Spines are one of the most conspicuous organs of cacti, and are present even in the most basal species of the family. The aim of this review is to analyse the proven functions of spines, the number of species studied, their taxonomical (subfamily) and the geographic origin of studied species. We found a total of 24 studies that analyzed a total of five functions. A total of 39 species (around 2% of total diversity in the family) were studied. The most studied function was thermoregulation, where spines protect the stem from extreme temperatures, followed by antiherbivory defense. Others functions are water collection, dispersion and antiparasitism defense. Most of the studied species belong to the Cactoideae subfamily, ten to Opuntioideae subfamily and only one, to the Pereskioideae. There is also a bias to the study of species from North America, particularly Mexico and USA. The most studied species was Carnegiea gigantea that was the subject of 5 articles. Surprisingly, there are few studies that analyzed species in environmental gradients or that analyzed the effect of spine removal. These results indicate the necessity of further investigation that include species with different spinescence patterns and which rigorously test possible functions.
{"title":"Spine function in Cactaceae, a review","authors":"N. L. Aliscioni, N. Delbón, D. Gurvich","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v23i.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v23i.325","url":null,"abstract":"Spines are one of the most conspicuous organs of cacti, and are present even in the most basal species of the family. The aim of this review is to analyse the proven functions of spines, the number of species studied, their taxonomical (subfamily) and the geographic origin of studied species. We found a total of 24 studies that analyzed a total of five functions. A total of 39 species (around 2% of total diversity in the family) were studied. The most studied function was thermoregulation, where spines protect the stem from extreme temperatures, followed by antiherbivory defense. Others functions are water collection, dispersion and antiparasitism defense. Most of the studied species belong to the Cactoideae subfamily, ten to Opuntioideae subfamily and only one, to the Pereskioideae. There is also a bias to the study of species from North America, particularly Mexico and USA. The most studied species was Carnegiea gigantea that was the subject of 5 articles. Surprisingly, there are few studies that analyzed species in environmental gradients or that analyzed the effect of spine removal. These results indicate the necessity of further investigation that include species with different spinescence patterns and which rigorously test possible functions. ","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44697494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodrigo da Silva Santos, J. V. Emerenciano Neto, Breno Ramon De Souza Bonfim, Uesdra Lucas Fônseca dos Santos, Arquinor Conceição Rodrigues, Fábio Nunes Lista, Gelson dos Santos Difante, Jéssica Daisy Do Vale Bezerra
This study proposes to evaluate fermentation losses and dry matter recovery rate in cactus silages with elephant grass. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of cactus silages with increasing levels of elephant grass (10, 20, 30 and 40 % on a fresh-weight basis). The material was ensiled in experimental PVC tubes and was evaluated after 200 days of fermentation. The inclusion of elephant grass in the silage did not influence its pH (4.55), effluent losses (77.78 kg/t of fresh matter) or dry matter recovery rate (69.03 %), but induced a linear increase in dry matter content (from 8.33 to 14.80 %) and a decrease in gas losses (from 30.33 to 17.20 %). The addition of up to 40 % elephant grass improves the fermentation profile of cactus silage.
{"title":"Fermentation losses of cactus silages with elephant grass","authors":"Rodrigo da Silva Santos, J. V. Emerenciano Neto, Breno Ramon De Souza Bonfim, Uesdra Lucas Fônseca dos Santos, Arquinor Conceição Rodrigues, Fábio Nunes Lista, Gelson dos Santos Difante, Jéssica Daisy Do Vale Bezerra","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v22i.345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v22i.345","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes to evaluate fermentation losses and dry matter recovery rate in cactus silages with elephant grass. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of cactus silages with increasing levels of elephant grass (10, 20, 30 and 40 % on a fresh-weight basis). The material was ensiled in experimental PVC tubes and was evaluated after 200 days of fermentation. The inclusion of elephant grass in the silage did not influence its pH (4.55), effluent losses (77.78 kg/t of fresh matter) or dry matter recovery rate (69.03 %), but induced a linear increase in dry matter content (from 8.33 to 14.80 %) and a decrease in gas losses (from 30.33 to 17.20 %). The addition of up to 40 % elephant grass improves the fermentation profile of cactus silage.","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44316228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karina Moreno de Santiago, E. Dibildox‐Alvarado, J. A. Rendón-Huerta, Karl Patricia López Ávila, Edgar Alejandro Berrospe-Ochoa, J. Morales-Rueda
The content of epicuticular waxes on the surface of the cladodes of Opuntia streptacantha and their thermal characteristics based on the stage of maturation of the plant were determined. The moisture content of samples of cladodes from O. streptacantha at different stages of maturation was determined. The ultrastructure of the surface of the cladodes was determined in dehydrated samples employing scanning electron microscopy. The surface of the cladodes contains amorphus particles related to epicuticular waxes in all stages of maturation. The extraction of hydrophobic compounds was carried out through soxhlet. The extracts obtained were thermally characterized utilizing DSC. Results showed no significant differences for the moisture content or hydrophobic compounds, regardless the stage of maturation. The melting temperature was different in young cladodes (1 and 2 years old) than old cladodes (3 and 4 years old); however, these temperatures are similar to thoses waxes with high commercial value, hereby we propose as a new alternative to commercial waxes for different technological applications.
{"title":"Extraction and thermal characterization of epicuticular wax from Opuntia streptacantha at different stages of maturation","authors":"Karina Moreno de Santiago, E. Dibildox‐Alvarado, J. A. Rendón-Huerta, Karl Patricia López Ávila, Edgar Alejandro Berrospe-Ochoa, J. Morales-Rueda","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v22i.326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v22i.326","url":null,"abstract":"The content of epicuticular waxes on the surface of the cladodes of Opuntia streptacantha and their thermal characteristics based on the stage of maturation of the plant were determined. The moisture content of samples of cladodes from O. streptacantha at different stages of maturation was determined. The ultrastructure of the surface of the cladodes was determined in dehydrated samples employing scanning electron microscopy. The surface of the cladodes contains amorphus particles related to epicuticular waxes in all stages of maturation. The extraction of hydrophobic compounds was carried out through soxhlet. The extracts obtained were thermally characterized utilizing DSC. Results showed no significant differences for the moisture content or hydrophobic compounds, regardless the stage of maturation. The melting temperature was different in young cladodes (1 and 2 years old) than old cladodes (3 and 4 years old); however, these temperatures are similar to thoses waxes with high commercial value, hereby we propose as a new alternative to commercial waxes for different technological applications. ","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44951812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. D. Taguiam, E. Evallo, J. Bengoa, R. Maghirang, M. Balendres
Diseases are among the major problems that negatively affect dragon fruit profitability worldwide. Diseases of dragon fruit in the Philippines are yet to be identified and reported. This study elucidates the causal agent of a disease infecting stems of dragon fruit grown in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. The fungus was isolated and identified as Nigrospora sp. based on morphological and cultural characteristics in potato dextrose agar medium. Using the DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene region, isolate MBDF0016b was identified as Nigrospora sphaerica. The Philippines strain was closely related to the Malaysian strain, which also causes reddish-brown spot in dragon fruit (H. polyrhizus), and to other N. sphaerica isolates from other host-plant species. Nigrospora sphaerica MBDF0016b was pathogenic to H. megalanthus, H. undatus, and H. polyrhizus in detached stem and glasshouse assays. The same fungus was re-isolated from the inoculated stems and thus, establishing Koch’s postulate. This paper is the first confirmed scientific record of a dragon fruit disease in the Philippines and the first report of N. sphaerica as a dragon fruit pathogen causing reddishbrown spot disease in H. megalanthus.
{"title":"Detection of Nigrospora sphaerica in the Philippines and the susceptibility of three Hylocereus species to reddish-brown spot disease","authors":"J. D. Taguiam, E. Evallo, J. Bengoa, R. Maghirang, M. Balendres","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v22i.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v22i.321","url":null,"abstract":"Diseases are among the major problems that negatively affect dragon fruit profitability worldwide. Diseases of dragon fruit in the Philippines are yet to be identified and reported. This study elucidates the causal agent of a disease infecting stems of dragon fruit grown in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. The fungus was isolated and identified as Nigrospora sp. based on morphological and cultural characteristics in potato dextrose agar medium. Using the DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene region, isolate MBDF0016b was identified as Nigrospora sphaerica. The Philippines strain was closely related to the Malaysian strain, which also causes reddish-brown spot in dragon fruit (H. polyrhizus), and to other N. sphaerica isolates from other host-plant species. Nigrospora sphaerica MBDF0016b was pathogenic to H. megalanthus, H. undatus, and H. polyrhizus in detached stem and glasshouse assays. The same fungus was re-isolated from the inoculated stems and thus, establishing Koch’s postulate. This paper is the first confirmed scientific record of a dragon fruit disease in the Philippines and the first report of N. sphaerica as a dragon fruit pathogen causing reddishbrown spot disease in H. megalanthus.","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45750711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deidad Jazareth Reyes-Ulloa, D. Camarena-Gómez, L. Salgado-Beltrán
Sustainable products are alternatives to conventional products that encompass consumer needs, environmental protection, and health. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of consumers towards a sustainable product of cactus (Opuntia spp) based paint for a possible commercialization. The research consisted of several stages, among them are: 1) Preparation of the product; 2) Design of the measuring instrument and 3) Testing of the product. For stage 2, 212 surveys were applied, where besides knowledge and perception questions, valid scales in the literature of Domain Specific Innovativeness (DSI) and Health Consciousness (HCS) were considered. Stage 3 was performed with 32 people. With the information gathered, descriptive and bi-variant analyses were conducted. The findings showed that sociodemographic characteristics such as age, income, and marital status may influence consumer attitudes toward an innovative product such as cactus-based paint. Similarly, awareness, involvement, and health valuation positively influence consumer choices, which are key elements in consumer motivation when buying a sustainable product such as the cactus-based paint. Once the consumer was in direct contact with the product and after the corresponding correlated tests, the most valuable attributes among the participants were: hypoallergenic (4.66), sustainable (4.63) and color range (4.63). Overall, the results show that there is an interest from consumers to products that reduce environmental impact and take health into account. However, it is necessary to deliver to the consumer detailed product information for better acceptance and market success.
{"title":"Exploring the attitudes of consumers towards a sustainable cactus-based paint (Opuntia spp)","authors":"Deidad Jazareth Reyes-Ulloa, D. Camarena-Gómez, L. Salgado-Beltrán","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v22i.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v22i.230","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable products are alternatives to conventional products that encompass consumer needs, environmental protection, and health. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of consumers towards a sustainable product of cactus (Opuntia spp) based paint for a possible commercialization. The research consisted of several stages, among them are: 1) Preparation of the product; 2) Design of the measuring instrument and 3) Testing of the product. For stage 2, 212 surveys were applied, where besides knowledge and perception questions, valid scales in the literature of Domain Specific Innovativeness (DSI) and Health Consciousness (HCS) were considered. Stage 3 was performed with 32 people. With the information gathered, descriptive and bi-variant analyses were conducted. The findings showed that sociodemographic characteristics such as age, income, and marital status may influence consumer attitudes toward an innovative product such as cactus-based paint. Similarly, awareness, involvement, and health valuation positively influence consumer choices, which are key elements in consumer motivation when buying a sustainable product such as the cactus-based paint. Once the consumer was in direct contact with the product and after the corresponding correlated tests, the most valuable attributes among the participants were: hypoallergenic (4.66), sustainable (4.63) and color range (4.63). Overall, the results show that there is an interest from consumers to products that reduce environmental impact and take health into account. However, it is necessary to deliver to the consumer detailed product information for better acceptance and market success.","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46028484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leandro Ricardo Rodrigues de Lucena, Mauricio Luiz De Mello Vieira Leite, Claúdio Balbino Da Cruz Junior, Juliane Dias Carvalho, Eliane Rodrigues dos Santos, Antônio Dennys Melo de Oliveira
Determination of photosynthetic area of a plant, leaf or cladode is a fundamental tool in study of transpiration intensity, specific leaf area and leaf area index. The objective of this study was to evaluate Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck). cladode area, in a non- destructive way, using digital images and test its relation with the variables: product of length and maximum width and real cladode area through regression models. The design used randomized blocks with three replicates and using the N. cochenillifera forage cactus clone, Giant Sweet. To determine the real cladode area of cactus forage, 432 cladodes in different stages of growth were randomly collected (162 primary cladodes, 127 secondary and 143 tertiary cladodes), all free from damage, disease or pest attacks. All cladodes were photographed with a digital camera (Sony Mark, model DSC-P72) generating a sample of 432 1200 x 2500 pixel digital images of N. cochenillifera cladodes. Linear, gamma and power regression models were adjusted to test the relation between the digital cladode area and the explanatory variables real cladode area and product of length by width. Models were evaluated with the following criteria: Coefficient of model determination, Akaike information criterion, sum of squares of residuals and Willmott index. The power model gave the best performance, with explanatory power higher than 99.5%, while the Willmott index exceeded 0.99. Sum of squares of residuals and Akaike information criterion had lower values. The digital cladode area of N. cochenillifera can be explained by the linear dimensions of cladodes in, and independent of, branching order. The digital cladode area (DCA) of N. cochenillifera can be explained as a function of the power model -DCA = LW0.98Sconsidering the product of length by width (LW) with explanatory variable, and by D-CA = RCA1.002considering real cladode area (RCA) with explanatory variable.
确定植物、叶片或枝状茎的光合面积是研究蒸腾强度、比叶面积和叶面积指数的基本工具。本研究的目的是评估胭脂树（Nopalea cochenillifera（L.）Salm Dyck）。以非破坏性的方式，使用数字图像，并通过回归模型测试其与变量的关系：长度和最大宽度的乘积和真实的枝节面积。该设计使用了三个重复的随机区块，并使用了胭脂虫饲料仙人掌克隆Giant Sweet。为了确定仙人掌饲料的真实分支区域，随机收集了432个不同生长阶段的分支（162个初级分支、127个次级分支和143个三级分支），所有分支都没有受到损伤、疾病或害虫的攻击。用数码相机（Sony Mark，型号DSC-P72）拍摄所有分支，生成432个1200 x 2500像素的胭脂虫分支数字图像样本。对线性、伽玛和幂回归模型进行了调整，以测试数字分支节面积与解释变量真实分支节面积和长度与宽度乘积之间的关系。模型评估采用以下标准：模型确定系数、Akaike信息标准、残差平方和和Willmott指数。幂模型给出了最好的性能，解释力高于99.5%，而Willmott指数超过0.99。残差平方和和Akaike信息准则具有较低的值。胭脂虫的数字分支节面积可以用分支节的线性维度来解释，并且与分支节无关。胭脂虫的数字分支节面积（DCA）可以解释为功率模型的函数——DCA=LW0.98考虑长度与宽度（LW）的乘积和解释变量，并通过D-CA=RCA1.002考虑实际分支节面积和解释变量。
{"title":"Estimation of cladode area of Nopalea cochenillifera using digital images","authors":"Leandro Ricardo Rodrigues de Lucena, Mauricio Luiz De Mello Vieira Leite, Claúdio Balbino Da Cruz Junior, Juliane Dias Carvalho, Eliane Rodrigues dos Santos, Antônio Dennys Melo de Oliveira","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v21i.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v21i.4","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of photosynthetic area of a plant, leaf or cladode is a fundamental tool in study of transpiration intensity, specific leaf area and leaf area index. The objective of this study was to evaluate Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck). cladode area, in a non- destructive way, using digital images and test its relation with the variables: product of length and maximum width and real cladode area through regression models. The design used randomized blocks with three replicates and using the N. cochenillifera forage cactus clone, Giant Sweet. To determine the real cladode area of cactus forage, 432 cladodes in different stages of growth were randomly collected (162 primary cladodes, 127 secondary and 143 tertiary cladodes), all free from damage, disease or pest attacks. All cladodes were photographed with a digital camera (Sony Mark, model DSC-P72) generating a sample of 432 1200 x 2500 pixel digital images of N. cochenillifera cladodes. Linear, gamma and power regression models were adjusted to test the relation between the digital cladode area and the explanatory variables real cladode area and product of length by width. Models were evaluated with the following criteria: Coefficient of model determination, Akaike information criterion, sum of squares of residuals and Willmott index. The power model gave the best performance, with explanatory power higher than 99.5%, while the Willmott index exceeded 0.99. Sum of squares of residuals and Akaike information criterion had lower values. The digital cladode area of N. cochenillifera can be explained by the linear dimensions of cladodes in, and independent of, branching order. The digital cladode area (DCA) of N. cochenillifera can be explained as a function of the power model -DCA = LW0.98Sconsidering the product of length by width (LW) with explanatory variable, and by D-CA = RCA1.002considering real cladode area (RCA) with explanatory variable.","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49108986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmine cochineal, Dactylopius coccus Costa, was introduced to northern Ethiopia to addconsiderable value to existing cactus pear vegetation that in places like the southern Tigraywas becoming an invasive plant. It became an investment opportunity where Foodsafe, aChilean company was involved. Company was granted 300 ha at the cactus pear infestedplains of southern Tigray. Foodsafe was also expected to expand cochineal productionthrough an outgrower scheme. It created employment opportunity for the locals and startedexporting dried cochineal to Mexico and Germany bringing in foreign currency. As cactuspear grows in communal lands, conflict of interest arose and it polarised the community. Thecompany was forcibly closed and it was a tragedy that a one time commercial insect becamea full-fledged invasive insect pest. Attempts to contain the insect with mechanical andchemical control were not successful. So far more than 16,000 ha of cactus pear land wasinfested with carmine cochineal. 13,000 ton of dried cochineal could have been harvested ina single year, generated USD $52 million, and part of that money could have been used forits management.
{"title":"Carmine cochineal: fortune wasted in northern Ethiopia Tesfay Belay","authors":"T. Belay","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v17i.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v17i.62","url":null,"abstract":"Carmine cochineal, Dactylopius coccus Costa, was introduced to northern Ethiopia to addconsiderable value to existing cactus pear vegetation that in places like the southern Tigraywas becoming an invasive plant. It became an investment opportunity where Foodsafe, aChilean company was involved. Company was granted 300 ha at the cactus pear infestedplains of southern Tigray. Foodsafe was also expected to expand cochineal productionthrough an outgrower scheme. It created employment opportunity for the locals and startedexporting dried cochineal to Mexico and Germany bringing in foreign currency. As cactuspear grows in communal lands, conflict of interest arose and it polarised the community. Thecompany was forcibly closed and it was a tragedy that a one time commercial insect becamea full-fledged invasive insect pest. Attempts to contain the insect with mechanical andchemical control were not successful. So far more than 16,000 ha of cactus pear land wasinfested with carmine cochineal. 13,000 ton of dried cochineal could have been harvested ina single year, generated USD $52 million, and part of that money could have been used forits management.","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44388011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Felker, R. Bunch, G. Russo, K. E. Preston, J. Tine, B. Suter, Mo Xiao-han, J. Cushman, Won Yim
Perhaps the most economically important disease of Opuntia ficus indica fruit cacti in Mexicois the “engrosamiento de cladodios” or macho disease. The symptoms of this disease, whichhas been suggested to be caused by a phytoplasma, are severe stunting of cladodes, flowersand fruits. In the mid-1980s this disease appeared in commercial cactus fruit orchards ofD’Arrigo Bros near Gonzalez, California. It was performed more than 30 PCR-based tests forviruses as well as various extraction methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests forphytoplasmas but were unable to find any of the known viruses or mycoplasmas in thestrongly symptomatic cactus with this disease. As almost all plant viruses go through areplication phase involving double stranded RNA (dsRNA), a dsRNA extraction wasperformed and a dsRNA species of about 600 bp identified. Then, reverse-transcribed thedsRNA, amplified the resultant cDNA by PCR, and cloned and sequenced the 600 bpfragment that were identified in symptomatic tissue. When this sequence was compared totranslated DNA in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide database (BLAST analysis) it was most similar to the Tobacco bushy top virus (E score of 2e-39),which is a single stranded RNA virus with no DNA intermediate. Primers made from this 630bp fragment were used to extend this sequence to 2989 sequence. This sequence appears tobe a full-length sequence with three open reading frames (ORF) and is shorter than theclosest class of viruses, the Umbraviruses that can be spread by mechanical transmissionand by aphids. It was not possible to transmit the virus or symptoms mechanically. Over asix-year period using traditional PCR, this virus was found in hundreds of symptomatic cactibut not in non-symptomatic pads. RT-PCR has found low levels of this virus on nonsymptomaticcladodes (3.7 fg) on a symptomatic plant and much higher concentrations(1x102 to 1x105 fg) on symptomatic cladodes from the same plant. Black bean aphids (Aphis fabae), that are the vector for a closely related Umbravirus known as groundnut rosetta virus,have been routinely found on the unopened flowers of cactus. This Umbravirus was found inaphids feeding on symptomatic cladodes. As Umbraviruses cannot infect plants without acompanion Luteovirus, that provides the protein coat for the Umbravirus, degenerateLuteovirus primers were used and a probable incomplete Luteovirus-like 4797 bp sequencewas found on aphids feeding on symptomatic cactus. This Luteovirus was not found inOpuntia cladodes using PCR. A micro RNA assembly of six pooled symptomatic Opuntiasdid not find a contig that spanned the 4797 putative Luteovirus sequence, but somefragments as large as 44 bp were exact matches to the Luteovirus. As Umbraviruses occurthroughout the plant but Luteoviruses only occur in the phloem, lower Luteovirusconcentrations would be expected. Two successive one hour 60°C heat treatmentseliminated these symptoms on new growth that was also PCR
也许墨西哥仙人掌最具经济意义的疾病是“engrosamiento de cladodios”或macho病。这种疾病的症状被认为是由植原体引起的，表现为枝条、花朵和果实的严重发育迟缓。20世纪80年代中期，这种疾病出现在加利福尼亚州冈萨雷斯附近的卡里戈兄弟商业仙人掌果园。它对病毒进行了30多次基于聚合酶链式反应的检测，并对植原体进行了各种提取方法和聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测，但在症状严重的仙人掌中找不到任何已知的病毒或支原体。由于几乎所有的植物病毒都经历了涉及双链RNA（dsRNA）的复制阶段，因此进行了dsRNA提取，并鉴定出约600bp的dsRNA物种。然后，逆转录dsRNA，通过PCR扩增得到的cDNA，并克隆和测序在症状组织中鉴定的600bp片段。当将该序列与国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）核苷酸数据库（BLAST分析）中的翻译DNA进行比较时，它与烟草浓密顶端病毒（E分为2e-39）最相似，烟草浓密顶端是一种没有DNA中间体的单链RNA病毒。使用由该630bp片段制成的引物将该序列扩展到2989序列。该序列似乎是一个具有三个开放阅读框（ORF）的全长序列，比最封闭的一类病毒，即可以通过机械传播和蚜虫传播的伞形病毒更短。不可能通过机械方式传播病毒或症状。在使用传统PCR的一年多时间里，这种病毒是在数百个有症状的仙人掌中发现的，而不是在无症状的仙人掌垫中。RT-PCR在有症状的植物的非症状分支上发现了低水平的这种病毒（3.7 fg），而在同一植物的有症状分支上则发现了更高的浓度（1x102至1x105 fg）。黑豆蚜（Aphis fabae）是一种密切相关的伞形病毒花生玫瑰塔病毒的载体，经常在仙人掌未开放的花朵上发现。这种伞状病毒是在以有症状的分支为食的成虫中发现的。由于伞状病毒不能在没有为伞状病毒提供蛋白质外壳的Luteovirus的情况下感染植物，因此使用了退化的Luteevirus引物，在以有症状的仙人掌为食的蚜虫身上发现了一个可能不完整的Luteavirus样4797bp序列。用聚合酶链式反应在仙人掌分支中未发现这种Luteovirus。六个合并症状仙人掌的微小RNA组装没有发现跨越4797个假定的Luteovirus序列的重叠群，但一些大至44bp的片段与Luteovius完全匹配。由于伞状病毒在整个植物中都有，但黄病毒只在韧皮部中出现，因此预计黄病毒的浓度会较低。连续两次1小时的60°C热处理消除了同样为PCR阴性的新生长物的这些症状。在其中一些分支中发现了5839 bpPotexvirus，但其存在与任何症状无关。意大利、南非和墨西哥的类似症状仙人掌应该用这些引物和dsRNA进行检测，看看是否可以获得该片段的存在/不存在与症状植物之间的相似相关性。建议将这种疾病称为OSD（仙人掌矮化病）。
{"title":"Biology and chemistry of an Umbravirus like 2989 bp single stranded RNA as a possible causal agent for Opuntia stunting disease (engrosamiento de cladodios) - A Review","authors":"P. Felker, R. Bunch, G. Russo, K. E. Preston, J. Tine, B. Suter, Mo Xiao-han, J. Cushman, Won Yim","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v21i.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v21i.3","url":null,"abstract":"Perhaps the most economically important disease of Opuntia ficus indica fruit cacti in Mexicois the “engrosamiento de cladodios” or macho disease. The symptoms of this disease, whichhas been suggested to be caused by a phytoplasma, are severe stunting of cladodes, flowersand fruits. In the mid-1980s this disease appeared in commercial cactus fruit orchards ofD’Arrigo Bros near Gonzalez, California. It was performed more than 30 PCR-based tests forviruses as well as various extraction methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests forphytoplasmas but were unable to find any of the known viruses or mycoplasmas in thestrongly symptomatic cactus with this disease. As almost all plant viruses go through areplication phase involving double stranded RNA (dsRNA), a dsRNA extraction wasperformed and a dsRNA species of about 600 bp identified. Then, reverse-transcribed thedsRNA, amplified the resultant cDNA by PCR, and cloned and sequenced the 600 bpfragment that were identified in symptomatic tissue. When this sequence was compared totranslated DNA in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide database (BLAST analysis) it was most similar to the Tobacco bushy top virus (E score of 2e-39),which is a single stranded RNA virus with no DNA intermediate. Primers made from this 630bp fragment were used to extend this sequence to 2989 sequence. This sequence appears tobe a full-length sequence with three open reading frames (ORF) and is shorter than theclosest class of viruses, the Umbraviruses that can be spread by mechanical transmissionand by aphids. It was not possible to transmit the virus or symptoms mechanically. Over asix-year period using traditional PCR, this virus was found in hundreds of symptomatic cactibut not in non-symptomatic pads. RT-PCR has found low levels of this virus on nonsymptomaticcladodes (3.7 fg) on a symptomatic plant and much higher concentrations(1x102 to 1x105 fg) on symptomatic cladodes from the same plant. Black bean aphids (Aphis fabae), that are the vector for a closely related Umbravirus known as groundnut rosetta virus,have been routinely found on the unopened flowers of cactus. This Umbravirus was found inaphids feeding on symptomatic cladodes. As Umbraviruses cannot infect plants without acompanion Luteovirus, that provides the protein coat for the Umbravirus, degenerateLuteovirus primers were used and a probable incomplete Luteovirus-like 4797 bp sequencewas found on aphids feeding on symptomatic cactus. This Luteovirus was not found inOpuntia cladodes using PCR. A micro RNA assembly of six pooled symptomatic Opuntiasdid not find a contig that spanned the 4797 putative Luteovirus sequence, but somefragments as large as 44 bp were exact matches to the Luteovirus. As Umbraviruses occurthroughout the plant but Luteoviruses only occur in the phloem, lower Luteovirusconcentrations would be expected. Two successive one hour 60°C heat treatmentseliminated these symptoms on new growth that was also PCR","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44568172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Gaballah, H. Embaby, Yahya S. Hame, Salah K. El - Samahy
This study was conducted to enlarge the knowledge about the changes in physical andchemical properties of Opuntia dillenii fruits during the growing stages. Significant increaseswere observed in weight of ten fruits, ratio of pulp/peel, seeds percentage, firmness, widthand length. In addition, the levels of total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars,ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity significantly increased, butthe pH decreased. In addition, the maximum values of the properties were observed at 210DAFB (Days After Full Bloom). The content of betalains significantly increased and themaximum value was 100.47 mg /100 g at 210 DAFB. However, the content of totalchlorophylls significantly decreased and the lowest level was 1.65 mg / L at 210 DAFB. Also,the highest level of (a*) and the lowest level of (b*) were recorded at 210 DAFB. Therefore,the Opuntia dillenii fruits should be harvested at 210 DAFB under the Egyptian conditions.
{"title":"Changes in physical and chemical properties of Opuntia dillenii fruits during the growing stages","authors":"A. Gaballah, H. Embaby, Yahya S. Hame, Salah K. El - Samahy","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v18i.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v18i.47","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to enlarge the knowledge about the changes in physical andchemical properties of Opuntia dillenii fruits during the growing stages. Significant increaseswere observed in weight of ten fruits, ratio of pulp/peel, seeds percentage, firmness, widthand length. In addition, the levels of total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars,ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity significantly increased, butthe pH decreased. In addition, the maximum values of the properties were observed at 210DAFB (Days After Full Bloom). The content of betalains significantly increased and themaximum value was 100.47 mg /100 g at 210 DAFB. However, the content of totalchlorophylls significantly decreased and the lowest level was 1.65 mg / L at 210 DAFB. Also,the highest level of (a*) and the lowest level of (b*) were recorded at 210 DAFB. Therefore,the Opuntia dillenii fruits should be harvested at 210 DAFB under the Egyptian conditions.","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42729610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Flores-Hernández, Francisco Javier Macías-Rodríguez, Gabriel García Herrera, J. L. Ortega-Sánchez, C. Meza-Herrera, B. Murillo-Amador
The high-water (85%) and low protein (5%) content of cactus cladodes (Opuntia spp.) reduce the amount of dry-matter consumed by ruminants. The objective of this study was to use protein enrichment technology to increase Opuntia protein content and to feed Dorper lambs, comparing the Opuntia protein enrichment and the basal diet in the liveweight gain. The experiment was carried out for 60 days, using a biodigester (100 kg of cactus) -Title No. 2641- IMPI. The process was based on the daily aerobic semisolid fermentation of Opuntia by applying yeast of the Sacharomyces cereviceae (1%) type, urea (1%) and ammonium sulfate (0.1%) during 20 h (1 h of movement and 1.5 h of rest) recycling the yeast for a week. Unfermented Opuntia cladodes were used as the control. The enriched Opuntia was provided in the final stage in two treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications: 1) Basal diet (control), and 2) Basal diet + fermented fresh Opuntia. The liveweight of each animal was recorded weekly. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were performed (Tukey HSD p=0.05 and orthogonal contrasts p?0.05). The results of the fermentation showed that fermented Opuntia significantly (p?0.01) decrease carbohydrates content (48.9 to 26.4%); increased crude protein content (5.64 to 33.17%) and energy (2.26 to 2.67 Mcal kg-1) compared with unfermented Opuntia. However, on the seventh day of fermentation, these values decreased significantly, because of the temperature decrease. At the end of the experiment, the live-weight increased significantly 11.62 ± 0.99 kg animal-1 month-1 in groups of four lambs fed with enriched Opuntia, while the liveweight of animals fed with the basal diet only increased 8.42 ± 1.69 kg animal-1 month-1, showing a difference in the liveweight gain of 800 g lamb-1 week-1 fed with fermented Opuntia cladodes.
{"title":"Quality of fermented cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) and its effect on liveweight gain of Dorper lambs","authors":"A. Flores-Hernández, Francisco Javier Macías-Rodríguez, Gabriel García Herrera, J. L. Ortega-Sánchez, C. Meza-Herrera, B. Murillo-Amador","doi":"10.56890/jpacd.v21i.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v21i.7","url":null,"abstract":"The high-water (85%) and low protein (5%) content of cactus cladodes (Opuntia spp.) reduce the amount of dry-matter consumed by ruminants. The objective of this study was to use protein enrichment technology to increase Opuntia protein content and to feed Dorper lambs, comparing the Opuntia protein enrichment and the basal diet in the liveweight gain. The experiment was carried out for 60 days, using a biodigester (100 kg of cactus) -Title No. 2641- IMPI. The process was based on the daily aerobic semisolid fermentation of Opuntia by applying yeast of the Sacharomyces cereviceae (1%) type, urea (1%) and ammonium sulfate (0.1%) during 20 h (1 h of movement and 1.5 h of rest) recycling the yeast for a week. Unfermented Opuntia cladodes were used as the control. The enriched Opuntia was provided in the final stage in two treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications: 1) Basal diet (control), and 2) Basal diet + fermented fresh Opuntia. The liveweight of each animal was recorded weekly. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were performed (Tukey HSD p=0.05 and orthogonal contrasts p?0.05). The results of the fermentation showed that fermented Opuntia significantly (p?0.01) decrease carbohydrates content (48.9 to 26.4%); increased crude protein content (5.64 to 33.17%) and energy (2.26 to 2.67 Mcal kg-1) compared with unfermented Opuntia. However, on the seventh day of fermentation, these values decreased significantly, because of the temperature decrease. At the end of the experiment, the live-weight increased significantly 11.62 ± 0.99 kg animal-1 month-1 in groups of four lambs fed with enriched Opuntia, while the liveweight of animals fed with the basal diet only increased 8.42 ± 1.69 kg animal-1 month-1, showing a difference in the liveweight gain of 800 g lamb-1 week-1 fed with fermented Opuntia cladodes.","PeriodicalId":54361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44219169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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