Background: Stelis subgen. Physosiphon is basically a Meso-American group, and its best-known species is Stelis emarginata, characterized by its reddish orange flowers and distribution along the Gulf of Mexico slope in Mexico and Guatemala. Morphologically similar specimens from the Sierra Madre del Sur, on the Pacific slope of Guerrero and Oaxaca could represent a different and undescribed taxon. Question: Are the Sierra Madre del Sur populations similar to Stelis emarginata a different species? Study site: Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. Methods: The description of the new species was based on live and pressed specimens; a line drawing and photographs were made from fresh material; its known localities were georeferenced and displayed on a map of Mexico. A morphological comparison of the new taxon with similar species was done based on specialized literature. Results: Stelis breviloba is described and illustrated as a new species from southern Guerrero and Oaxaca. It differs from S. emarginata by its shorter plants, less floriferous racemes, smaller flowers, oblong petals, and its allopatric distribution, restricted to the Pacific slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur. A key for the identification of the Mesoamerican species of Stelis subgen. Physosiphon is provided. Conclusion: Stelis breviloba is an endemic of the Sierra Madre del Sur and probable vicariant species of S. emarginata. Most species of Stelis subgen. Physosiphon (six out of eight) are present in the Mexican flora.
{"title":"Stelis breviloba (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae), a new species from Mexico","authors":"R. Solano, G. Salazar","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3307","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Stelis subgen. Physosiphon is basically a Meso-American group, and its best-known species is Stelis emarginata, characterized by its reddish orange flowers and distribution along the Gulf of Mexico slope in Mexico and Guatemala. Morphologically similar specimens from the Sierra Madre del Sur, on the Pacific slope of Guerrero and Oaxaca could represent a different and undescribed taxon. \u0000Question: Are the Sierra Madre del Sur populations similar to Stelis emarginata a different species? \u0000Study site: Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. \u0000Methods: The description of the new species was based on live and pressed specimens; a line drawing and photographs were made from fresh material; its known localities were georeferenced and displayed on a map of Mexico. A morphological comparison of the new taxon with similar species was done based on specialized literature. \u0000Results: Stelis breviloba is described and illustrated as a new species from southern Guerrero and Oaxaca. It differs from S. emarginata by its shorter plants, less floriferous racemes, smaller flowers, oblong petals, and its allopatric distribution, restricted to the Pacific slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur. A key for the identification of the Mesoamerican species of Stelis subgen. Physosiphon is provided. \u0000Conclusion: Stelis breviloba is an endemic of the Sierra Madre del Sur and probable vicariant species of S. emarginata. Most species of Stelis subgen. Physosiphon (six out of eight) are present in the Mexican flora.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45124424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolyn Brinckwirth, C. Klimas, Camila Cortez, Janet Nuῆez, Daniel W. Pérez-Morales, A. Breceda, A. González‐Rodríguez, S. Álvarez-Clare
Background and study species: The endangered oak Quercus brandegeei Goldman, endemic to Baja California Sur, Mexico, is threatened because of its relictual distribution restricted to ephemeral riverbeds, declining populations, and a lack of seedling regeneration. Although there is evidence of viable acorn production, no seedlings or saplings have been found across the range of occurrence for this species. Hypothesis: We tested for spatial aggregation and factors determining acorn production, hypothesizing that Q. brandegeei trees would be less distant from one another in regions with higher precipitation and that tree attributes and climatic variables would co-determine acorn presence. Study site and dates: Baja California Sur, Mexico, 2016-2017 Methods: We conducted a Ripley’s K analysis to determine each population’s spatial pattern (random, uniform, clumped) across 12 populations and a total of 194 individuals. To find the impact of environmental factors on acorn production we conducted a series of generalized linear models on eight climatic variables. Results: Ripley’s K analysis revealed that Q. brandegeei is a highly clumped species, with the highest rate of aggregation occurring within 0-25 meters. Region but not climatic cues were found to be important determinants of presence of acorns. Conclusions: High aggregation in clumps and low evidence of acorn production in some populations suggests that there is a niche attrition for this species, which is confined to very specific microsites along ephemeral riverbeds. Suitable recruitment areas could be reduced even further under the hotter and drier climate predicted for the region.
{"title":"Environmental factors can influence spatial aggregation and acorn production in the endemic and endangered oak Quercus brandegeei in Mexico","authors":"Carolyn Brinckwirth, C. Klimas, Camila Cortez, Janet Nuῆez, Daniel W. Pérez-Morales, A. Breceda, A. González‐Rodríguez, S. Álvarez-Clare","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3309","url":null,"abstract":"Background and study species: The endangered oak Quercus brandegeei Goldman, endemic to Baja California Sur, Mexico, is threatened because of its relictual distribution restricted to ephemeral riverbeds, declining populations, and a lack of seedling regeneration. Although there is evidence of viable acorn production, no seedlings or saplings have been found across the range of occurrence for this species. \u0000Hypothesis: We tested for spatial aggregation and factors determining acorn production, hypothesizing that Q. brandegeei trees would be less distant from one another in regions with higher precipitation and that tree attributes and climatic variables would co-determine acorn presence. \u0000Study site and dates: Baja California Sur, Mexico, 2016-2017 \u0000Methods: We conducted a Ripley’s K analysis to determine each population’s spatial pattern (random, uniform, clumped) across 12 populations and a total of 194 individuals. To find the impact of environmental factors on acorn production we conducted a series of generalized linear models on eight climatic variables. \u0000Results: Ripley’s K analysis revealed that Q. brandegeei is a highly clumped species, with the highest rate of aggregation occurring within 0-25 meters. Region but not climatic cues were found to be important determinants of presence of acorns. \u0000Conclusions: High aggregation in clumps and low evidence of acorn production in some populations suggests that there is a niche attrition for this species, which is confined to very specific microsites along ephemeral riverbeds. Suitable recruitment areas could be reduced even further under the hotter and drier climate predicted for the region.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43194235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Gabriela Téllez Torres, José Ángel Jiménez Rodríguez, Octavio González Caballero, Wendy Rocio Juárez Pérez, Samuel Martínez Martínez, Víctor Manuel Chávez Ávila
Antecedentes: Agave potatorum es una especie endémica importante ecológica, cultural y económicamente. Poco se cultiva y sus poblaciones naturales están desapareciendo, por lo que una alternativa es la propagación por cultivo de tejidos vegetales. Preguntas: ¿Es posible regenerar nuevos individuos partiendo de estructuras somáticas? ¿Qué explante regenera más plántulas? ¿Qué combinación de reguladores del crecimiento vegetal estimula una mayor formación de brotes? Especie estudiada: Agave potatorum, semillas de Oaxaca, México. Lugar de estudio y fechas: Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México. Desde 2020. Métodos: Semillas se desinfectaron y germinaron in vitro y ex vitro. Se cultivaron in vitro explantes de cotiledones, tallos y hojas en medio MS modificado, un mes con BAP (0-2 mg/L) combinado con 2,4-D (0-0.5 mg/L), posteriormente en MS sin reguladores del crecimiento vegetal. Las plantas obtenidas con tres o más raíces se sometieron a un proceso de aclimatización. Resultados: A dos meses de iniciados los cultivos las semillas germinaron in vitro (56.04 %) y ex vitro (31.87 %). Después de 10 meses del período de inducción, se obtuvieron 228 brotes y plántulas, 206 procedían de los tratamientos BAP 1.5-2 mg/L con 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L, con 8.1-12.5 brotes/explante de tallo y hoja. Más del 70 % de las plantas sobrevivieron en invernadero luego de dos meses. Conclusiones: Esta investigación puede contribuir a la conservación de la especie, enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático, la conservación de servicios ecosistémicos y potenciar la economía mediante un aprovechamiento sustentable de ésta y otras especies amenazadas.
{"title":"Cultivo in vitro de Agave potatorum, especie amenazada endémica de México","authors":"Ana Gabriela Téllez Torres, José Ángel Jiménez Rodríguez, Octavio González Caballero, Wendy Rocio Juárez Pérez, Samuel Martínez Martínez, Víctor Manuel Chávez Ávila","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3279","url":null,"abstract":"Antecedentes: Agave potatorum es una especie endémica importante ecológica, cultural y económicamente. Poco se cultiva y sus poblaciones naturales están desapareciendo, por lo que una alternativa es la propagación por cultivo de tejidos vegetales. \u0000Preguntas: ¿Es posible regenerar nuevos individuos partiendo de estructuras somáticas? ¿Qué explante regenera más plántulas? ¿Qué combinación de reguladores del crecimiento vegetal estimula una mayor formación de brotes? \u0000Especie estudiada: Agave potatorum, semillas de Oaxaca, México. \u0000Lugar de estudio y fechas: Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México. Desde 2020. \u0000Métodos: Semillas se desinfectaron y germinaron in vitro y ex vitro. Se cultivaron in vitro explantes de cotiledones, tallos y hojas en medio MS modificado, un mes con BAP (0-2 mg/L) combinado con 2,4-D (0-0.5 mg/L), posteriormente en MS sin reguladores del crecimiento vegetal. Las plantas obtenidas con tres o más raíces se sometieron a un proceso de aclimatización. \u0000Resultados: A dos meses de iniciados los cultivos las semillas germinaron in vitro (56.04 %) y ex vitro (31.87 %). Después de 10 meses del período de inducción, se obtuvieron 228 brotes y plántulas, 206 procedían de los tratamientos BAP 1.5-2 mg/L con 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L, con 8.1-12.5 brotes/explante de tallo y hoja. Más del 70 % de las plantas sobrevivieron en invernadero luego de dos meses. \u0000Conclusiones: Esta investigación puede contribuir a la conservación de la especie, enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático, la conservación de servicios ecosistémicos y potenciar la economía mediante un aprovechamiento sustentable de ésta y otras especies amenazadas.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67443324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katia V. Miranda-Gallegos, Armando Navarrete-Segueda, Jorge Cortés‐Flores, M. L. González-Arqueros, Estefanía E. Acosta-Pérez, G. Ibarra‐Manríquez
Background: Our study presents the first assessment of the relationships between environmental heterogeneity and the palm community at the landscape scale at the northern boundary of tropical rainforest distribution in America. Question: How does landscape-level heterogeneity (edaphic, topographic as well as the density, diversity, and tree biomass) shapes the palm community in a protected reserve affected by defaunation? Study site and date: The study was carried out in Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station, Veracruz, Mexico (2020). Methods: We delineated landscape units (LUs) based on soil and geomorphology to characterize the biophysical mosaic. We built rank-abundance curves to compare the palm richness and their abundance among LUs. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were applied to detect shifts in the palm community across LUs. Results: Integrating abiotic and biotic components by delimiting LUs allowed us to evaluate the multifactorial effect of environmental heterogeneity on the palm community. The density and composition of the palms changed significantly among the LUs, influenced by soil coarse fragments, elevation, slope inclination, and annual precipitation. Tree richness and density had a significant effect on the palm community only when analyzed in combination with the soil-topography variables. Conclusions: The results reveal that there is high edaphic and topographic heterogeneity that influences palm species distribution at the landscape scale. The environmental heterogeneity approach allows capturing novel abiotic variation to explain the distribution patterns of palm species and their coexistence in highly diverse tropical communities.
背景:本研究首次在景观尺度上评价了美国热带雨林北界分布的环境异质性与棕榈群落之间的关系。问题:景观层面的异质性(地形、地形、密度、多样性和树木生物量)如何塑造受退化影响的保护区内的棕榈群落?研究地点和日期:该研究于2020年在墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯的Los Tuxtlas热带生物学站进行。方法:以土壤和地貌为基础，对景观单元进行划分，刻画生物物理马赛克。我们建立了等级-丰度曲线来比较棕榈丰富度及其在LUs中的丰度。采用置换多元方差分析(Permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)和非度量多维尺度(nonmetric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)来检测不同LUs棕榈群落的变化。结果:通过划分LUs，整合非生物和生物成分，使我们能够评估环境异质性对棕榈群落的多因素影响。受土壤粗粒破碎块、高程、坡度和年降水量的影响，各样地棕榈树的密度和组成变化显著。树木丰富度和密度对棕榈群落有显著影响，只有在与土壤地形变量结合分析时才有显著影响。结论:在景观尺度上，具有高度的土壤和地形异质性，影响着棕榈物种的分布。环境异质性方法允许捕获新的非生物变异来解释棕榈物种的分布模式及其在高度多样化的热带群落中的共存。
{"title":"Landscape heterogeneity drives spatial distribution of palm community in a Neotropical rainforest reserve affected by defaunation","authors":"Katia V. Miranda-Gallegos, Armando Navarrete-Segueda, Jorge Cortés‐Flores, M. L. González-Arqueros, Estefanía E. Acosta-Pérez, G. Ibarra‐Manríquez","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3204","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Our study presents the first assessment of the relationships between environmental heterogeneity and the palm community at the landscape scale at the northern boundary of tropical rainforest distribution in America. \u0000Question: How does landscape-level heterogeneity (edaphic, topographic as well as the density, diversity, and tree biomass) shapes the palm community in a protected reserve affected by defaunation? \u0000Study site and date: The study was carried out in Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station, Veracruz, Mexico (2020). \u0000Methods: We delineated landscape units (LUs) based on soil and geomorphology to characterize the biophysical mosaic. We built rank-abundance curves to compare the palm richness and their abundance among LUs. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were applied to detect shifts in the palm community across LUs. \u0000Results: Integrating abiotic and biotic components by delimiting LUs allowed us to evaluate the multifactorial effect of environmental heterogeneity on the palm community. The density and composition of the palms changed significantly among the LUs, influenced by soil coarse fragments, elevation, slope inclination, and annual precipitation. Tree richness and density had a significant effect on the palm community only when analyzed in combination with the soil-topography variables. \u0000Conclusions: The results reveal that there is high edaphic and topographic heterogeneity that influences palm species distribution at the landscape scale. The environmental heterogeneity approach allows capturing novel abiotic variation to explain the distribution patterns of palm species and their coexistence in highly diverse tropical communities.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44452337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ara Miguel-Peñaloza, J. Pérez-Alquicira, Yessica Rico
Background: Selective logging is a frequent practice in the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest which can impact forest regeneration and the genetic makeup of successive generations of trees. The spatial clustering of genetically related individuals, fine-scale genetic structure (FSGS), can develop from the reduction of gene dispersal and the decrease in the number of reproductive individuals at the local scale due to selective logging. Questions: In regeneration sites with a history of selective logging, does FSGS differ from a site without such a history? Is FSGS stronger in seedlings and saplings relative to juveniles and adults? Is genetic diversity similar among life stages and sites? Studied species: Magnolia iltisiana an endemic tree. Study site and dates: Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. 2020. Methods: We evaluated genetic diversity, genetic structure, and FSGS across four life stages (seedlings, saplings, juveniles, and adults) by genotyping 211 individuals with seven nuclear microsatellite loci in two regeneration and one conserved site. Results: We found statistically significant FSGS in the two regeneration sites only for seedlings and saplings, while no evidence of FSGS was detected in the conserved site. No differences in genetic diversity estimates and structure were found among life stages. Conclusions: Our study does not suggest an effect of selective logging on genetic diversity on the contrasted conditions and an FSGS pattern only in the earlier stages of the regeneration sites in M. iltisiana.
背景:选择性采伐是热带山地云雾林中常见的采伐行为，它会影响森林的更新和树木后代的遗传组成。遗传相关个体的空间聚类，即精细尺度遗传结构(fine-scale genetic structure, FSGS)，是由于选择性采伐减少了局部尺度上的基因扩散和生殖个体数量而形成的。问题:在有选择性采伐历史的再生场地，FSGS与没有选择性采伐历史的场地有何不同?FSGS在幼苗和树苗中的作用是否比幼苗和成虫更强?基因多样性在不同的生命阶段和地点是否相似?研究树种:白玉兰，一种特有树种。研究地点和日期:墨西哥哈利斯科州Sierra de Manantlan生物圈保护区。2020。方法:通过对211个个体在两个再生点和一个保守点的7个核微卫星位点进行基因分型，评估了四个生命阶段(幼苗、树苗、幼树和成虫)的遗传多样性、遗传结构和FSGS。结果:我们发现在两个更新点只有幼苗和树苗有统计学意义的FSGS，而在保守点没有发现FSGS的证据。遗传多样性估计和结构在生命阶段之间没有差异。结论:我们的研究并没有表明选择性采伐在对照条件下对遗传多样性有影响，而FSGS模式只在M. iltisiana再生位点的早期阶段。
{"title":"Fine-scale genetic structure of Magnolia iltisiana in forest regeneration sites with a history of selective logging","authors":"Ara Miguel-Peñaloza, J. Pérez-Alquicira, Yessica Rico","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3254","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Selective logging is a frequent practice in the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest which can impact forest regeneration and the genetic makeup of successive generations of trees. The spatial clustering of genetically related individuals, fine-scale genetic structure (FSGS), can develop from the reduction of gene dispersal and the decrease in the number of reproductive individuals at the local scale due to selective logging. \u0000Questions: In regeneration sites with a history of selective logging, does FSGS differ from a site without such a history? Is FSGS stronger in seedlings and saplings relative to juveniles and adults? Is genetic diversity similar among life stages and sites? \u0000Studied species: Magnolia iltisiana an endemic tree. \u0000Study site and dates: Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. \u00002020. \u0000Methods: We evaluated genetic diversity, genetic structure, and FSGS across four life stages (seedlings, saplings, juveniles, and adults) by genotyping 211 individuals with seven nuclear microsatellite loci in two regeneration and one conserved site. \u0000Results: We found statistically significant FSGS in the two regeneration sites only for seedlings and saplings, while no evidence of FSGS was detected in the conserved site. No differences in genetic diversity estimates and structure were found among life stages. \u0000Conclusions: Our study does not suggest an effect of selective logging on genetic diversity on the contrasted conditions and an FSGS pattern only in the earlier stages of the regeneration sites in M. iltisiana.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45732685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia Solís-Montero, Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas, R. Bello-Bedoy
Background: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum is the ancestor of most of the economically important chiles in the world. It is widely distributed throughout Mexico, and currently all indigenous groups interact with this plant species. On the Yucatan Peninsula wild chile is known as maax ik by the Maya. Although this area has been recognized as a domestication and diversification center of chile, ethnobotanical research on this species is still limited. Questions: What ecological knowledge do local people have about maax ik? Where and how is maax ik gathered and managed? What uses does maax ik currently have? Studied species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum Study site and dates: San Bernardo, Yucatan. Summer-Autumn 2021. Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. The management practices were identified, and management intensity was estimated. Results: Informants knew that maax ik reproduces sexually and recognized the role of birds in its seed dispersal. Maax ikwas mainly gathered from homegardens where this species was tolerated and other non-selective incipient management practices such as protection and promotion were also carried out. Fruit was harvested without harming the plant and only a small portion of the available fruit was usually taken. The informants used maax ik essentially as food. The management intensity index was relatively high (5). Conclusions: Maax ik is a sustenance food resource that is sustainably used and non-selectively managed in homegardens by our informants in San Bernardo, Yucatan.
背景:年椒(Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum)是世界上大多数重要经济辣椒的祖先。它广泛分布在整个墨西哥，目前所有的土著群体都与这种植物相互作用。在尤卡坦半岛，野生辣椒被玛雅人称为maax ik。虽然该地区已被公认为智利的驯化和多样化中心，但对该物种的民族植物学研究仍然有限。问题:当地人对max ik有哪些生态知识?在哪里以及如何收集和管理max ik ?max ik目前有什么用途?研究地点和日期:圣贝纳多，尤卡坦。Summer-Autumn 2021。方法:深度半结构化访谈和参与式观察。确定了管理实践，并估计了管理强度。结果:被调查者知道大鲵有性繁殖，并认识到鸟类在其种子传播中的作用。Maax ikk主要采自可种植该物种的家庭花园，同时还进行了其他非选择性的早期管理措施，如保护和促进。果实在不伤害植物的情况下收获，通常只收获一小部分果实。告密者基本上把牛奶当作食物。管理强度指数较高(5)。结论:Maax ik是一种可持续利用和非选择性管理的营养性食物资源，在圣贝纳多，尤卡坦。
{"title":"Ecological knowledge, use and management of maax ik (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill) in a rural Mayan community","authors":"Virginia Solís-Montero, Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas, R. Bello-Bedoy","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3290","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum is the ancestor of most of the economically important chiles in the world. It is widely distributed throughout Mexico, and currently all indigenous groups interact with this plant species. On the Yucatan Peninsula wild chile is known as maax ik by the Maya. Although this area has been recognized as a domestication and diversification center of chile, ethnobotanical research on this species is still limited. \u0000Questions: What ecological knowledge do local people have about maax ik? Where and how is maax ik gathered and managed? What uses does maax ik currently have? \u0000Studied species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum \u0000Study site and dates: San Bernardo, Yucatan. Summer-Autumn 2021. \u0000Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. The management practices were identified, and management intensity was estimated. \u0000Results: Informants knew that maax ik reproduces sexually and recognized the role of birds in its seed dispersal. Maax ikwas mainly gathered from homegardens where this species was tolerated and other non-selective incipient management practices such as protection and promotion were also carried out. Fruit was harvested without harming the plant and only a small portion of the available fruit was usually taken. The informants used maax ik essentially as food. The management intensity index was relatively high (5). \u0000Conclusions: Maax ik is a sustenance food resource that is sustainably used and non-selectively managed in homegardens by our informants in San Bernardo, Yucatan.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44673030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. E. Romero-Higareda, S. Hernández-Verdugo, Antonio Pacheco-Olvera, J. E. Retes-Manjarrez, T. Osuna-Enciso, Á. Valdez-Ortiz
Background: Populations of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum are found in a wide portion of the Mexican territory, and it is ancestor of many cultivated forms relevant for the Mexican diet. Questions: What are the proportions of phenotypic and genetic variation distributed among its sampled regions, populations and within populations. How does the climate correlates to the population’s phenotypic variation. Species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum. Study sites and years: 24 populations form three regions were sampled: Northwest, states of Sonora and Sinaloa; South: Oaxaca and Southeast Tabasco and Yucatán, in Mexico. The experiment was performed between years 2016 to 2018. Methods: Fruits from single plants were collected in wild populations. Plants were grown in a greenhouse. Nested ANOVAS were performed to estimate phenotypic and genetic variance components for different spatial scales. Climate correlation was estimated through univariate and multivariate methods. Results: 49.8 % of phenotypic variation was detected within families, 11.1 % among families (within populations), 21.3 % among populations and 17.6 % among regions. The genetic basis of phenotypic variation was 50.1% on average, for this genetic variation 34.2 % was found among regions, 39.4% among populations and 26.3 % within populations. Climate factors generated different patterns of correlations for vegetative, foliar and reproductive traits. Conclusions: Northwest plants were shorth, with small leaves and large fruits, Southeast plants were tall, with large leaves and small fruits, South plants developed intermediate phenotypic traits. Climate explained a large proportion of phenotypic differentiation.
{"title":"Phenotype differentiation of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum of three regions in Mexico and its relation to climate","authors":"C. E. Romero-Higareda, S. Hernández-Verdugo, Antonio Pacheco-Olvera, J. E. Retes-Manjarrez, T. Osuna-Enciso, Á. Valdez-Ortiz","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3289","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Populations of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum are found in a wide portion of the Mexican territory, and it is ancestor of many cultivated forms relevant for the Mexican diet. \u0000Questions: What are the proportions of phenotypic and genetic variation distributed among its sampled regions, populations and within populations. How does the climate correlates to the population’s phenotypic variation. \u0000Species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum. \u0000Study sites and years: 24 populations form three regions were sampled: Northwest, states of Sonora and Sinaloa; South: Oaxaca and Southeast Tabasco and Yucatán, in Mexico. The experiment was performed between years 2016 to 2018. \u0000Methods: Fruits from single plants were collected in wild populations. Plants were grown in a greenhouse. Nested ANOVAS were performed to estimate phenotypic and genetic variance components for different spatial scales. Climate correlation was estimated through univariate and multivariate methods. \u0000Results: 49.8 % of phenotypic variation was detected within families, 11.1 % among families (within populations), 21.3 % among populations and 17.6 % among regions. The genetic basis of phenotypic variation was 50.1% on average, for this genetic variation 34.2 % was found among regions, 39.4% among populations and 26.3 % within populations. Climate factors generated different patterns of correlations for vegetative, foliar and reproductive traits. \u0000Conclusions: Northwest plants were shorth, with small leaves and large fruits, Southeast plants were tall, with large leaves and small fruits, South plants developed intermediate phenotypic traits. Climate explained a large proportion of phenotypic differentiation.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44772208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. A. Flores-Cano, S. M. Gelviz-Gelvez, David Douterlungne, E. Badano
Background: In Mexico, where 50 % of the original Tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) has been lost due to human activities, the restoration of these forests is essential. Questions and/or hypotheses: (1) L. styraciflua favors the survival and growth of Q. germana and M. schiedeana species (2) Are there competitive effects between nurses and beneficiary species? and (3) Is the magnitude of these positive/negative interspecific interactions affected by the canopy cover of nurses? Studied species: Liquidambar styraciflua L. (pioneer tree), Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl. (mid-successional tree) and Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham. (late-successional tree). Study site and dates: A fallow in Xilitla, state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, between 2016 and 2018. Methods: Seedling of mid- and late-successional species were transplanted 0.3 m and 2 m away from the stems of pioneer tree (protected and unprotected saplings, respectively). Performance of the species were compared after two years and the effects of canopy cover of pioneer trees. Results: Pioneer trees facilitated the establishment probabilities of the mid-and late-successional ones. Increasing canopy cover of pioneer trees enhanced the establishment probabilities of both beneficiary species. Conclusions: Joint transplanting of pioneer trees with mid- and late-successional tree seedlings in their close vicinity is a strategy to favor the recovery of the ecosystem.
{"title":"Are nurse plants useful for facilitating the reintroduction of mid- and late successional tree species in tropical montane cloud forests?","authors":"J. A. Flores-Cano, S. M. Gelviz-Gelvez, David Douterlungne, E. Badano","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3236","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Mexico, where 50 % of the original Tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) has been lost due to human activities, the restoration of these forests is essential. \u0000Questions and/or hypotheses: (1) L. styraciflua favors the survival and growth of Q. germana and M. schiedeana species (2) Are there competitive effects between nurses and beneficiary species? and (3) Is the magnitude of these positive/negative interspecific interactions affected by the canopy cover of nurses? \u0000Studied species: Liquidambar styraciflua L. (pioneer tree), Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl. (mid-successional tree) and Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham. (late-successional tree). \u0000Study site and dates: A fallow in Xilitla, state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, between 2016 and 2018. \u0000Methods: Seedling of mid- and late-successional species were transplanted 0.3 m and 2 m away from the stems of pioneer tree (protected and unprotected saplings, respectively). Performance of the species were compared after two years and the effects of canopy cover of pioneer trees. \u0000Results: Pioneer trees facilitated the establishment probabilities of the mid-and late-successional ones. Increasing canopy cover of pioneer trees enhanced the establishment probabilities of both beneficiary species. \u0000Conclusions: Joint transplanting of pioneer trees with mid- and late-successional tree seedlings in their close vicinity is a strategy to favor the recovery of the ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43964899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. A. Jiménez-López, J. A. Gallardo-Cruz, Mario Esteban Véliz, Rubén Martínez-Camilo, Claudio Méndez, J. Solórzano, Luis Velázquez-Méndez, J. Carabias, Gabriela García-Hidalgo, Candelario Peralta-Carreta, M. Sánchez-González, O. Castillo-Acosta, N. M. Luna-Kamyshev, J. Villaseñor, J. Meave
Background: Mesoamerica is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots on the planet. Despite significant efforts made over two centuries to contribute to the floristic knowledge of this region, our understanding of its flora is still scattered and uneven. Questions: What is the magnitude of the vascular plant species richness in the Usumacinta River Basin? Study site and dates: Usumacinta River Basin (Guatemala and Mexico), 1838-2018. Methods: We compiled the checklist by systematizing the floristic information acquired from various sources derived from numerous floristic and ecological studies. Results: We recorded 6,977 species, 1,892 genera and 274 families. The largest numbers of species (5,746) and records (58,859) correspond to the Mexican portion of the Usumacinta River Basin, compared to its Guatemalan counterpart (4,445 species and 19,952 records). The most species-rich families were Orchidaceae (598 species), Fabaceae (512), and Asteraceae (476). The prevalence of these and all other families with significant contributions to the flora varied among three elevation-defined sectors into which the Usumacinta River Basin was subdivided (lower, middle, and upper basin). Conclusions: The Usumacinta River Basin is a strategic region for plant biodiversity conservation as it hosts almost one third of all vascular plant species known for Mesoamerica and ca. 6 % of the entire flora in the Americas. Further botanical exploration should focus on those areas of the basin for which little or no information is available in order to gain a better appreciation of its flora.
{"title":"High vascular plant species richness in the Usumacinta River Basin: a comprehensive floristic checklist for a natural region in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot","authors":"D. A. Jiménez-López, J. A. Gallardo-Cruz, Mario Esteban Véliz, Rubén Martínez-Camilo, Claudio Méndez, J. Solórzano, Luis Velázquez-Méndez, J. Carabias, Gabriela García-Hidalgo, Candelario Peralta-Carreta, M. Sánchez-González, O. Castillo-Acosta, N. M. Luna-Kamyshev, J. Villaseñor, J. Meave","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3253","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mesoamerica is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots on the planet. Despite significant efforts made over two centuries to contribute to the floristic knowledge of this region, our understanding of its flora is still scattered and uneven. \u0000Questions: What is the magnitude of the vascular plant species richness in the Usumacinta River Basin? \u0000Study site and dates: Usumacinta River Basin (Guatemala and Mexico), 1838-2018. \u0000Methods: We compiled the checklist by systematizing the floristic information acquired from various sources derived from numerous floristic and ecological studies. \u0000Results: We recorded 6,977 species, 1,892 genera and 274 families. The largest numbers of species (5,746) and records (58,859) correspond to the Mexican portion of the Usumacinta River Basin, compared to its Guatemalan counterpart (4,445 species and 19,952 records). The most species-rich families were Orchidaceae (598 species), Fabaceae (512), and Asteraceae (476). The prevalence of these and all other families with significant contributions to the flora varied among three elevation-defined sectors into which the Usumacinta River Basin was subdivided (lower, middle, and upper basin). \u0000Conclusions: The Usumacinta River Basin is a strategic region for plant biodiversity conservation as it hosts almost one third of all vascular plant species known for Mesoamerica and ca. 6 % of the entire flora in the Americas. Further botanical exploration should focus on those areas of the basin for which little or no information is available in order to gain a better appreciation of its flora.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47570470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha, D. Angulo, J. T. Tapia Muñoz, Ivon M. Ramírez Morillo, Rodrigo Duno de Stefano
Background: Centrosema (Fabaceae) includes 35-44 species in the New World, 10 in Mexico, and 9 in the Yucatan Peninsula. Most species have trifoliolate leaves and bicolored flowers. Unifoliolate leaves are an infrequent character that is found in a few species, e.g., C. sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Brandegee, but monochromatic flowers, e.g, lacking nectar guides, is even a more unusual character state. Several populations of a Centrosema from the Yucatan Peninsula share both character states, a combination that sets them apart from other members of the genus. Question: Is the Centrosema with unifoliolate leaves, alate petioles, and monochromatic flowers of the Yucatan Peninsula, a species distinct from the phenetically similar C. sagittatum? Studies species: Centrosema (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae). Study site and dates: Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, 2021-2023. Methods: Botanical specimens were collected and determined taxonomically through the use of relevant literature, keys, and the consulting of botanical collections. The conservation status of the new species was assessed using the IUCN methodology. Results: The specimens collected do represent an undescribed species that differs from Centrosema sagittatum by its smaller, cream-yellow, monochromatic flowers. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN). Conclusions: A new species, Centrosema flavescens from the Yucatan Peninsula is proposed. Eleven species of Centrosema are now recognized in Mexico, nine in the Yucatan Peninsula. C. sagittatum does not occur in the Yucatan peninsula.
{"title":"Centrosema flavescens (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae), a new species from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico","authors":"Germán Carnevali Fernández-Concha, D. Angulo, J. T. Tapia Muñoz, Ivon M. Ramírez Morillo, Rodrigo Duno de Stefano","doi":"10.17129/botsci.3300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3300","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Centrosema (Fabaceae) includes 35-44 species in the New World, 10 in Mexico, and 9 in the Yucatan Peninsula. Most species have trifoliolate leaves and bicolored flowers. Unifoliolate leaves are an infrequent character that is found in a few species, e.g., C. sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Brandegee, but monochromatic flowers, e.g, lacking nectar guides, is even a more unusual character state. Several populations of a Centrosema from the Yucatan Peninsula share both character states, a combination that sets them apart from other members of the genus. \u0000Question: Is the Centrosema with unifoliolate leaves, alate petioles, and monochromatic flowers of the Yucatan Peninsula, a species distinct from the phenetically similar C. sagittatum? \u0000Studies species: Centrosema (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae). \u0000Study site and dates: Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, 2021-2023. \u0000Methods: Botanical specimens were collected and determined taxonomically through the use of relevant literature, keys, and the consulting of botanical collections. The conservation status of the new species was assessed using the IUCN methodology. \u0000Results: The specimens collected do represent an undescribed species that differs from Centrosema sagittatum by its smaller, cream-yellow, monochromatic flowers. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN). \u0000Conclusions: A new species, Centrosema flavescens from the Yucatan Peninsula is proposed. Eleven species of Centrosema are now recognized in Mexico, nine in the Yucatan Peninsula. C. sagittatum does not occur in the Yucatan peninsula.","PeriodicalId":54375,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46124911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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