关模型，解决了以前正态分布模型可能产生不切实际的负碳纳米管直径的局限性。该模型与实验数据非常吻合，只有1.1%的偏差。该研究探索了电路参数和碳纳米管束和CuCNT复合互连的性能，特别是在亚阈值范围内，超低功耗运行是必不可少的。设计优化通过考虑介电表面粗糙度和结构缺陷的影响来提高碳纳米管束互连的电性能。结果表明，优化后的CuCNT复合材料在粗糙基片和光滑基片上的平均串扰延迟分别降低了79.36%和45.41%。该研究进一步研究了碳纳米管数量和纵横比缩放的影响，表明优化的碳纳米管束和碳纳米管复合材料都显著提高了亚阈值性能指标。优化后的CuCNT复合互连实现了卓越的串扰延迟降低、带宽、功率延迟产品和稳定性，使其成为未来低功耗VLSI应用的理想选择。

{"title":"Enhancing subthreshold interconnect performance with log-normal distribution model: A study of CNT bundles and CuCNT composites","authors":"Ritika Sharma, Mayank Kumar Rai, Rajesh Khanna","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a more accurate diameter-dependent model based on a Log-Normal (Log-N) distribution, addressing the limitations of previous normal distribution models that can produce unrealistic negative CNT diameters. The model aligns closely with experimental data, with only a 1.1 % deviation. The study explores the circuit parameters and the performance of CNT bundles and CuCNT composite interconnects specifically within the subthreshold regime, where ultra-low-power operation is essential. Design optimizations enhance the electrical performance of CNT bundle interconnects by taking into account the effects of dielectric surface roughness and structural defects. Results indicate that optimized CuCNT composites reduce average crosstalk delay by 79.36 % and 45.41 % on rough and smooth substrates, respectively. The study further examines the impact of CNT count and aspect ratio scaling, showing that both optimized CNT bundles and CuCNT composites significantly improve subthreshold performance metrics. The optimized CuCNT composite interconnect achieves superior crosstalk delay reduction, bandwidth, power delay product, and stability, making it ideal for future low-power VLSI applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DPOR: A data priority-based opportunity routing protocol for intra-body nanonetworks DPOR：基于数据优先级的体内纳米网络机会路由协议

IF 4.7 4区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Nano Communication Networks

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100586

Yi-Wei Chen , Xin-Wei Yao , Qiang Li

The improvement of nanocommunication technology has promoted intra-body medical applications. With the advancement of nano-devices and terahertz communication technology, the performance of intra-body nanonetworks has been continuously enhanced, making the remote medical data transmission a reality. Intra-body nanonetworks can stably transmit the physiological information captured within the human body to the distant medical service center. Considering the aqueous environment of the human body, the communication of nanonetworks is subject to environmental interference and the physical limitations of nano-devices, and traditional routing protocols are difficult to meet the communication requirements in intra-body nanonetworks. Especially in the aspect of health monitoring,different types of data have corresponding importance, and some urgent data deserve more attention. For example, signals of acute arrhythmias (such as ventricular fibrillation) detected by nano-nodes are of the highest priority. Therefore, this paper designs a Data Priority-based Opportunistic Routing (DPOR) protocol. In this protocol, nano-nodes select the appropriate relay according to the level of data priority to improve the transmission efficiency of intra-body nanonetworks. On this basis, a thermal-aware model is constructed. By restricting the energy of nano-nodes and managing the energy consumption of nodes, it prevents nodes from overheating and damaging human tissues. Simulation experiments show that this model can optimize the routing selection, extend the network lifetime, and ensure the timeliness and reliability of transmission during the data transmission process while ensuring the safety of node temperature.

纳米通信技术的进步促进了体内医疗的应用。随着纳米器件和太赫兹通信技术的进步，体内纳米网络的性能不断增强，使远程医疗数据传输成为现实。体内纳米网络可以稳定地将人体内捕获的生理信息传输到远程医疗服务中心。考虑到人体的水环境，纳米网络的通信受到环境干扰和纳米器件的物理限制，传统的路由协议难以满足体内纳米网络的通信需求。特别是在健康监测方面，不同类型的数据有相应的重要性，一些紧急的数据更值得关注。例如，纳米节点检测到的急性心律失常（如心室颤动）信号是最优先考虑的。为此，本文设计了一种基于数据优先级的机会路由协议（DPOR）。在该协议中，纳米节点根据数据优先级的高低选择合适的中继，以提高体内纳米网络的传输效率。在此基础上，建立了热感知模型。通过限制纳米节点的能量和管理节点的能量消耗，它可以防止节点过热和损害人体组织。仿真实验表明，该模型可以优化路由选择，延长网络寿命，在数据传输过程中保证传输的及时性和可靠性，同时保证节点温度的安全性。

{"title":"DPOR: A data priority-based opportunity routing protocol for intra-body nanonetworks","authors":"Yi-Wei Chen , Xin-Wei Yao , Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nancom.2025.100586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The improvement of nanocommunication technology has promoted intra-body medical applications. With the advancement of nano-devices and terahertz communication technology, the performance of intra-body nanonetworks has been continuously enhanced, making the remote medical data transmission a reality. Intra-body nanonetworks can stably transmit the physiological information captured within the human body to the distant medical service center. Considering the aqueous environment of the human body, the communication of nanonetworks is subject to environmental interference and the physical limitations of nano-devices, and traditional routing protocols are difficult to meet the communication requirements in intra-body nanonetworks. Especially in the aspect of health monitoring,different types of data have corresponding importance, and some urgent data deserve more attention. For example, signals of acute arrhythmias (such as ventricular fibrillation) detected by nano-nodes are of the highest priority. Therefore, this paper designs a Data Priority-based Opportunistic Routing (DPOR) protocol. In this protocol, nano-nodes select the appropriate relay according to the level of data priority to improve the transmission efficiency of intra-body nanonetworks. On this basis, a thermal-aware model is constructed. By restricting the energy of nano-nodes and managing the energy consumption of nodes, it prevents nodes from overheating and damaging human tissues. Simulation experiments show that this model can optimize the routing selection, extend the network lifetime, and ensure the timeliness and reliability of transmission during the data transmission process while ensuring the safety of node temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54336,"journal":{"name":"Nano Communication Networks","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0