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Conjugates of Tetrapyrrolic Macrocycles as Potential Anticancer Target-Oriented Photosensitizers 四吡咯大环缀合物作为潜在的抗癌靶向光敏剂
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00421-0
Andrew M. Korolchuk, Vladimir A. Zolottsev, Alexander Y. Misharin

Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment of tumors using photosensitizers, light, and reactive oxygen species, which can destroy cellular structures. With the development of photodynamic therapy, significant efforts have been made to create new efficient photosensitizers with improved delivery to cells, stability, and selectivity against cancer tissues. Naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, such as porphyrins and chlorins, are very attractive as photosensitizers, and their structural modification and conjugation with other biologically active molecules are promising approaches for creating new photosensitizers specifically targeting cancer cells. The present review aims to highlight recent developments in the design, preparation, and investigation of complex conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, which can potentially be used as sensitizers for target-oriented photodynamic therapy of cancer. In this review, we discuss the structure, photodynamic effect, and anticancer activity of the following conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles: (1) conjugates obtained by modifying peripheral substituents in porphyrins and chlorins; (2) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, and peptides; (3) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with anticancer drugs and some other biologically active molecules; (4) metal-containing conjugates. The question of how the conjugate structure affects its specificity, internalization, localization, and photoinduced toxicity within cancer cells is the focus of this review.

Graphical Abstract

光动力疗法是一种利用光敏剂、光和活性氧来破坏细胞结构的微创肿瘤治疗方法。随着光动力疗法的发展,人们已经做出了巨大的努力来创造新的高效光敏剂,这些光敏剂具有更好的细胞递送、稳定性和对癌症组织的选择性。天然存在的四吡咯大环,如卟啉和氯,是非常有吸引力的光敏剂,它们的结构修饰和与其他生物活性分子的偶联是创造新的光敏剂特异性靶向癌细胞的有希望的方法。本文综述了四吡咯大环络合物的设计、制备和研究的最新进展,这些络合物可能用作靶向光动力治疗癌症的致敏剂。本文综述了四吡咯类大环化合物的结构、光动力效应和抗癌活性:(1)通过修饰卟啉和氯的外周取代基得到的缀合物;(2)卟啉和氯啉与脂类、碳水化合物、类固醇和多肽的偶联物;(3)卟啉和氯与抗癌药物和其他生物活性分子的偶联物;(4)含金属共轭物。本文对共轭结构如何影响其特异性、内化、定位和光致毒性等问题进行了综述。图形抽象
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引用次数: 2
Critical Analysis of Hydrogen Production by Aqueous Methanol Sonolysis 水溶液甲醇声解制氢的临界分析
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00418-1
Aissa Dehane, Leila Nemdili, Slimane Merouani, Muthupandian Ashokkumar

Recently, several experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated the feasibility of enhancing the sonochemical production of hydrogen via methanol pyrolysis within acoustic cavitation bubbles (i.e. sonolysis of aqueous methanol solution). This review includes both the experimental and theoretical achievements in the field of hydrogen production by methanol sonolysis. Additionally, the limits of the process’s applicability and plausible solutions are highlighted. The impact of different parameters influencing the process performance is discussed. Finally, the effects of methanol concentration on the size distribution of active cavitation bubbles are analyzed.

最近,一些实验和理论研究已经证明了在声空化泡内通过甲醇热解(即甲醇水溶液的声解)增强声化学制氢的可行性。综述了甲醇声解制氢的实验和理论研究进展。此外,强调了该过程的适用性和合理解决方案的局限性。讨论了不同参数对工艺性能的影响。最后,分析了甲醇浓度对活性空化气泡大小分布的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials 螺旋吡喃的现代视角:从单分子到智能材料
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2
Anastasia S. Kozlenko, Ilya V. Ozhogin, Artem D. Pugachev, Maria B. Lukyanova, Islam M. El-Sewify, Boris S. Lukyanov

Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure–property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.

Graphical Abstract

螺吡喃家族的光致变色化合物有两种主要的同分异构体,能够与紫外线或可见光相互交换。本文综述了近年来螺吡喃衍生物的合成、性质研究和应用等方面的研究进展。吲哚系的螺吡喃类是多敏感螺环化合物中最有前途的代表,它可以通过许多外部刺激(包括光、温度、pH、金属离子的存在和机械应力)进行切换。特别关注分子的结构特征,它们对光致变色性质的影响,以及异构化过程中发生的反应,因为对结构-性质关系的理解将使具有预定特性的化合物的合成合理化。展望了螺吡喃类化合物在智能材料制造、分子电子学与纳米机械、环境与生物分子传感、光药理学等领域的应用前景。图形抽象
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引用次数: 11
Aryl- and Superaryl-Extended Calix[4]pyrroles: From Syntheses to Potential Applications 芳基和超芳基扩展杯[4]吡咯:从合成到潜在应用
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2023-01-06 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00419-0
Ishfaq Ahmad Rather, Pierre-Edouard Danjou, Rashid Ali

The incorporation of aryl substituents at the meso-positions of calix[4]pyrrole (C4P) scaffolds produces aryl-extended (AE) and super-aryl-extended (SAE) calix[4]pyrroles. The cone conformation of the all-α isomers of “multi-wall” AE-C4Ps and SAE-C4Ps displays deep aromatic clefts or cavities. In particular, “four-wall” receptors feature an aromatic polar cavity closed at one end with four convergent pyrrole rings and fully open at the opposite end. This makes AE- and SAE-C4P scaffolds effective receptors for the molecular recognition of negatively charged ions and neutral guest molecules with donor–acceptor and hydrogen bonding motifs. In addition, adequately functionalized all-α isomers of multi wall AE- and SAE-C4P scaffolds self-assemble into uni-molecular and supra-molecular aggregates displaying capsular and cage-like structures. The self-assembly process requires the presence of template ions or molecules that lock the C4P cone conformation and complementing the inner polar functions and volumes of their cavities. We envisioned performing an in-depth revision of AE- and SAE-C4P scaffolds owing to their importance in different domains such as supramolecular chemistry, biology, material sciences and pharmaceutical chemistry. Herewith, besides the synthetic details on the elaboration of their structures, we also draw attention to their diverse applications. The organization of this review is mainly based on the number of “walls” present in the AE-C4P derivatives and their structural modifications. The sections are further divided based on the C4P functions and applications. The authors are convinced that this review will be of interest to researchers working in the general area of supramolecular chemistry as well as those involved in the study of the binding properties and applications of C4P derivatives.

Graphical Abstract

在杯[4]吡咯(C4P)支架的介端位置加入芳基取代基会产生芳基延伸(AE)和超芳基延伸(SAE)杯[4]吡咯。“多壁”AE-C4Ps和SAE-C4Ps的全α异构体的锥形构象显示出深的芳香裂缝或空腔。特别是,“四壁”受体具有芳香极性空腔,其一端闭合,有四个会聚的吡咯环,另一端完全打开。这使得AE-和SAE-C4P支架能够有效地识别带负电荷的离子和带有供体-受体和氢键基序的中性客体分子。此外,充分功能化的AE-和SAE-C4P多壁支架的全α异构体自组装成单分子和超分子聚集体,呈现荚膜和笼状结构。自组装过程需要模板离子或分子的存在,以锁定C4P锥体构象,并补充其腔的内极性功能和体积。由于AE-和SAE-C4P支架在超分子化学、生物学、材料科学和药物化学等不同领域的重要性,我们设想对它们进行深入的修订。在此,除了阐述其结构的综合细节外,我们还提请注意它们的各种应用。本综述的组织主要基于AE-C4P衍生物中存在的“壁”的数量及其结构修饰。这些部分根据C4P功能和应用程序进一步划分。作者相信,这篇综述将对从事超分子化学领域的研究人员以及从事C4P衍生物结合特性和应用研究的人员感兴趣。图形抽象
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引用次数: 5
Promising Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Derivatives; A Case Study for Preparations, Fabrication Mechanisms, and Applications in Perovskite Solar Cells 有前途的氮掺杂石墨烯衍生物钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备、制造机理及应用研究
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2022-12-27 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00416-3
A. G. Al-Gamal, Ahmed Mourtada Elseman, T. H. Chowdhury, K. I. Kabel, A. A. Farag, A. M. Rabie, N. E. A. Abd El-Sattar, Ashraful Islam

Graphene (G) has been a game-changer for conductive optical devices and has shown promising aspects for its implementation in the power industry due to its diverse structures. Graphene has played an essential role as electrodes, hole transport layers (HTLs), electron transport layers (ETLs), and a chemical modulator for perovskite layers in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) over the past decade. Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-DG) derivatives are frequently evaluated among the existing derivatives of graphene because of their versatility of design, easy synthesis process, and high throughput. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of N-DG preparation methods, including wet chemical process, bombardment, and high thermal treatment methods. Furthermore, it focuses on different structures of N-DG derivatives and their various applications in PSC applications. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for N-DG derivatives for the continuous performance improvement of PSCs have been highlighted.

石墨烯(G)已成为导电光学器件的游戏规则改变者,由于其结构多样,在电力工业中应用前景广阔。在过去的十年中,石墨烯作为电极、空穴传输层(HTLs)、电子传输层(ETLs)和钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)中钙钛矿层的化学调节剂发挥了重要作用。氮掺杂石墨烯(N-DG)衍生物由于其设计的通用性、简单的合成工艺和高通量,在现有的石墨烯衍生物中经常受到评价。本文综述了N-DG制备方法的最新进展,包括湿化学法、轰击法和高温热处理法。重点介绍了N-DG衍生物的不同结构及其在PSC中的应用。最后,强调了N-DG衍生物对psc性能持续改进的挑战和机遇。
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引用次数: 4
Shape and Stability Matter: Enhanced Catalytic Reactions via Sol–gel-Entrapped Catalysts 形状和稳定性物质:通过溶胶-凝胶包裹催化剂增强催化反应
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00415-4
Rosaria Ciriminna, Mario Pagliaro

The possibility to tune the solid catalyst morphology and the unique chemical and physical stability of organosilica-entrapped sol–gel catalysts allow the application of these catalysts to the synthesis of a wide variety of valued molecules, including polymers, manufactured by the fine-chemical industry. Referring to selected independent research achievements, we provide a practice oriented insight on these materials that will hopefully be useful in new, unified catalysis education aimed to foster the uptake of heterogeneous catalysis in the fine and specialty chemical industry.

Graphic abstract

调整固体催化剂形态的可能性,以及有机硅包裹的溶胶-凝胶催化剂独特的化学和物理稳定性,使得这些催化剂可以应用于合成各种有价值的分子,包括精细化学工业生产的聚合物。参考精选的独立研究成果,我们提供了对这些材料的实践导向的见解,希望有助于新的,统一的催化教育,旨在促进多相催化在精细和特种化工行业的应用。图形抽象
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引用次数: 1
O-Benzoylhydroxylamines: A Versatile Electrophilic Aminating Reagent for Transition Metal-Catalyzed C–N Bond-Forming Reactions 邻苯甲酰羟胺:过渡金属催化C-N键形成反应的多功能亲电胺化试剂
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2022-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00414-5
Sachin Balaso Mohite, Milan Bera, Vishal Kumar, Rajshekhar Karpoormath, Shaik Baji Baba, Arjun S. Kumbhar

Owing to the prevalence of nitrogen-containing compounds in natural products and important pharmaceutical agents, chemists, have actively searched for the development of efficient and selective methodologies allowing for the facile construction of carbon–nitrogen bonds. Over the last decade, transition metal-catalyzed C–N bond construction via electrophilic amination reaction has emerged as an attractive approach for the synthesis of various organic molecules and pharmaceuticals. Particularly, O-benzoylhydroxylamines as an electrophilic aminating agent have proven to be the best and most widely used in both academic and industrial research. In this review, we highlight the key contributions to the recent transition metal-catalyzed C–N bond formation reactions using O-benzoylhydroxylamines as an aminating agent and their relevant mechanistic insights.

Graphical Abstract

由于含氮化合物普遍存在于天然产物和重要的药物制剂中,化学家们一直在积极寻找高效和选择性的方法,以方便地构建碳-氮键。在过去的十年中,过渡金属催化的C-N键通过亲电胺化反应构建已成为合成各种有机分子和药物的一种有吸引力的方法。特别是邻苯甲酰羟胺作为一种亲电胺化剂,在学术和工业研究中都被证明是最好和最广泛的。在这篇综述中,我们重点介绍了最近使用邻苯甲酰羟胺作为胺化剂的过渡金属催化的C-N键形成反应及其相关的机制见解。图形抽象
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引用次数: 4
Water-Soluble Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecules (CORMs) 水溶性一氧化碳释放分子(CORMs)
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00413-6
Huma Khan, Muhammad Faizan, Salamat Ullah Khan Niazi,  Madiha, Niaz Muhammad, Weiqiang Zhang

Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are promising candidates for producing carbon monoxide in the mammalian body for therapeutic purposes. At higher concentrations, CO has a harmful effect on the mammalian organism. However, lower doses at a controlled rate can provide cellular signaling for mandatory pharmacokinetic and pathological activities. To date, exploring the therapeutic implications of CO dose as a prodrug has attracted much attention due to its therapeutic significance. There are two different methods of CO insertion, i.e., indirect and direct exogenous insertion. Indirect exogenous insertion of CO suggests an advantage of reduced toxicity over direct exogenous insertion. For indirect exogenous insertion, researchers are facing the issue of tissue selectivity. To solve this issue, developers have considered the newly produced CORMs. Herein, metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) are covalently linked with CO molecules to produce different CORMs such as CORM-1, CORM-2, and CORM-3, etc. All these CORMs required exogenous CO insertion to achieve the therapeutic targets at the optimized rate under peculiar conditions or/and triggering. Meanwhile, the metal residue was generated from i-CORMs, which can propagate toxicity. Herein, we explain CO administration, water-soluble CORMs, tissue accumulation, and cytotoxicity of depleted CORMs and the kinetic profile of CO release.

Graphical Abstract

一氧化碳释放分子(CORMs)是在哺乳动物体内产生一氧化碳用于治疗目的的有希望的候选者。在较高浓度下,一氧化碳对哺乳动物有机体有有害影响。然而,在可控的剂量下,低剂量可以为强制药代动力学和病理活动提供细胞信号。迄今为止,探索CO剂量作为前药的治疗意义因其治疗意义而备受关注。CO的插入方式有间接插入和直接外源插入两种。CO的间接外源性插入比直接外源性插入具有降低毒性的优势。对于间接外源插入,研究人员面临着组织选择性的问题。为了解决这个问题,开发人员考虑了新生成的corm。其中,金属羰基配合物(mcc)与CO分子共价连接,生成不同的corm,如CORM-1、CORM-2和CORM-3等。所有这些CORMs都需要外源性CO插入,才能在特殊条件或/和触发下以最佳速率达到治疗目标。同时,i-CORMs还会产生金属残留物,具有毒性传播作用。在此,我们解释了CO给药、水溶性CORMs、组织积累、耗尽CORMs的细胞毒性以及CO释放的动力学特征。图形抽象
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引用次数: 1
Greener Syntheses of Coumarin Derivatives Using Magnetic Nanocatalysts: Recent Advances 利用磁性纳米催化剂更环保地合成香豆素衍生物:最新进展
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2022-11-12 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00407-4
Shohreh Zeinali, Leila Zare Fekri, Mohammad Nikpassand, Rajender S. Varma

Coumarins (2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones) are an important group of biological heterocyclic compounds present in various parts of many plant species, encompassing an array of biological and pharmaceutical activities. In view of the importance of coumarins in heterocyclic chemistry and biological sciences and recent advances in the design of magnetic nanocatalysts, we present herein recent developments pertaining to their synthesis exclusively using magnetic nanoparticles, which can be retrieved easily and thus conform to the tenets of greener synthesis. The preparation of various types of coumarins such as Pechmann-based coumarins, bis coumarins, pyranocoumarins, and coumarin derivatives bearing amine moiety, linked to nicotinonitriles, N-coumarin-2-furanone, and pyrrole-linked chromene derivatives using nanocatalysts with a Fe3O4 core are described. This review covers the synthetic developments in the recent years 2012–2021 and focuses entirely on the synthesis of coumarins in the presence of magnetic nanocatalysts using greener approaches such as solvent-free conditions or deploying alternative activation methods, namely microwave or ultrasound irradiation.

香豆素(2h -1-苯并吡喃-2-酮)是一类重要的生物杂环化合物,存在于许多植物的各个部分,具有一系列的生物和药物活性。鉴于香豆素在杂环化学和生物科学中的重要性,以及磁性纳米催化剂设计的最新进展,我们在这里介绍了利用磁性纳米颗粒合成香豆素的最新进展,这些纳米颗粒易于回收,因此符合绿色合成的原则。介绍了以Fe3O4为核心的纳米催化剂制备各种类型的香豆素,如pechmann型香豆素、双香豆素、吡喃香豆素和含胺部分的香豆素衍生物、与烟腈连接的香豆素衍生物、n-香豆素-2-呋喃酮和吡咯-连接的铬衍生物。本文综述了近年来2012-2021年的合成进展,并重点介绍了磁性纳米催化剂下合成香豆素的绿色方法,如无溶剂条件或采用替代激活方法,即微波或超声照射。
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引用次数: 2
Recent Advances in the Use of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Synthon in Organic Chemistry 二甲基亚砜合成物在有机化学中的应用进展
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00411-8
Hao Lu, Zhou Tong, Lifen Peng, Zhiqing Wang, Shuang-Feng Yin, Nobuaki Kambe, Renhua Qiu

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as extremely important aprotic polar solvent and reaction medium, has attracted widespread attention from chemists in recent years due to its wide range of uses and the multiple functions it displays in various chemical processes. Especially in the past decade, dimethyl sulfoxide has become increasingly favored as a synthon in organic chemistry, resulting in great progress in this research field. In this context, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the literature on the recent progress in organic synthesis using dimethyl sulfoxide as a synthon, covering all the reports from 1 January 2016 to 11 May 2022. This type of reaction is mainly performed by transferring one or more units of dimethyl sulfoxide, such as oxygen (–O–, =O), methyl (–CH3), methylene (–CH2–), methylidene (=CH2), methine (=CH–), donor of formylation (–CHO), sulfur (–S–), methylthio (–SMe), methyl sulfoxide (–SOMe), donor of methyl thiomethylation (–CH2SMe), or donor of methyl sulfoxide methylation (–CH2SOMe), to the target molecules. At the same time, we hope that this review will stimulate future studies and promote developments in this area.

Graphical Abstract

二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作为一种非常重要的非质子极性溶剂和反应介质,由于其广泛的用途和在各种化学过程中所表现出的多种功能,近年来引起了化学家们的广泛关注。特别是近十年来,二甲基亚砜作为一种合成物越来越受到有机化学领域的青睐,使该领域的研究取得了很大的进展。在此背景下,本文对2016年1月1日至2022年5月11日期间以二甲亚砜为合成物的有机合成的最新进展进行了文献综述。这类反应主要是通过将二甲基亚砜的一个或多个单位,如氧(- O -, =O)、甲基(- ch3)、亚甲基(- CH2 -)、亚甲基(=CH2)、甲基(=CH -)、甲酰化供体(- cho)、硫(- s -)、甲基硫(- sme)、甲基亚砜(- some)、甲基硫甲基化供体(- ch2sme)或甲基亚砜甲基化供体(- ch2some)转移到目标分子上进行的。同时,我们也希望本文的综述能够刺激未来的研究,促进这一领域的发展。图形抽象
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引用次数: 8
期刊
Topics in Current Chemistry
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