Pub Date : 2006-04-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000100003
M. JuanNissen, S. CristianQuiroz, S. OscarSeguel, H. RobertoMacDonald, A. Sch.
El objetivo principal de esta investigacion fue determinar la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada en tres Andisoles bajo dos manejos bosque y praderas en s series Bramadero, Pemehue y Osorno, localizados en la VIIa, IXa y Xa Regiones de Chile, respectivamente. En muestras de suelo no alteradas se determino la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada a distintas profundidades, mediante la metodologia propuesta por Becher (1970), que combina la medicion del potencial matrico en el suelo y la aplicacion de las ecuaciones de continuidad y de Darcy. Mediante mediciones de potencial matrico, se monitoreo durante 95 dias en laboratorio el proceso de secado en perfiles de suelo no alterados y en ausencia de un nivel freatico artificial. Paralelamente, se determino la conductividad hidraulica no saturada. La conductividad hidraulica resulto relativamente similar en los tres suelos, con algunas excepciones en cuanto al tipo de uso y profundidad del suelo. En presencia de mayor porosidad de drenaje (diametro 10 µm), la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada tendio a ser mayor cuando el suelo se encuentra a bajos potenciales matricos. Sin embargo, esta cayo rapidamente, debido a una pronta desaturacion de esta porosidad gruesa. La conductividad hidraulica no saturada de los Andisoles estudiados a una tension de pF 2,5 fluctuo en pradera entre 1,9 x 10-5 y 3,6 x 10-5 cm s-1 y en bosque entre 1,4 x 10-5 y 8,1 x 10-5 cm*s-1. Al ser sometidos a un largo periodo de sequia, se produjo un secado profundo y parejo en los suelos. La intensidad de secado fue ligeramente mayor en suelos bajo pradera que bajo bosque.
{"title":"Flujo Hídrico no Saturado en Andisoles","authors":"M. JuanNissen, S. CristianQuiroz, S. OscarSeguel, H. RobertoMacDonald, A. Sch.","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000100003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000100003","url":null,"abstract":"El objetivo principal de esta investigacion fue determinar la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada en tres Andisoles bajo dos manejos bosque y praderas en s series Bramadero, Pemehue y Osorno, localizados en la VIIa, IXa y Xa Regiones de Chile, respectivamente. En muestras de suelo no alteradas se determino la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada a distintas profundidades, mediante la metodologia propuesta por Becher (1970), que combina la medicion del potencial matrico en el suelo y la aplicacion de las ecuaciones de continuidad y de Darcy. Mediante mediciones de potencial matrico, se monitoreo durante 95 dias en laboratorio el proceso de secado en perfiles de suelo no alterados y en ausencia de un nivel freatico artificial. Paralelamente, se determino la conductividad hidraulica no saturada. La conductividad hidraulica resulto relativamente similar en los tres suelos, con algunas excepciones en cuanto al tipo de uso y profundidad del suelo. En presencia de mayor porosidad de drenaje (diametro 10 µm), la conductividad hidraulica en fase no saturada tendio a ser mayor cuando el suelo se encuentra a bajos potenciales matricos. Sin embargo, esta cayo rapidamente, debido a una pronta desaturacion de esta porosidad gruesa. La conductividad hidraulica no saturada de los Andisoles estudiados a una tension de pF 2,5 fluctuo en pradera entre 1,9 x 10-5 y 3,6 x 10-5 cm s-1 y en bosque entre 1,4 x 10-5 y 8,1 x 10-5 cm*s-1. Al ser sometidos a un largo periodo de sequia, se produjo un secado profundo y parejo en los suelos. La intensidad de secado fue ligeramente mayor en suelos bajo pradera que bajo bosque.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"192 1","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72830338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000200002
José Cuevas Becerra
Soil water repellence or hidrofobicity depends on a strong interaction among the mineral and organic soils fractions. The content of organic matter is an determinant factor of water repellence. A positive relationship between the content of organic matter and water repellence can be observed, however, not all organic matter may cause repellence in the soil matrix. More than the amount of organic compounds, the quality characteristics impact the hidrofobicity of soil. It is possible to find two types of repellencies:) natural and induced one. The repellence influence the magnitude of intermolecular electrical forces which act in the interface of solid-liquid-gas. This phenomenon can be evaluated by measuring the contact angle (θ) among these phases. Soil management influence water repellency, but this effect is reduced by intense mechanical labor. Hidrofobicity influence soil hydraulic characteristic, modifying preferential flows. The aim of this study was: i) determine the soil water repellency in three volcanic soils from southern of Chile in combinations with two managements (forest and prairie) and ii) to estimate the buffer capacity by using a hydrophilic compound in the volcanic soils. It was observed different contact angle, attributed to soil characteristics, but with a direct effect of vegetation type which contributed to organic materials top cause repellence in these soils. Soils with similar pedogenetic characteristics show different hydrophobic values for the same vegetation (forest or pastures). Soils humectation capacity depends of the quality of soil organic matter more than SOM total content. Buffer capacity of soils depended of the amount of SOM, and its interaction between mineral soil particles.
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA MATERIA ORGÁNICA Y EL MANEJO SOBRE LA HIDROFOBICIDAD DE SUELOS VOLCÁNICOS","authors":"José Cuevas Becerra","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200002","url":null,"abstract":"Soil water repellence or hidrofobicity depends on a strong interaction among the mineral and organic soils fractions. The content of organic matter is an determinant factor of water repellence. A positive relationship between the content of organic matter and water repellence can be observed, however, not all organic matter may cause repellence in the soil matrix. More than the amount of organic compounds, the quality characteristics impact the hidrofobicity of soil. It is possible to find two types of repellencies:) natural and induced one. The repellence influence the magnitude of intermolecular electrical forces which act in the interface of solid-liquid-gas. This phenomenon can be evaluated by measuring the contact angle (θ) among these phases. Soil management influence water repellency, but this effect is reduced by intense mechanical labor. Hidrofobicity influence soil hydraulic characteristic, modifying preferential flows. The aim of this study was: i) determine the soil water repellency in three volcanic soils from southern of Chile in combinations with two managements (forest and prairie) and ii) to estimate the buffer capacity by using a hydrophilic compound in the volcanic soils. It was observed different contact angle, attributed to soil characteristics, but with a direct effect of vegetation type which contributed to organic materials top cause repellence in these soils. Soils with similar pedogenetic characteristics show different hydrophobic values for the same vegetation (forest or pastures). Soils humectation capacity depends of the quality of soil organic matter more than SOM total content. Buffer capacity of soils depended of the amount of SOM, and its interaction between mineral soil particles.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"26 1","pages":"13-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74421435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000300003
M. RayenMillaleo, U. CamilaMontecinos, H. RosaRubio, N. AliroContreras, B. FernandoBorie
legume, cereal, organic agriculture, arbuscular mycorrhiza. ABSTRACT Organic amendments affect the chemical and biological characteristics of soils rganic amendments affect the chemical and biological characteristics of soils contributing to the sustainability of agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate in glasshouse conditions the effect of compost addition in an Ultisol on fungal propagules such as those colonized in the roots, mycelium and spores, together with soil chemical and nutritional characterization of three crops (wheat, beans and grass) after harvesting. Compost was based on cattle and vegetables waste and it was supplied into the soil at 0, 8, 20 and 30 Mg ha -1 on dry bases. Roots from all crops presented high arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization with the highest amount, while the hyphal length was significantly different only in beans crop. There were not significant differences for the spore numbers. The highest production of dry matter in beans and grass was reached with the highest compost supplied but in wheat this was true for the middle amount of compost. Similar results were obtained for the content of phosphorus (P) in the shoot. Compost application incremented the availability of P in the Ultisol for the three crops. It was concluded that compost application to the three crops studied was beneficial because the high viability of mycorrhizal propagules together with the great amount of phytomass and soil nutrients availability.
豆类，谷物，有机农业，丛枝菌根。有机修正影响土壤的化学和生物学特性，对农业生态系统的可持续性有重要作用。本研究的目的是评估在温室条件下，在Ultisol中添加堆肥对真菌繁殖体(如定植在根、菌丝和孢子中的真菌繁殖体)的影响，以及三种作物(小麦、豆类和草)收获后的土壤化学和营养特性。堆肥以牛和蔬菜废料为基础，在干基上按0、8、20和30 Mg ha -1施用于土壤中。所有作物的根都具有较高的丛枝菌根真菌定植量，其中菌丝长度仅在豆类作物中存在显著差异。孢子数差异不显著。大豆和草的干物质产量在堆肥用量最高的情况下达到最高，但在小麦中，堆肥用量为中等。地上部磷含量也得到了类似的结果。施用堆肥增加了三种作物在Ultisol中磷的有效性。综上所述，在三种作物上施用堆肥是有益的，因为菌根繁殖体的活力高，植物质量和土壤养分利用率高。
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA ADICIÓN DE COMPOST SOBRE PROPÁGULOS MICORRÍCICOS ARBUSCULARES EN UN SUELO VOLCÁNICO DEL CENTRO SUR DE CHILE","authors":"M. RayenMillaleo, U. CamilaMontecinos, H. RosaRubio, N. AliroContreras, B. FernandoBorie","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300003","url":null,"abstract":"legume, cereal, organic agriculture, arbuscular mycorrhiza. ABSTRACT Organic amendments affect the chemical and biological characteristics of soils rganic amendments affect the chemical and biological characteristics of soils contributing to the sustainability of agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate in glasshouse conditions the effect of compost addition in an Ultisol on fungal propagules such as those colonized in the roots, mycelium and spores, together with soil chemical and nutritional characterization of three crops (wheat, beans and grass) after harvesting. Compost was based on cattle and vegetables waste and it was supplied into the soil at 0, 8, 20 and 30 Mg ha -1 on dry bases. Roots from all crops presented high arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization with the highest amount, while the hyphal length was significantly different only in beans crop. There were not significant differences for the spore numbers. The highest production of dry matter in beans and grass was reached with the highest compost supplied but in wheat this was true for the middle amount of compost. Similar results were obtained for the content of phosphorus (P) in the shoot. Compost application incremented the availability of P in the Ultisol for the three crops. It was concluded that compost application to the three crops studied was beneficial because the high viability of mycorrhizal propagules together with the great amount of phytomass and soil nutrients availability.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"48 1","pages":"26-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79119496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000300004
A. FelipeGallardo, G. Saavedra, L. MaraCea, L. Gianfreda, Z. MarisolAlvear
aBstract The activities of laccase, Mn-peroxidase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase were studied in a Chilean Andisol (Temuco Serie) contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). Experiments were conducted on the top of 0–20 cm soil, adding different concentrations of PCP (0.41, 4.1 and 41 mg kg -1 ). Enzymatic activities and residual concentrations of PCP were evaluated in soil incubated at 25 ± 1 oC for 112 days. Enzyme activities of PCP-treated soil varied according to the PCP concentration added. For instance, an inhibitory effect on Mn-peroxidase activity was not observed during incubation at the three levels of PCP, whereas acid phosphatase activity was only affected by the 0.41 mg kg -1 PCP treatment. By contrast, laccase and dehydrogenase activities were negatively affected by the smallest concentration of PCP. After seven days of incubation, no residual PCP was measured in the soil with 0.41 and 4.1 mg kg -1 PCP. By contrast, with 41 mg kg -1 PCP the amount of phenol in soil decreased gradually and disappeared only after 42 days of incubation. The overall results indicate that PCP concentrations influence some enzymatic activities.
摘要研究了五氯酚(PCP)污染的智利山二醇(Temuco Serie)中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶的活性。试验在0 ~ 20 cm土层顶部，分别添加不同浓度的PCP(0.41、4.1和41 mg kg -1)。在25±1℃条件下培养112 d，测定土壤中PCP酶活性和残留浓度。PCP处理的土壤酶活性随PCP添加量的不同而变化。例如，在三种浓度的PCP孵育期间未观察到对锰过氧化物酶活性的抑制作用，而酸性磷酸酶活性仅受到0.41 mg kg -1 PCP处理的影响。相反，漆酶和脱氢酶活性受最小浓度PCP的影响呈负相关。施用0.41和4.1 mg kg -1 PCP的土壤中未检测到PCP残留。施用41 mg kg -1 PCP后，土壤中苯酚含量逐渐下降，42 d后才消失。总体结果表明，PCP浓度会影响一些酶的活性。
{"title":"EFFECT OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL ON SELECTED SOIL ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN A CHILEAN ANDISOL","authors":"A. FelipeGallardo, G. Saavedra, L. MaraCea, L. Gianfreda, Z. MarisolAlvear","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300004","url":null,"abstract":"aBstract The activities of laccase, Mn-peroxidase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase were studied in a Chilean Andisol (Temuco Serie) contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). Experiments were conducted on the top of 0–20 cm soil, adding different concentrations of PCP (0.41, 4.1 and 41 mg kg -1 ). Enzymatic activities and residual concentrations of PCP were evaluated in soil incubated at 25 ± 1 oC for 112 days. Enzyme activities of PCP-treated soil varied according to the PCP concentration added. For instance, an inhibitory effect on Mn-peroxidase activity was not observed during incubation at the three levels of PCP, whereas acid phosphatase activity was only affected by the 0.41 mg kg -1 PCP treatment. By contrast, laccase and dehydrogenase activities were negatively affected by the smallest concentration of PCP. After seven days of incubation, no residual PCP was measured in the soil with 0.41 and 4.1 mg kg -1 PCP. By contrast, with 41 mg kg -1 PCP the amount of phenol in soil decreased gradually and disappeared only after 42 days of incubation. The overall results indicate that PCP concentrations influence some enzymatic activities.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"3 1","pages":"40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75348681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000200004
Z. MarysolAlvear, B. MarioPino, R. CarlosCastillo, C. Cepeda, F. G. Sotres
Due to the necessity to stabilize and protect the soil from degradation processes, the agronomic practices such non-tillage (NT) were applied. Microbial biomass (MB) and some enzyme activities were evaluated here because they are very sensitive to the changes taken place in the environment. The aim of this study was to measure some biological activities in an Alfisol of the Southern Chile under NT cropping. The biological activities evaluated were: carbon (BMC) and nitrogen (BMN) of microbial biomass, respectively), N- mineralization, dehydrogenase and catalase activities and some hydrolytic enzyme activities representative of different cycles of biological importance in soil (C, N, P, S). Soil organic C total N and S content also were evaluated. Soil samples were collected after harvest at three different depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm), in soils cropped 4, 7 and 20 years under NT. The results showed an increment in organic C, N, S, N-mineralization and in the biological activities in the top soil 5 cm depth, with an increment of year under NT. In general, there was close relationships were found among almost all biological activities evaluated (r > 0.8; p< 0.05).
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA CERO LABRANZA SOBRE ALGUNAS ACTIVIDADES BIOLÓGICAS EN UN ALFISOL DEL SUR DE CHILE","authors":"Z. MarysolAlvear, B. MarioPino, R. CarlosCastillo, C. Cepeda, F. G. Sotres","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200004","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the necessity to stabilize and protect the soil from degradation processes, the agronomic practices such non-tillage (NT) were applied. Microbial biomass (MB) and some enzyme activities were evaluated here because they are very sensitive to the changes taken place in the environment. The aim of this study was to measure some biological activities in an Alfisol of the Southern Chile under NT cropping. The biological activities evaluated were: carbon (BMC) and nitrogen (BMN) of microbial biomass, respectively), N- mineralization, dehydrogenase and catalase activities and some hydrolytic enzyme activities representative of different cycles of biological importance in soil (C, N, P, S). Soil organic C total N and S content also were evaluated. Soil samples were collected after harvest at three different depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm), in soils cropped 4, 7 and 20 years under NT. The results showed an increment in organic C, N, S, N-mineralization and in the biological activities in the top soil 5 cm depth, with an increment of year under NT. In general, there was close relationships were found among almost all biological activities evaluated (r > 0.8; p< 0.05).","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"71 1","pages":"38-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84852489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000300005
S. LuisMorales, M. FabricioCanessa, C. Mattar, Raúl Orrego, Francisco Matus
This study consisted in the evaluation and classification of edaphic and climatic resources in the Coquimbos Region using topoclimatics algorithms and satellite images, integrated in GIS environment. We used 78 climatic stations where mean annual and monthly precipitation and mean annual and monthly temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation were recorded. Isolines cartography and a digital elevation model in scale 1:250.000 were also used. To estimate the spatial distribution of the climatic variables, we tested different multiples regressions between topographic variables and climate data. This process conduced to the elaboration of a spatialized matrixes of climatic variables in 1:250.000 scale. This procedure allowed us to calculate variables such as sum of temperature, cumulative cold hours, free frost period, potential evapotranspiration, humidity index, for examples, and compare regression and lineal interpolation spatialization methods. To make the topoclimatic division a multivariate analysis was used. Particularly, clusters analysis with a K-means algorithm was conducted and 17 thermal, hydrical and energetical climatic variables were considered. Our results showed 37 topoclimatic districts cross-checked with different soil (serie level) obtaining a edafic and climatic (Edafoclimatic) classification of about 1.292 zones. This classification was though to be useful tool to organize agricultural goal activities.
{"title":"CARACTERIZACIÓN Y ZONIFICACIÓN EDÁFICA Y CLIMÁTICA DE LA REGIÓN DE COQUIMBO, CHILE","authors":"S. LuisMorales, M. FabricioCanessa, C. Mattar, Raúl Orrego, Francisco Matus","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300005","url":null,"abstract":"This study consisted in the evaluation and classification of edaphic and climatic resources in the Coquimbos Region using topoclimatics algorithms and satellite images, integrated in GIS environment. We used 78 climatic stations where mean annual and monthly precipitation and mean annual and monthly temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation were recorded. Isolines cartography and a digital elevation model in scale 1:250.000 were also used. To estimate the spatial distribution of the climatic variables, we tested different multiples regressions between topographic variables and climate data. This process conduced to the elaboration of a spatialized matrixes of climatic variables in 1:250.000 scale. This procedure allowed us to calculate variables such as sum of temperature, cumulative cold hours, free frost period, potential evapotranspiration, humidity index, for examples, and compare regression and lineal interpolation spatialization methods. To make the topoclimatic division a multivariate analysis was used. Particularly, clusters analysis with a K-means algorithm was conducted and 17 thermal, hydrical and energetical climatic variables were considered. Our results showed 37 topoclimatic districts cross-checked with different soil (serie level) obtaining a edafic and climatic (Edafoclimatic) classification of about 1.292 zones. This classification was though to be useful tool to organize agricultural goal activities.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"55 1","pages":"52-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77632374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000300001
H. A. Ruiz, R. A. Sampaio, Maurício Limberger de Oliveira, P. A. Ferreira
The aim of this work was evaluate the influence of leaching on chemical characteristics of saline sodic soil samples. Cylinders were filled with samples of soils FLUVENT (Ae1), FLUVENT collected at 0-20 cm (Ae2-s) and 20-50 cm (Ae2-i) depth, and VERTISOL (V). Gypsum was incorporated up to 15 cm depth in an amount to replace 100% exchangeable sodium. Leaching consisted in applying a solution with CaCl2 and MgCl2, at one time only and the same volume fractionated in two, four and six times, respectively, with intervals of 22 days among each application. Clay dispersion and water retention capacity in soils diminished with the gypsum and leaching fractionation. In Ae1 soil, the infiltration rate was very low, then stopping its determination. In all soils, with the exception of V, because of the greater content of silt, the infiltration rate of the not-treated samples was lower compared with treated samples. In general, significant differences amongst leaching application were not detected for soil physics characteristics
研究了淋滤对盐碱土样品化学特性的影响。瓶中装满土壤FLUVENT (Ae1)、FLUVENT在0-20 cm (Ae2-s)和20-50 cm (Ae2-i)深度收集的样品以及VERTISOL (V)。石膏加入至15 cm深度，以取代100%的可交换钠。浸出包括只施用一次CaCl2和MgCl2溶液，相同体积的溶液分别分两次、四次和六次，每次施用的间隔为22天。粘土在土壤中的分散性和保水能力随着石膏和淋滤分馏而降低。在Ae1土壤中，入渗速率很低，因此停止测定。在所有土壤中，除V外，由于粉砂含量较大，未处理样品的入渗速率低于处理样品。一般来说，土壤物理特性未检测到淋滤应用之间的显着差异
{"title":"CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS DE SOLOS SALINO-SÓDICOS SUBMETIDOS A PARCELAMENTO DA LÂMINA DE LIXIVIAÇÃO","authors":"H. A. Ruiz, R. A. Sampaio, Maurício Limberger de Oliveira, P. A. Ferreira","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was evaluate the influence of leaching on chemical characteristics of saline sodic soil samples. Cylinders were filled with samples of soils FLUVENT (Ae1), FLUVENT collected at 0-20 cm (Ae2-s) and 20-50 cm (Ae2-i) depth, and VERTISOL (V). Gypsum was incorporated up to 15 cm depth in an amount to replace 100% exchangeable sodium. Leaching consisted in applying a solution with CaCl2 and MgCl2, at one time only and the same volume fractionated in two, four and six times, respectively, with intervals of 22 days among each application. Clay dispersion and water retention capacity in soils diminished with the gypsum and leaching fractionation. In Ae1 soil, the infiltration rate was very low, then stopping its determination. In all soils, with the exception of V, because of the greater content of silt, the infiltration rate of the not-treated samples was lower compared with treated samples. In general, significant differences amongst leaching application were not detected for soil physics characteristics","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74121471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000200005
M. Alfaro, S. FranciscoSalazar, B. DenisseEndress, L. JuanCDumont, B. AldoValdebenito
ABSTRACT An intact lysimeters study was carried out to measure the potential nitrogen (N) losses onan andisoil of Southern Chile with different fertilisers. The treatments tested were: fishslurry (FS), dairy slurry (DS), potassium nitrate (IF) and a control treatment (C), with no Naddition. An equivalent amount of 150 kg of total N ha -1 was applied to each lysimeter andthen the equivalent to 1260 mm of rainfall was irrigated over a 90 days period. Leachatesamples were analysed for nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and organic N (No). Total N losseswere calculated as the product between drainage and the respective N concentration in theleachates. Lowest N losses were obtained in the control and FS treatments (66 kg N ha -1 )and the greatest amount was obtained in the IF treatment (261 kg N ha -1 ). Nitrogen wasmainly lost as nitrate and No (each was 49% of the total N losses). High soil organic matterof andisoils can be more relevant than fertiliser for N leaching losses. Palabras claves: Lodo de pescado, purines de lecheria, fertilizante inorganico, calidad deagua
摘要采用完整溶渗仪研究了不同肥料对智利南部地区土壤中氮(N)的潜在损失。试验处理为:鱼浆(FS)、乳浆(DS)、硝酸钾(IF)和不添加氮的对照处理(C)。在每台渗滤仪上施用相当于150公斤总氮ha -1的量，然后在90天内灌溉相当于1260毫米的降雨量。对浸出液样品进行硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨和有机氮(No)分析。总氮损失计算为排水与渗滤液中各自氮浓度的乘积。对照和FS处理氮素损失最小(66 kg N ha -1)， IF处理氮素损失最大(261 kg N ha -1)。氮素主要以硝态氮和硝态氮的形式损失(各占氮素总损失的49%)。与肥料相比，高土壤有机质和油类对氮淋失的影响更大。Palabras claves: Lodo de pescado，嘌呤de lecheria，无机肥，calidad deagua
{"title":"NITROGEN LEACHING LOSSES ON A VOLCANIC ASH SOIL AS AFFECTED BY THE SOURCE OF FERTILISER","authors":"M. Alfaro, S. FranciscoSalazar, B. DenisseEndress, L. JuanCDumont, B. AldoValdebenito","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An intact lysimeters study was carried out to measure the potential nitrogen (N) losses onan andisoil of Southern Chile with different fertilisers. The treatments tested were: fishslurry (FS), dairy slurry (DS), potassium nitrate (IF) and a control treatment (C), with no Naddition. An equivalent amount of 150 kg of total N ha -1 was applied to each lysimeter andthen the equivalent to 1260 mm of rainfall was irrigated over a 90 days period. Leachatesamples were analysed for nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and organic N (No). Total N losseswere calculated as the product between drainage and the respective N concentration in theleachates. Lowest N losses were obtained in the control and FS treatments (66 kg N ha -1 )and the greatest amount was obtained in the IF treatment (261 kg N ha -1 ). Nitrogen wasmainly lost as nitrate and No (each was 49% of the total N losses). High soil organic matterof andisoils can be more relevant than fertiliser for N leaching losses. Palabras claves: Lodo de pescado, purines de lecheria, fertilizante inorganico, calidad deagua","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"54 1","pages":"54-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91168333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000300002
José E. Celis, M. Sandoval, Erick Zagal, M. Briones
Biosolids from urban water and fish farming wastes have increased in the last years in Chile. It has generated the compulsory necessity to look for alternatives for its final disposition, in such a way that it do not constitute risk for the health and environment. In the present study the effects on germination of lettuce seeds ere analyzed as a result of the application of this type of organic biosolids in an Andic cryofluvents, Patagonian degraded soil. Biosolids were added into the soil, the treatments were: urban sewage sludge (BU), pisciculture waste (BP) and fish lake-farming waste (BL) at different inputs rates: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 Mg ha -1 . A control without addition was also included. Bioassays in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were conducted for germination index (IG), length of the radicle and length of hypocotyl structure. The results indicated that there were significant differences (p 80%), where the rate of application of 150 Mg ha -1 presented the smallest bioindicators values and no development of the hypocotyls structure was observed.
近几年来，智利城市用水和养鱼废料中的生物固体有所增加。这就产生了一种强制性的必要性，即为其最终处置寻找替代品，使其不会对健康和环境构成风险。本研究分析了在冰岛低温流体、巴塔哥尼亚退化土壤中施用这类有机生物固体对生菜种子萌发的影响。在土壤中添加生物固体，分别为:城市污泥(BU)、养鱼废弃物(BP)和鱼湖养殖废弃物(BL)，投加量分别为25、50、75、100和150 Mg ha -1。还包括一个没有添加的对照。对莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)进行了萌发指数(IG)、胚根长度和下胚轴结构长度的测定。结果表明，各品种间存在显著差异(p < 80%)，其中施用150 Mg ha -1时生物指标值最小，下胚轴结构未发育。
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA ADICIÓN DE BIOSOLIDOS URBANOS Y DE SALMONICULTURA SOBRE LA GERMINACIÓN DE SEMILLAS DE LECHUGA (Lactuca sativa L.) EN UN SUELO PATAGONICO","authors":"José E. Celis, M. Sandoval, Erick Zagal, M. Briones","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000300002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000300002","url":null,"abstract":"Biosolids from urban water and fish farming wastes have increased in the last years in Chile. It has generated the compulsory necessity to look for alternatives for its final disposition, in such a way that it do not constitute risk for the health and environment. In the present study the effects on germination of lettuce seeds ere analyzed as a result of the application of this type of organic biosolids in an Andic cryofluvents, Patagonian degraded soil. Biosolids were added into the soil, the treatments were: urban sewage sludge (BU), pisciculture waste (BP) and fish lake-farming waste (BL) at different inputs rates: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 Mg ha -1 . A control without addition was also included. Bioassays in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were conducted for germination index (IG), length of the radicle and length of hypocotyl structure. The results indicated that there were significant differences (p 80%), where the rate of application of 150 Mg ha -1 presented the smallest bioindicators values and no development of the hypocotyls structure was observed.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"254 1","pages":"13-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73216365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000200003
W. CarlosRojas
The begining of phosphatic deposits study was dated around 1963 through the survey developed at Bahia Tongoy, and later on at Pachingo in 1989. In this article, a synthesis of the main geological, physico-chemical, and agronomic features of these materials is presented, remarking some of these properties, and agronomical applications obtained after the accomplished research. Location of deposits is described, as well as their origin and phosphorus enrichment. Some solubility results of Chilean rocks is compared with other reactive rocks of USA, and Latinoamerica. Results of classical rock composition, is compared with some Chilean rocks, located at the north region of Chilean territory. Actualized figures of phosphate rock production at Chilean market, is also presented in this paper. Major conclusions obtained through field research in Andisols, show that these national phosphate rocks have an important fertilizer potential. The most remarkable phosphorus content and high reactivity was Bahia Inglesa rock; Mejillones showed similar efficiency to Tampa rock when it was employed as concentrated material. Vegetable species of major efficiency in the uptake of available P from these sources, were those of longer vegetative period, such as grass, and high P uptake as lupins or rape seeds, and also flooded rice.
{"title":"COMPARISON OF CHILEAN NATURAL PHOSPHATIC MINERALS","authors":"W. CarlosRojas","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000200003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000200003","url":null,"abstract":"The begining of phosphatic deposits study was dated around 1963 through the survey developed at Bahia Tongoy, and later on at Pachingo in 1989. In this article, a synthesis of the main geological, physico-chemical, and agronomic features of these materials is presented, remarking some of these properties, and agronomical applications obtained after the accomplished research. Location of deposits is described, as well as their origin and phosphorus enrichment. Some solubility results of Chilean rocks is compared with other reactive rocks of USA, and Latinoamerica. Results of classical rock composition, is compared with some Chilean rocks, located at the north region of Chilean territory. Actualized figures of phosphate rock production at Chilean market, is also presented in this paper. Major conclusions obtained through field research in Andisols, show that these national phosphate rocks have an important fertilizer potential. The most remarkable phosphorus content and high reactivity was Bahia Inglesa rock; Mejillones showed similar efficiency to Tampa rock when it was employed as concentrated material. Vegetable species of major efficiency in the uptake of available P from these sources, were those of longer vegetative period, such as grass, and high P uptake as lupins or rape seeds, and also flooded rice.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"57 1","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76481104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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