Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912007000300006
P. Nunez, R. Demanet, F. Matus, M. Mora
The grazing management of grassland has a direct effect on nitrogen (N) recycling. This is an important reason why management has become an alternative to improve the grassland production and quality, in turn to make it more suitable for the environment. However, the livestock system intensification induces changes in the natural dynamics of the N cycle, accelerating gas emmisions (e.g. ammonia, NH3 and nitrous oxide, N2O) and leaching losses from soil under grazing. When the amount of N in the environment increases, there is an impact on smog episodes, global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain and eutrophication of fresh water. There are different techniques to evaluate the gases emitted from the soil. This klonowledge is useful to design the strategies to reduce the negative consequences of theses gases on the environment. In this review, the effect of grazing managements on N gas emissions from soils and the current techniques for N gas emission measurements in the field and laboratories conditions are discussed.
{"title":"GRAZING MANAGEMENT, AMMONIA AND NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS: A GENERAL VIEW","authors":"P. Nunez, R. Demanet, F. Matus, M. Mora","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912007000300006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912007000300006","url":null,"abstract":"The grazing management of grassland has a direct effect on nitrogen (N) recycling. This is an important reason why management has become an alternative to improve the grassland production and quality, in turn to make it more suitable for the environment. However, the livestock system intensification induces changes in the natural dynamics of the N cycle, accelerating gas emmisions (e.g. ammonia, NH3 and nitrous oxide, N2O) and leaching losses from soil under grazing. When the amount of N in the environment increases, there is an impact on smog episodes, global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain and eutrophication of fresh water. There are different techniques to evaluate the gases emitted from the soil. This klonowledge is useful to design the strategies to reduce the negative consequences of theses gases on the environment. In this review, the effect of grazing managements on N gas emissions from soils and the current techniques for N gas emission measurements in the field and laboratories conditions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"22 1","pages":"61-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80063253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912007000100001
R. ClaudiaAravena, C. CristianValentin, A. FelipeGallardo
The sludge from cellulose treatment plant is rich in organic matter (MO) and can be used to improve the chemical and physical properties of the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of sludge from cellulose wastewater treatment plant on the physical and chemical properties of volcanic soils (series Gorbea and Collipulli). There was added sludge (0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 Mg ha-1) to the soils and were incubated for 75 days at 22 ± 2oC. At 15 and 75 days the content of organic matter (MO), available nitrogen (N), pH, extractable Al, field capacity, bulk density and aggregate stability was determinated. The application of sludge improved significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the levels of nitrogen and organic matter in both soils, as well as the pH, with the consistent decrease of Al level. On the other hand, the different doses of sludge did not improve significantly the physical properties of the soils, with the exception of the stability of the aggregates in the soil series Gorbea. The minor effect in the physical properties could happen due to the fact that the period of incubation (75 days) was not sufficient to provoke significant changes in the physical properties of the soils.
{"title":"APLICACIÓN DE LODOS DE PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO DE CELULOSA: EFECTO EN ALGUNAS PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS Y QUÍMICAS DE SUELOS VOLCÁNICOS","authors":"R. ClaudiaAravena, C. CristianValentin, A. FelipeGallardo","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912007000100001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912007000100001","url":null,"abstract":"The sludge from cellulose treatment plant is rich in organic matter (MO) and can be used to improve the chemical and physical properties of the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of sludge from cellulose wastewater treatment plant on the physical and chemical properties of volcanic soils (series Gorbea and Collipulli). There was added sludge (0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 Mg ha-1) to the soils and were incubated for 75 days at 22 ± 2oC. At 15 and 75 days the content of organic matter (MO), available nitrogen (N), pH, extractable Al, field capacity, bulk density and aggregate stability was determinated. The application of sludge improved significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the levels of nitrogen and organic matter in both soils, as well as the pH, with the consistent decrease of Al level. On the other hand, the different doses of sludge did not improve significantly the physical properties of the soils, with the exception of the stability of the aggregates in the soil series Gorbea. The minor effect in the physical properties could happen due to the fact that the period of incubation (75 days) was not sufficient to provoke significant changes in the physical properties of the soils.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88152728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912007000100003
M. MaríaTeresaVarnero, A. ClaudiaRojas, R. RobertoOrellana
Key words: Bioassays, germination index, compost.ABSTRACTThe maturity of compost can be determined using sensitive species to phytotoxic metabolites by germination bioassays. In order to obtain a stabilized and non-phytotoxic product, the phytotoxic compounds must be biodegraded or immobilized during the maturity phase of composting. In this study the sensitivity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa, var. Four Seasons) and radish (Raphanus sativus, var. Cherry Bell) seeds to extracts from composted agroindustrial residues was evaluated.E The extracts were obtained by mixing agroindustrial residues with distilled water in a ratio of 1:5. The agroindustrial residues evaluated were residues of instantaneous coffee (C), a mixture of residues of instantaneous coffee and fresh fruit residues (C+F) and wine residues with broiler manure residues (V+G). The relative germination rates (PGR), relative growth of radicle (CRR) and germination index (IG) were determined for both species. The results showed that radish was more sensitive to phytotoxic compounds than lettuce. V+G showed the highest phytotoxicity for both species according to the germination index. The Chilean Regulation for Compost (INN, 2004) establishes the phytotoxicity level based on the relative germination rate of radish seeds. According to this Regulation only V+G was classified as “phytotoxics free” compost. The germination index was the most sensitive parameter for evaluating the chemical maturity level of composted residues for agricultural use. This index was especially useful for evaluating the phytotoxicity of compost or any organic substrate used for pots. This is due because when plants are grown in pots the effects of phytotoxic compounds are more important than when plants are cultivated in the field.Palabras claves: Bioensayos, indice de germinacion, compost
关键词:生物测定，发芽指数，堆肥。摘要萌发生物测定法可以利用对植物毒性代谢物敏感的菌种来测定堆肥的成熟度。为了获得稳定和无植物毒性的产品，植物毒性化合物必须在堆肥的成熟阶段进行生物降解或固定化。本研究评价了莴苣(lacuca sativa, var. Four Seasons)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus, var. Cherry Bell)种子对农用废弃物堆肥提取物的敏感性。E提取液是通过将农业工业残留物与蒸馏水以1:5的比例混合得到的。评价的农业工业残留物为瞬时咖啡残留物(C)、瞬时咖啡与新鲜水果残留物混合残留物(C+F)和葡萄酒与肉鸡粪便残留物(V+G)。测定了两种植物的相对发芽率(PGR)、胚根相对生长量(CRR)和萌发指数(IG)。结果表明，萝卜对植物毒性化合物的敏感性高于生菜。根据萌发指数，V+G对两种植物的毒性最高。智利堆肥法规(INN, 2004)根据萝卜种子的相对发芽率确定了植物毒性水平。根据该法规，只有V+G被归类为“无植物毒素”堆肥。发芽指数是评价农用堆肥残留物化学成熟度水平的最敏感参数。该指标特别适用于评价堆肥或任何用于盆栽的有机基质的植物毒性。这是因为当植物在盆栽中种植时，植物毒性化合物的影响比在田间栽培时更重要。植物:微生物，发芽指数，堆肥
{"title":"ÍNDICES DE FITOTOXICIDAD EN RESIDUOS ORGÁNICOS DURANTE EL COMPOSTAJE","authors":"M. MaríaTeresaVarnero, A. ClaudiaRojas, R. RobertoOrellana","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912007000100003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912007000100003","url":null,"abstract":"Key words: Bioassays, germination index, compost.ABSTRACTThe maturity of compost can be determined using sensitive species to phytotoxic metabolites by germination bioassays. In order to obtain a stabilized and non-phytotoxic product, the phytotoxic compounds must be biodegraded or immobilized during the maturity phase of composting. In this study the sensitivity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa, var. Four Seasons) and radish (Raphanus sativus, var. Cherry Bell) seeds to extracts from composted agroindustrial residues was evaluated.E The extracts were obtained by mixing agroindustrial residues with distilled water in a ratio of 1:5. The agroindustrial residues evaluated were residues of instantaneous coffee (C), a mixture of residues of instantaneous coffee and fresh fruit residues (C+F) and wine residues with broiler manure residues (V+G). The relative germination rates (PGR), relative growth of radicle (CRR) and germination index (IG) were determined for both species. The results showed that radish was more sensitive to phytotoxic compounds than lettuce. V+G showed the highest phytotoxicity for both species according to the germination index. The Chilean Regulation for Compost (INN, 2004) establishes the phytotoxicity level based on the relative germination rate of radish seeds. According to this Regulation only V+G was classified as “phytotoxics free” compost. The germination index was the most sensitive parameter for evaluating the chemical maturity level of composted residues for agricultural use. This index was especially useful for evaluating the phytotoxicity of compost or any organic substrate used for pots. This is due because when plants are grown in pots the effects of phytotoxic compounds are more important than when plants are cultivated in the field.Palabras claves: Bioensayos, indice de germinacion, compost","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"53 1","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86880337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912007000300005
José Celis Hidalgo, Marco Sandoval Estrada, Mario Alfodín Briones Luengo
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of different organic wastes. The germination index (IG), radicle/hypocotyl length of lettuce and the biomass of annual ryegrass were evaluated on a degraded granitic soil (Alfisol). The organic wastes were: Municipal sludge (LM), salmon manure from pisciculture (LPT), and salmon manure from lake-cage farming (LSL). Five doses of these materials (sludge/soil) were prepared: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 t ha-1. A control without addition was also included. Results indicated that the IG, as well as radicle and hypocotyl length of lettuce was not significantly affected when sludge/soil ratio ranged between 25 to 100 t ha-1. Regarding annual ryegrass all treatments organically amended at dose between 25 and 50 t ha-1 produced significantly
本研究的目的是评价不同有机废物的植物毒性。对退化花岗岩土壤(Alfisol)上生菜的萌发指数(IG)、胚根/下胚轴长度和一年生黑麦草生物量进行了测定。有机废弃物为:城市污泥(LM)、鱼养殖鲑鱼粪便(LPT)和湖网箱养殖鲑鱼粪便(LSL)。准备了五种剂量的这些材料(污泥/土壤):25、50、75、100和150吨公顷-1。还包括一个没有添加的对照。结果表明，污泥/土比在25 ~ 100 t hm -1范围内，对生菜的IG、胚根和下胚轴长度无显著影响。对于一年生黑麦草，在25 ~ 50 t hm -1剂量范围内进行有机改性的所有处理均显著增产
{"title":"BIOENSAYOS DE FITOTOXICIDAD DE RESIDUOS ORGÁNICOS EN LECHUGA Y BALLICA ANUAL REALIZADOS EN UN SUELO ALFISOL DEGRADADO","authors":"José Celis Hidalgo, Marco Sandoval Estrada, Mario Alfodín Briones Luengo","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912007000300005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912007000300005","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of different organic wastes. The germination index (IG), radicle/hypocotyl length of lettuce and the biomass of annual ryegrass were evaluated on a degraded granitic soil (Alfisol). The organic wastes were: Municipal sludge (LM), salmon manure from pisciculture (LPT), and salmon manure from lake-cage farming (LSL). Five doses of these materials (sludge/soil) were prepared: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 t ha-1. A control without addition was also included. Results indicated that the IG, as well as radicle and hypocotyl length of lettuce was not significantly affected when sludge/soil ratio ranged between 25 to 100 t ha-1. Regarding annual ryegrass all treatments organically amended at dose between 25 and 50 t ha-1 produced significantly","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"88 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75002418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912007000100005
M. Pigna, Alejandra A. Jara, M. Mora, A. Violante
Key words: Sulfate, adsorption, Andisol, mineralogical composition, phosphate, malate. ABSTRACTThe sulfate sorption was studied on Andisols with variable mineralogical composition and low organic matter content in presence and absence of phosphate or malate ligands at different pH. Crystalline clay mineralogy was similar for all the studied samples, except for the 2C horizon of the pedon 2, which did not show crystalline minerals. The soil samples showed content of allophane ranging from 16% to 42%. The sulfate adsorption decreased when descending the first 3 horizons (A1, 2A2 and 3Bw1) of the pedon 1. This behavior was attributed to the decreasing organic carbon content. At different pH sulfate sorption was drastically decreased by increasing the pH from 4.0 to 7.0, precisely by 80% for sample 5 to 100% for sample 1. Experiments on the competitive sorption of phosphate and sulfate on volcanic soils were carried out. Sulfate sorption was reduced even in the presence of low concentrations of phosphate ions (phosphate/sulfate molar ratio << 1). Sulfate sorption was influenced by many factors as the organic carbon content, pH, the mineralogical composition of soil samples and the order of sulfate and phosphate addition into the soils. Sulfate competes with phosphate particularly when added before phosphate and at low pH values (pH < 4.5). Phosphate more than malate affected the kinetics of sulfate sorption onto a volcanic soil containing a large amount of allophanic materials.Palabras claves: Sulfato, adsorcion, Andisol, composicion mineralogica, fosfato, malate
{"title":"Effect Of pH, Phosphate and/or Malate on Sulfate Sorption on Andisols","authors":"M. Pigna, Alejandra A. Jara, M. Mora, A. Violante","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912007000100005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912007000100005","url":null,"abstract":"Key words: Sulfate, adsorption, Andisol, mineralogical composition, phosphate, malate. ABSTRACTThe sulfate sorption was studied on Andisols with variable mineralogical composition and low organic matter content in presence and absence of phosphate or malate ligands at different pH. Crystalline clay mineralogy was similar for all the studied samples, except for the 2C horizon of the pedon 2, which did not show crystalline minerals. The soil samples showed content of allophane ranging from 16% to 42%. The sulfate adsorption decreased when descending the first 3 horizons (A1, 2A2 and 3Bw1) of the pedon 1. This behavior was attributed to the decreasing organic carbon content. At different pH sulfate sorption was drastically decreased by increasing the pH from 4.0 to 7.0, precisely by 80% for sample 5 to 100% for sample 1. Experiments on the competitive sorption of phosphate and sulfate on volcanic soils were carried out. Sulfate sorption was reduced even in the presence of low concentrations of phosphate ions (phosphate/sulfate molar ratio << 1). Sulfate sorption was influenced by many factors as the organic carbon content, pH, the mineralogical composition of soil samples and the order of sulfate and phosphate addition into the soils. Sulfate competes with phosphate particularly when added before phosphate and at low pH values (pH < 4.5). Phosphate more than malate affected the kinetics of sulfate sorption onto a volcanic soil containing a large amount of allophanic materials.Palabras claves: Sulfato, adsorcion, Andisol, composicion mineralogica, fosfato, malate","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"9 1","pages":"62-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75914752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000100006
N. ThiagoAssisRodrigues, S. RegynaldoArruda, F. CleidsonSoares, F. IvanaMachado, F. LuizArnaldo
The sewage sludge, as physical, chemical and biological conditioning of soil properties, has become important organic fertilizer. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the organic fertilization with different sewage sludge on soil fertility and productivity of corn and beans in intercropping systems. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks with three replicates. The treatments were: soil without fertilization, liming and chemical fertilization, sewage sludge, sewage sludge sanitized with nim, sewage sludge sanitized with lime, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting with rock phosphate, sewage sludge with rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge sanitized with nim and rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge sanitized with lime and rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting with rock phosphate incorporated at soil. The data had been submitted to the analysis of variance and test of Scott-Knott at 5% of probability. The application of sewage sludge with lime increased the alkalinity of the soil and, also, the nutrients available for the plants. However, the changes observed in the chemical characteristics of the soil with the application of the biosolid had not influenced the productivity of the cultures of corn and beans in intercropping system.
{"title":"Produtividade de Milho e de Feijão Consorciados Adubados con Diferentes Formas de Lodo de Esgoto","authors":"N. ThiagoAssisRodrigues, S. RegynaldoArruda, F. CleidsonSoares, F. IvanaMachado, F. LuizArnaldo","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000100006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000100006","url":null,"abstract":"The sewage sludge, as physical, chemical and biological conditioning of soil properties, has become important organic fertilizer. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the organic fertilization with different sewage sludge on soil fertility and productivity of corn and beans in intercropping systems. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks with three replicates. The treatments were: soil without fertilization, liming and chemical fertilization, sewage sludge, sewage sludge sanitized with nim, sewage sludge sanitized with lime, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting with rock phosphate, sewage sludge with rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge sanitized with nim and rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge sanitized with lime and rock phosphate incorporated at soil, sewage sludge and ipomoea composting with rock phosphate incorporated at soil. The data had been submitted to the analysis of variance and test of Scott-Knott at 5% of probability. The application of sewage sludge with lime increased the alkalinity of the soil and, also, the nutrients available for the plants. However, the changes observed in the chemical characteristics of the soil with the application of the biosolid had not influenced the productivity of the cultures of corn and beans in intercropping system.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"32 1","pages":"52-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86406944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000100005
C. MiriamLlona, C. AngelFaz
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la dosis de aplicacion correcta de purines de cerdo como fertilizante minimizando sus efectos contaminantes. Para ello se experimento con un cultivo horticola de riego representativo de la zona de estudio. La experiencia, que duro 3 anos, cultivando brocoli, se realizo en 4 parcelas (630 m2) con distintas aplicaciones de purin de cerdo: sin purin y tres dosis de 4,86 L/m2, 11,05 L/m2 y 14,86 L/m2, parcelas control, B, C y D respectivamente. Tras la experiencia, el suelo presenta incrementos importantes en N, P, K y carbono organico, especialmente despues de sucesivas aplicaciones y en dosis altas, ademas, se observa un ligero aumento del pH y un descenso de la conductividad electrica; los oligoelementos experimentan un aumento sin exceder los limites establecidos por la legislacion. La planta presenta aumentos en N, P y K tras sucesivas aplicaciones de purin y en dosis altas, al igual que ocurre con el contenido en oligoelementos y NO3 -; sin embargo, estos valores se encuentran dentro de rangos normales, no sobrepasando lo establecido por la legislacion. La produccion aumenta al incrementar la dosis de purin y en aplicaciones sucesivas, sobrepasando la media de produccion del Valle del Guadalentin.
{"title":"Efectos en el Sistema Suelo-Planta Después de Tres Años de Aplicación de Purín de Cerdo como Fertilizante en un Cultivo de Brócoli (Brassica oleracea L.)","authors":"C. MiriamLlona, C. AngelFaz","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000100005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000100005","url":null,"abstract":"Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la dosis de aplicacion correcta de purines de cerdo como fertilizante minimizando sus efectos contaminantes. Para ello se experimento con un cultivo horticola de riego representativo de la zona de estudio. La experiencia, que duro 3 anos, cultivando brocoli, se realizo en 4 parcelas (630 m2) con distintas aplicaciones de purin de cerdo: sin purin y tres dosis de 4,86 L/m2, 11,05 L/m2 y 14,86 L/m2, parcelas control, B, C y D respectivamente. Tras la experiencia, el suelo presenta incrementos importantes en N, P, K y carbono organico, especialmente despues de sucesivas aplicaciones y en dosis altas, ademas, se observa un ligero aumento del pH y un descenso de la conductividad electrica; los oligoelementos experimentan un aumento sin exceder los limites establecidos por la legislacion. La planta presenta aumentos en N, P y K tras sucesivas aplicaciones de purin y en dosis altas, al igual que ocurre con el contenido en oligoelementos y NO3 -; sin embargo, estos valores se encuentran dentro de rangos normales, no sobrepasando lo establecido por la legislacion. La produccion aumenta al incrementar la dosis de purin y en aplicaciones sucesivas, sobrepasando la media de produccion del Valle del Guadalentin.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"35 1","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81353120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000100002
F. Matus, J. Retamales, P. Sánchez
A laboratory incubation study (22 o C ± 2 oC) with pruning residues of Asian pear (P. pyrifolia, cv. Hosui) was carried out to determine the effects of residue particle size (< 0.5 mm, 0.5-2 mm and 2-4 mm), residue quality (defined as C-to-N ratio, and total fibre content of each size class) and soil texture on C- and N-mineralisation in two Chilean soils. Particle size had a significat impact on C-mineralisation; however, no differences were observed for N-mineralisation. After 10 days of incubation, particles < 0.5 mm evolved more C-CO 2 than medium (0.5-2 mm) and coarse particles. Thereafter, no significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed for the smaller particles, while coarse sizes showed low C-CO 2 evolution during the all incubation period, except at the last sampling where C-CO 2 tended to be similar than < 0.5 and 2-4 mm particles. The higher C-CO 2 evolved from the smallest particles coincided with their low C-to-N ratio and low fibre content. There was no effect of soil texture on C and N-mineralisation. These results were explained on the basis of residue quality rather than soil type.
{"title":"Effect of Particle Size and Quality of Pruning Wood Residues of Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia and Pyrus communis) On C-And N-Mineralisation in Soils of Contrasting Textures","authors":"F. Matus, J. Retamales, P. Sánchez","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000100002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000100002","url":null,"abstract":"A laboratory incubation study (22 o C ± 2 oC) with pruning residues of Asian pear (P. pyrifolia, cv. Hosui) was carried out to determine the effects of residue particle size (< 0.5 mm, 0.5-2 mm and 2-4 mm), residue quality (defined as C-to-N ratio, and total fibre content of each size class) and soil texture on C- and N-mineralisation in two Chilean soils. Particle size had a significat impact on C-mineralisation; however, no differences were observed for N-mineralisation. After 10 days of incubation, particles < 0.5 mm evolved more C-CO 2 than medium (0.5-2 mm) and coarse particles. Thereafter, no significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed for the smaller particles, while coarse sizes showed low C-CO 2 evolution during the all incubation period, except at the last sampling where C-CO 2 tended to be similar than < 0.5 and 2-4 mm particles. The higher C-CO 2 evolved from the smallest particles coincided with their low C-to-N ratio and low fibre content. There was no effect of soil texture on C and N-mineralisation. These results were explained on the basis of residue quality rather than soil type.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"56 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72799279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000100004
L. Gianfreda, M. Mora, M. C. Diez
In the last years, a high number of highly toxic compounds have been released into theenvironment because of several industrial and/or agricultural activities. Typical organicchemicals include pesticides, fuels, solvents, alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, explosives, and dyes while inorganiccontaminants are mainly represented by toxic heavy metals.Contamination of soil, surface and ground water by organic pollutants is a problem ofgreat environmental concern in several countries. Furthermore, a complex pollution includingmore than one pollutant and also toxic metals may accumulate in the environment thusbeing a point of major concern for both a toxicological risk assessment of contaminatedfield sites and to study the feasibility of bioremediation technologies to remediatecontaminated soils.Intrinsic biodegradation is one of the natural attenuation phenomena, which may occurat the contaminated soil and contribute to its remediation (Figure 1). Indeed, most of pollutingchemicals have been proven to be transformed by microbial organisms (Alexander, 1985;Cerniglia, 1992; Alexander, 1994). Their susceptibility to biodegradation may, however,change drastically, depending on several factors related to the chemical and physicalproperties of both the chemical and the environment in which they are present.Although much experimental evidence supports the capability of microorganisms tobiodegrade organic pollutants, several sites are still strongly contaminated, indicating ahigh persistence of these compounds under field conditions.Several strategies have been devised to remediate and restore polluted environments:physical and chemical methods and biological approaches, requiring the involvement ofbiological agents (Adriano et al., 1999; Alexander, 1985, 19994; Bollag and Liu, 1990; Bollagand Bollag, 1995; Bouwer and Zender, 1993; Cerniglia, 1992; Edgehill, 1999; Edgehill et al.,1991,Gevao et al., 2000;
在过去的几年里，由于一些工业和/或农业活动，大量剧毒化合物被释放到环境中。典型的有机化学品包括农药、燃料、溶剂、烷烃、多环芳烃(PAHs)、氮磷化合物、炸药、染料等，而无机污染物主要以有毒重金属为代表。有机污染物对土壤、地表水和地下水的污染是一些国家非常关注的环境问题。此外，包括一种以上污染物和有毒金属在内的复杂污染可能在环境中积累，因此对污染场地的毒理学风险评估和研究生物修复技术修复污染土壤的可行性都是一个主要关注的问题。内在生物降解是一种自然衰减现象，它可能发生在被污染的土壤中，并有助于其修复(图1)。事实上，大多数污染化学物质已被证明可以被微生物转化(Alexander, 1985;Cerniglia, 1992;亚历山大,1994)。然而，它们对生物降解的敏感性可能会发生巨大变化，这取决于与它们所处的化学品和环境的化学和物理性质有关的几个因素。尽管许多实验证据支持微生物生物降解有机污染物的能力，但一些地点仍然受到严重污染，表明这些化合物在野外条件下具有高持久性。已经制定了若干战略来修复和恢复被污染的环境:物理和化学方法以及需要生物制剂参与的生物方法(Adriano等人，1999年;亚历山大，1985,19994;Bollag and Liu, 1990;Bollagand Bollag, 1995;Bouwer and Zender, 1993;Cerniglia, 1992;Edgehill, 1999;Edgehill等，1991,Gevao等，2000;
{"title":"Restauración de suelos contaminados por medio de procesos microbiológicos y enzimáticos","authors":"L. Gianfreda, M. Mora, M. C. Diez","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000100004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000100004","url":null,"abstract":"In the last years, a high number of highly toxic compounds have been released into theenvironment because of several industrial and/or agricultural activities. Typical organicchemicals include pesticides, fuels, solvents, alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, explosives, and dyes while inorganiccontaminants are mainly represented by toxic heavy metals.Contamination of soil, surface and ground water by organic pollutants is a problem ofgreat environmental concern in several countries. Furthermore, a complex pollution includingmore than one pollutant and also toxic metals may accumulate in the environment thusbeing a point of major concern for both a toxicological risk assessment of contaminatedfield sites and to study the feasibility of bioremediation technologies to remediatecontaminated soils.Intrinsic biodegradation is one of the natural attenuation phenomena, which may occurat the contaminated soil and contribute to its remediation (Figure 1). Indeed, most of pollutingchemicals have been proven to be transformed by microbial organisms (Alexander, 1985;Cerniglia, 1992; Alexander, 1994). Their susceptibility to biodegradation may, however,change drastically, depending on several factors related to the chemical and physicalproperties of both the chemical and the environment in which they are present.Although much experimental evidence supports the capability of microorganisms tobiodegrade organic pollutants, several sites are still strongly contaminated, indicating ahigh persistence of these compounds under field conditions.Several strategies have been devised to remediate and restore polluted environments:physical and chemical methods and biological approaches, requiring the involvement ofbiological agents (Adriano et al., 1999; Alexander, 1985, 19994; Bollag and Liu, 1990; Bollagand Bollag, 1995; Bouwer and Zender, 1993; Cerniglia, 1992; Edgehill, 1999; Edgehill et al.,1991,Gevao et al., 2000;","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"44 1","pages":"20-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87537082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-04-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912006000100007
Z. MarysolAlvear, E. RoxanaLópez, G. AnalíRosas, N. NelsonEspinoza
Se realizo un ensayo en un suelo Andisol de la IX Region con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de diferentes herbicidas aplicados en cultivos anuales tradicionales sobre las actividades biologicas del suelo. Los cultivos y herbicidas aplicados en cada caso correspondieron a trigo-MCPA+metsulfuron-metil, lupino-simazina, raps-trifluralina y un testigo sin aplicacion de herbicidas. En general, todas las actividades biologicas fueron afectadas negativamente por los distintos tratamientos de herbicidas (p< 0,05) en el primer y segundo muestreo respecto al testigo. Entre las actividades generales, el C y N biomasico fueron afectados negativamente por la trifluralina y el MCPA+metsulfuron-metil, mientras que la dehidrogenasa fue afectada significativamente en relacion al testigo en el primer y segundo muestreo, recuperandose en el ultimo muestreo. Entre las actividades biologicas especificas la fosfatasa acida fue afectada por simazina, trifluralina y MCPA+metsulfuron-metil, mientras que la ureasa presento una reduccion significativa en el tercer y cuarto muestreo respecto al testigo. En general, las actividades enzimaticas fueron tambien afectadas por el cultivo de cada tratamiento, siendo necesario seguir estudiando la relacion entre las actividades enzimaticas y los diferentes manejos agricolas incluyendo la aplicacion de herbicidas.
{"title":"Efecto de la Aplicación de Herbicidas en Condiciones de Campo Sobre Algunas Actividades Biológicas","authors":"Z. MarysolAlvear, E. RoxanaLópez, G. AnalíRosas, N. NelsonEspinoza","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912006000100007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912006000100007","url":null,"abstract":"Se realizo un ensayo en un suelo Andisol de la IX Region con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de diferentes herbicidas aplicados en cultivos anuales tradicionales sobre las actividades biologicas del suelo. Los cultivos y herbicidas aplicados en cada caso correspondieron a trigo-MCPA+metsulfuron-metil, lupino-simazina, raps-trifluralina y un testigo sin aplicacion de herbicidas. En general, todas las actividades biologicas fueron afectadas negativamente por los distintos tratamientos de herbicidas (p< 0,05) en el primer y segundo muestreo respecto al testigo. Entre las actividades generales, el C y N biomasico fueron afectados negativamente por la trifluralina y el MCPA+metsulfuron-metil, mientras que la dehidrogenasa fue afectada significativamente en relacion al testigo en el primer y segundo muestreo, recuperandose en el ultimo muestreo. Entre las actividades biologicas especificas la fosfatasa acida fue afectada por simazina, trifluralina y MCPA+metsulfuron-metil, mientras que la ureasa presento una reduccion significativa en el tercer y cuarto muestreo respecto al testigo. En general, las actividades enzimaticas fueron tambien afectadas por el cultivo de cada tratamiento, siendo necesario seguir estudiando la relacion entre las actividades enzimaticas y los diferentes manejos agricolas incluyendo la aplicacion de herbicidas.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"36 1","pages":"64-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84915109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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