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Obtaining Water from Air Using Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 利用多孔金属-有机骨架(mof)从空气中获取水分
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00410-9
Brij Mohan, Suresh Kumar, Quansheng Chen

Water collection from moisture in air, i.e., atmospheric water harvesting, is an urgent future need for society. It can be used for water production everywhere and anytime as an alternative water source in remote areas. However, water harvesting and collection usually relies on desalination, fog, and dewing harvesting, which are energy intensive. In this respect, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have broad applicability for water harvesting in water-scarce areas; therefore, the current discussion focuses on this approach. Furthermore, recent progress on MOFs for moisture harvesters is critically discussed. In addition, the design, operation, and water harvesting mechanisms of MOFs are studied. Finally, we discuss critical points for future research for the design of new MOFs as moisture harvesters for use in practical applications.

Graphical Abstract

MOF adsorbents offer excellent operating capacity in various temperature and pressure ranges. Rational water harvesters can thus be developed by adjusting structural properties such as the porosity, functionalities, and metal centers, thereby enabling new devices to produce water even in remote areas.

从空气中的水分中收集水分,即大气集水,是未来社会的迫切需要。它可以随时随地用于生产水,作为偏远地区的替代水源。然而,水的收集通常依赖于海水淡化、雾和露水的收集,这些都是能源密集型的。在这方面,金属-有机框架对缺水地区的集水具有广泛的适用性;因此,当前的讨论集中在这种方法上。此外,本文还对水分采集器mof的最新进展进行了讨论。此外,还对mof的设计、运行和集水机理进行了研究。最后,我们讨论了设计用于实际应用的新型mof集湿器的未来研究要点。mof吸附剂在各种温度和压力范围内都具有良好的操作能力。因此,合理的水收集器可以通过调整孔隙度、功能和金属中心等结构特性来开发,从而使新设备即使在偏远地区也能采水。
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引用次数: 6
Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions in Water: Advanced Green Tools for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds 水中基于异氰化物的多组分反应:合成杂环化合物的先进绿色工具
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-09-22 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00403-8
Tahereh Nasiriani, Siamak Javanbakht, Mohammad Taghi Nazeri, Hassan Farhid, Vida Khodkari, Ahmad Shaabani

Reaction rate acceleration using green methods is an intriguing area of research for chemists. In this regard, water as a “green solvent” plays a crucial role in the acceleration of some organic transformations and reveals exclusive selectivity and reactivity in comparison with conventional organic solvents. In particular, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) as sustainable tools lead to the rapid generation of small-molecule libraries in water and aqueous media due to the prominent role of the hydrophobic effect. MCRs, as diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) methods, have great efficiency with simple operations, atom, pot, and step economy synthesis, and mechanistic beauty. Among diverse classes of MCRs, isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (I-MCRs), as sustainable and versatile reactions, have gained considerable attention in the synthesis of diverse heterocycle rings, especially in drug design because of the peculiar nature of isocyanide as a particular active reactant. I-MCRs that are performed in water are mild, environmentally friendly, and easily controlled, and have a reduced number of workup, purification, and extraction steps, which fit well with the advantages of “green” chemistry. Performing these powerful organic transformations in water and aqueous media is accompanied by acceleration owing to negative activation volumes, which originate from connecting several reactants together to generate a single product. It should be noted that the combination of MCR strategy and aqueous phase reaction is of growing interest for the development of sustainable synthetic techniques in organic conversions. However, an exclusive account focusing on the recent progress in eco-friendly I-MCRs for the construction of heterocycles in water and aqueous media is particularly lacking. This review highlights the progress of various kinds of I-MCRs in water and aqueous media as benign methods for the efficient construction of vital heterocyclic scaffolds, with a critical discussion of the subject in the period 2000–2021. We hope that this themed collection will be of interest and beneficial for organic and pharmaceutical chemists and will inspire more reaction development in this fascinating field.

Graphical Abstract

对化学家来说,利用绿色方法加速反应速率是一个有趣的研究领域。在这方面,水作为一种“绿色溶剂”在加速某些有机转化方面起着至关重要的作用,与传统有机溶剂相比,它显示出独特的选择性和反应性。特别是,多组分反应(mcr)作为可持续的工具,由于疏水效应的突出作用,导致水和水介质中小分子文库的快速生成。mcr作为一种面向多样性的合成方法,具有操作简单、原子、锅、步合成经济、机械美观等优点。在各类多组分反应中,基于异氰化物的多组分反应(i - mcr)作为一种可持续的多用途反应,由于异氰化物作为一种特殊的活性反应物的特性,在各种杂环的合成中,特别是在药物设计中受到了相当大的关注。在水中进行的i - mcr温和、环保、易于控制,并且减少了作业、净化和提取步骤,非常符合“绿色”化学的优势。在水和水介质中进行这些强大的有机转化伴随着负激活体积的加速,这源于将几个反应物连接在一起产生单一产物。应该指出的是,MCR策略与水相反应的结合对有机转化中可持续合成技术的发展越来越有兴趣。然而,关于在水和含水介质中构建杂环的生态友好型i - mcr的最新进展的独家报道尤其缺乏。本文重点介绍了各种i - mcr在水和水介质中作为高效构建重要杂环支架的良性方法的进展,并在2000-2021年期间对该主题进行了批判性讨论。我们希望这个主题的集合将引起有机和药物化学家的兴趣和有益的,并将在这个迷人的领域激发更多的反应发展。图形抽象
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引用次数: 10
Recent Trends in Photocatalytic Enantioselective Reactions 光催化对映选择反应的最新进展
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00402-9
Renu Verma, Palvi Jindal, Jagdish Prasad, S. L. Kothari, Narendra Pal Lamba, Anshu Dandia, Rama Kanwar Khangarot, Manmohan Singh Chauhan

Enantioselective synthesis through photocatalysis is one of the highly preferred approaches towards preparation of optically active compounds. This review elaborates and critically analyzes the different strategies of photocatalytic enantioselective reactions through H-bonding, transition metal catalysis, phase-transfer catalysis (PTC), chiral Lewis acid catalysis, N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, and amine catalysis, and also explores ion pairs. In addition, it explains the different catalysis modes with multifunctional approaches for enantioselective photocatalytic reactions.

通过光催化对映选择性合成是制备光学活性化合物的首选方法之一。本文通过对h键、过渡金属催化、相转移催化(PTC)、手性Lewis酸催化、n -杂环碳烯催化、胺催化等不同的光催化对映选择反应策略进行了阐述和批判性分析,并对离子对进行了探讨。此外,它解释了不同的催化模式与多功能方法的对映选择性光催化反应。
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引用次数: 4
In situ and Operando Spectroscopies in Photocatalysis: Powerful Techniques for a Better Understanding of the Performance and the Reaction Mechanism 光催化中的原位和操作光谱:更好地理解性能和反应机理的强大技术
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00387-5
Houeida Issa Hamoud, Lukasz Wolski, Ilia Pankin, Miguel A. Bañares, Marco Daturi, Mohamad El-Roz

In photocatalysis, a set of elemental steps are involved together at different timescales to govern the overall efficiency of the process. These steps are divided as follow: (1) photon absorption and excitation (in femtoseconds), (2) charge separation (femto- to picoseconds), (3) charge carrier diffusion/transport (nano- to microseconds), and (4 and 5) reactant activation/conversion and mass transfer (micro- to milliseconds). The identification and quantification of these steps, using the appropriate tool/technique, can provide the guidelines to emphasize the most influential key parameter that improve the overall efficiency and to develop the “photocatalyst by design” concept. In this review, the identification/quantification of reactant activation/conversion and mass transfer (steps 4 and 5) is discussed in details using the in situ/operando techniques, especially the infrared (IR), Raman, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The use of these techniques in photocatalysis was highlighted by the most recent and conclusive case studies which allow a better characterization of the active site and reveal the reaction pathways in order to establish a structure–performance relationship. In each case study, the reaction conditions and the reactor design for photocatalysis (pressure, temperature, concentration, etc.) were thoroughly discussed. In the last part, some examples in the use of time-resolved techniques (time-resolved FTIR, photoluminescence, and transient absorption) are also presented as an author’s guideline to study the elemental steps in photocatalysis at shorter timescale (ps, ns, and µs).

在光催化中,一组基本步骤在不同的时间尺度上一起参与,以控制整个过程的效率。这些步骤划分如下:(1)光子吸收和激发(飞秒),(2)电荷分离(飞秒到皮秒),(3)电荷载流子扩散/输运(纳到微秒),(4和5)反应物活化/转化和传质(微到毫秒)。使用适当的工具/技术对这些步骤进行识别和量化,可以提供指导方针,以强调提高整体效率和发展“设计光催化剂”概念的最具影响力的关键参数。在这篇综述中,详细讨论了使用原位/operando技术,特别是红外(IR),拉曼和x射线吸收光谱(XAS)来鉴定/定量反应物的活化/转化和传质(步骤4和5)。这些技术在光催化中的应用在最近的结论性案例研究中得到了强调,这些研究可以更好地表征活性位点并揭示反应途径,以便建立结构-性能关系。在每个案例中,对光催化的反应条件和反应器设计(压力、温度、浓度等)进行了深入的讨论。在最后一部分中,使用时间分辨技术(时间分辨FTIR,光致发光和瞬态吸收)的一些例子也作为作者在较短时间尺度(ps, ns和µs)下研究光催化基本步骤的指南。
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引用次数: 7
Covalent and Non-covalent Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Restoration 用于环境修复的共价和非共价功能化纳米材料
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00397-3
Shizhong Zhang, Sumeet Malik, Nisar Ali, Adnan Khan, Muhammad Bilal, Kashif Rasool

Nanotechnology has emerged as an extraordinary and rapidly developing discipline of science. It has remolded the fate of the whole world by providing diverse horizons in different fields. Nanomaterials are appealing because of their incredibly small size and large surface area. Apart from the naturally occurring nanomaterials, synthetic nanomaterials are being prepared on large scales with different sizes and properties. Such nanomaterials are being utilized as an innovative and green approach in multiple fields. To expand the applications and enhance the properties of the nanomaterials, their functionalization and engineering are being performed on a massive scale. The functionalization helps to add to the existing useful properties of the nanomaterials, hence broadening the scope of their utilization. A large class of covalent and non-covalent functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs) including carbons, metal oxides, quantum dots, and composites of these materials with other organic or inorganic materials are being synthesized and used for environmental remediation applications including wastewater treatment. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, reporting techniques, and applications of FNMs in adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of pollutants from wastewater. Future prospects are also examined, along with suggestions for attaining massive benefits in the areas of FNMs.

纳米技术已成为一门非凡而迅速发展的科学学科。它通过在不同领域提供不同的视野,重塑了整个世界的命运。纳米材料因其难以置信的小尺寸和大表面积而具有吸引力。除了天然存在的纳米材料外,人工合成的纳米材料正在大规模制备,具有不同的尺寸和性能。这种纳米材料作为一种创新和绿色的方法被应用于多个领域。为了扩大纳米材料的应用范围和提高其性能,人们正在大规模地进行纳米材料的功能化和工程化。功能化有助于增加纳米材料现有的有用性能,从而扩大其应用范围。一大批共价和非共价功能化纳米材料(FNMs),包括碳、金属氧化物、量子点,以及这些材料与其他有机或无机材料的复合材料,正在被合成并用于环境修复应用,包括废水处理。本文综述了fnm的合成、报道技术及其在吸附和光催化去除废水中污染物方面的应用进展。未来的前景也进行了审查,并提出了在fnm领域获得巨大利益的建议。
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引用次数: 7
Plasmonic Hybrid Nanostructures in Photocatalysis: Structures, Mechanisms, and Applications 光催化中的等离子体杂化纳米结构:结构、机制和应用
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00390-w
Rajeshreddy Ninakanti, Fons Dingenen, Rituraj Borah, Hannelore Peeters, Sammy W. Verbruggen

(Sun)Light is an abundantly available sustainable source of energy that has been used in catalyzing chemical reactions for several decades now. In particular, studies related to the interaction of light with plasmonic nanostructures have been receiving increased attention. These structures display the unique property of localized surface plasmon resonance, which converts light of a specific wavelength range into hot charge carriers, along with strong local electromagnetic fields, and/or heat, which may all enhance the reaction efficiency in their own way. These unique properties of plasmonic nanoparticles can be conveniently tuned by varying the metal type, size, shape, and dielectric environment, thus prompting a research focus on rationally designed plasmonic hybrid nanostructures. In this review, the term “hybrid” implies nanomaterials that consist of multiple plasmonic or non-plasmonic materials, forming complex configurations in the geometry and/or at the atomic level. We discuss the synthetic techniques and evolution of such hybrid plasmonic nanostructures giving rise to a wide variety of material and geometric configurations. Bimetallic alloys, which result in a new set of opto-physical parameters, are compared with core–shell configurations. For the latter, the use of metal, semiconductor, and polymer shells is reviewed. Also, more complex structures such as Janus and antenna reactor composites are discussed. This review further summarizes the studies exploiting plasmonic hybrids to elucidate the plasmonic-photocatalytic mechanism. Finally, we review the implementation of these plasmonic hybrids in different photocatalytic application domains such as H2 generation, CO2 reduction, water purification, air purification, and disinfection.

(太阳)光是一种储量丰富的可持续能源,几十年来一直用于催化化学反应。特别是,有关光与等离子体纳米结构相互作用的研究已经受到越来越多的关注。这些结构显示出局域表面等离子体共振的独特特性,将特定波长范围内的光转化为热电荷载流子,并伴有强局部电磁场和/或热量,这些都可能以各自的方式提高反应效率。等离子体纳米粒子的这些独特性质可以通过改变金属类型、尺寸、形状和介电环境来方便地调节,从而促进了合理设计等离子体混合纳米结构的研究重点。在这篇综述中,术语“杂化”意味着由多个等离子体或非等离子体材料组成的纳米材料,在几何和/或原子水平上形成复杂的构型。我们讨论了这种杂化等离子体纳米结构的合成技术和演变,从而产生了各种各样的材料和几何构型。将双金属合金与核壳结构进行了比较,得到了一组新的光物理参数。对于后者,综述了金属、半导体和聚合物外壳的使用。此外,还讨论了更复杂的结构,如Janus和天线电抗器复合材料。本文进一步综述了利用等离子体杂化来阐明等离子体光催化机理的研究进展。最后,我们回顾了这些等离子体杂化物在不同光催化领域的应用,如H2生成、CO2还原、水净化、空气净化和消毒。
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引用次数: 4
Sustainable Solvent-Free Diels–Alder Approaches in the Development of Constructive Heterocycles and Functionalized Materials: A Review 可持续无溶剂Diels-Alder方法在结构杂环和功能化材料的发展:综述
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00398-2
Aluru Rammohan, Alexey P. Krinochkin, Albert F. Khasanov, Dmitry S. Kopchuk, Grigory V. Zyryanov

The Diels–Alder reaction (DAR) is found in myriad applications in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry for drug development, as it is the method of choice for the expedient synthesis of complex natural compounds and innovative materials including nanomaterials, graphene expanses, and polymeric nanofibers. Furthermore, the greatest focus of attention of DARs is on the consistent reaction procedure with stimulus yields by highly stereo- and regioselective mechanistic pathways. Therefore, the present review is intended to summarize conventional solvent-free (SF) DARs for the expedient synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and materials. In particular, this review deals with the DARs of mechanochemical grinding, catalysis (including stereoselective catalysts), thermal, and electromagnetic radiation (such as microwave [MW], infrared [IR], and ultraviolet [UV] irradiation) in SF procedures. Therefore, this comprehensive review validates the application of DARs to pharmaceutical innovations and biorenewable materials through consistent synthetic approaches.

Graphical Abstract

Diels-Alder反应(DAR)在有机合成和药物化学开发中有着广泛的应用,因为它是合成复杂天然化合物和创新材料(包括纳米材料、石墨烯膨胀和聚合物纳米纤维)的首选方法。此外,DARs的最大关注焦点是通过高度立体和区域选择性的机制途径与刺激产量一致的反应过程。因此,本文对传统的无溶剂dar进行了综述,以方便地合成杂环化合物和材料。特别地,本文综述了机械化学研磨、催化(包括立体选择催化剂)、热辐射和电磁辐射(如微波[MW]、红外[IR]和紫外线[UV]照射)在SF过程中的dar。因此,本文通过一致的合成方法验证了dar在药物创新和生物可再生材料中的应用。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Zirconium-Based Catalysts in Organic Synthesis 有机合成中的锆基催化剂
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00396-4
Lifen Peng, Yanting Zhao, Tianbao Yang, Zhou Tong, Zilong Tang, Akihiro Orita, Renhua Qiu

Zirconium is a silvery-white malleable and ductile metal at room temperature with a crustal abundance of 162 ppm. Its compounds, showing Lewis acidic behavior and high catalytic performance, have been recognized as a relatively cheap, low-toxicity, stable, green, and efficient catalysts for various important organic transformations. Commercially available inorganic zirconium chloride was widely applied as a catalyst to accelerate amination, Michael addition, and oxidation reactions. Well-designed zirconocene perfluorosulfonates can be applied in allylation, acylation, esterification, etc. N-Chelating oganozirconium complexes accelerate polymerization, hydroaminoalkylation, and CO2 fixation efficiently. In this review, the applications of both commercially available and synthesized zirconium catalysts in organic reactions in the last 5 years are highlighted. Firstly, the properties and application of zirconium and its compounds are simply introduced. After presenting the superiority of zirconium compounds, their applications as catalysts to accelerate organic transformations are classified and presented in detail. On the basis of different kinds of zirconium catalysts, organic reactions accelerated by inorganic zirconium catalysts, zirconium catalysts bearing Cp, and organozirconium catalysts without Cp are summarized, and the plausible reaction mechanisms are presented if available.

Graphical Abstract

锆在室温下是一种银白色的可锻铸和延展性金属,地壳丰度为162ppm。其化合物具有路易斯酸行为和较高的催化性能,是一种廉价、低毒、稳定、绿色、高效的重要有机转化催化剂。商用无机氯化锆作为催化剂被广泛应用于加速胺化反应、迈克尔加成反应和氧化反应。精心设计的锆新统全氟磺酸盐可用于烯丙基化、酰化、酯化等。氮螯合氧化锆配合物能有效地促进聚合、氢胺烷基化和二氧化碳固定。本文综述了近5年来市售锆催化剂和合成锆催化剂在有机反应中的应用。首先,简单介绍了锆及其化合物的性质和应用。在介绍了锆化合物的优越性后,对其作为促进有机转化催化剂的应用进行了分类和详细介绍。在不同种类锆催化剂的基础上,对无机锆催化剂、含Cp的锆催化剂和不含Cp的有机锆催化剂加速有机反应进行了综述,并提出了可能的反应机理。图形抽象
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引用次数: 3
Metal-Free Catalysis in C–C Single-Bond Cleavage: Achievements and Prospects 碳碳单键解理中的无金属催化:成就与展望
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00393-7
Mohit L. Deb, B. Shriya Saikia, Iftakur Rahman, Pranjal Kumar Baruah

This review article emphasizes the C–C bond cleavage in organic synthesis via metal-free approach. Conventional organic synthesis mainly deals with the reactive π bonds and polar σ bonds. In contrast, the ubiquitous C–C single bonds are inherently stable and are less reactive, which poses a challenge to synthetic chemists. Although inert, such C–C single-bond cleavage reactions have gained attention amongst synthetic chemists, as they provide unique and more straightforward routes, with significantly fewer steps. Several review articles have been reported regarding the activation and cleavage of C–C bonds using different transition metals. However, given the high cost and toxicity of many of these metals, the development of strategies under metal-free conditions is of utmost importance. Though many research articles have been published in this area, no review article has been reported so far. Herein, we discuss the reactions in a more concise way from the year 2012 to today, with emphasis on important reactions. Mechanisms of all the reactions are also well addressed. We believe that this review will be beneficial for the readers who work in this field.

Graphical Abstract

本文综述了无金属法有机合成中C-C键的裂解。传统的有机合成主要处理反应性π键和极性σ键。相比之下,无处不在的C-C单键具有固有的稳定性和较低的反应性,这对合成化学家提出了挑战。虽然是惰性的,但这种碳碳单键裂解反应已经引起了合成化学家的注意,因为它们提供了独特和更直接的途径,而且步骤少得多。已有几篇综述文章报道了不同过渡金属对C-C键的活化和裂解。然而,鉴于许多这些金属的高成本和毒性,在无金属条件下开发策略是至关重要的。虽然这方面的研究已经发表了很多文章,但目前还没有综述文章报道。在这里,我们以更简洁的方式讨论从2012年到今天的反应,重点是重要的反应。所有反应的机理也得到了很好的解决。我们相信这篇综述将对从事这一领域工作的读者有所帮助。图形抽象
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引用次数: 1
Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds Obtained from Monoterpenes or Their Derivatives: Synthesis and Properties 单萜烯及其衍生物制备的含氮杂环化合物:合成及性质
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00399-1
Vladimir V. Chernyshov, Irina I. Popadyuk, Olga I. Yarovaya, Nariman F. Salakhutdinov

Directed transformation of available natural compounds with native biological activity is a promising area of research in organic and medicinal chemistry aimed at finding effective drug substances. The number of scientific publications devoted to the transformation of natural compounds and investigations of their pharmacological properties, in particular, monoterpenes and their nearest derivatives, increases every year. At the same time, the chemistry of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds has been actively developed since the 1950s after the news that the benzimidazole core is an integral part of the structure of vitamin B12. At the time of writing this review, the data on chemical modifications of monoterpenes and their nearest derivatives leading to formation of compounds with a nitrogen-containing heterocycle core have not been summarized and systematized in terms of chemical transformations. In this review, we tried to summarize the literature data on the preparation and properties of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds synthesized from monoterpenes/monoterpenoids and their nearest derivatives for the period from 2000 to 2021.

利用具有天然生物活性的天然化合物进行定向转化是有机化学和药物化学研究的一个有前途的领域,旨在发现有效的原料药。致力于天然化合物转化及其药理学性质研究的科学出版物的数量,特别是单萜烯及其最接近的衍生物,每年都在增加。与此同时,自从20世纪50年代苯并咪唑核是维生素B12结构的一个组成部分的消息传出后,含氮杂环化合物的化学得到了积极的发展。在撰写本文时,单萜及其最近的衍生物的化学修饰导致含氮杂环核心化合物的形成的数据尚未从化学转化的角度进行总结和系统化。本文综述了2000 - 2021年单萜烯/单萜类及其最近衍生物合成含氮杂环化合物的制备及性质的文献资料。
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引用次数: 5
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Topics in Current Chemistry
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