Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000400012
H. Quiquampoix
Proteins are important compounds in soils, made up of monomeric amino acids joined by peptide bonds, and there are several reasons for studying their fate in soil: (i) their amino acids are an important source of soil nitrogen, (ii) enzymes secreted by soil microorganisms, plant roots and soil invertebrate guts can be involved in the biogeochemical cycles of soil organic matter (Quiquampoix, 2000; Quiquampoix and Mousain, 2005), (iii) pathogenic proteins such as prions involved in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (Brown and Gajdusek, 1991; Revault et al., 2005) or insecticidal toxins expressed in transgenic plants (Tapp and Stotzky, 1998; Pagel-Wieder et al;, 2004) represent a growing environmental concern. Proteins generally have a strong affinity for all types of interfaces found in soil, both the solid–liquid interfaces of soil minerals and organic colloids and the liquid–gas interfaces developed in a microporous system and dependent on the soil pore-water content. The affinity for various types of interfaces originates in the flexibility of the polypeptide chain and in the diversity of the 20 amino acids that can be classified on an electrical scale as positively, neutrally or negatively charged and on a hydrophobic scale from polar to non-polar. These properties give rise to a large variety of interactions with soil surfaces, relationships that may be dominated by enthalpic or entropic contributions to the free energy. The strong and often largely irreversible adsorption of proteins on the mineral phase of the soil has important consequences not only on their mobility, but also on their resistance to breakdown (proteins as N source in soil) and functional activity (catalylic for enzymes, infectious for prions, toxic for Bt proteins). Extracellular enzymes can be secreted into soil solution by microorganisms. This process makes possible the degradation of the soil organic matter since polymers cannot usually pass through the membranes of the microorganisms and need to be hydrolysed into soluble low molecular weight compounds which can reach membrane permeases specific for monomers (sugars, amino acids) or occasionally oligomers. For this reason, they will play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P and S in soil. A consequence of the adsorption of these extracellular enzymes on mineral surfaces is a shift of the optimal pH of the catalytic activity toward more alkaline values and a general decrease of their activity. All proteins can make an important contribution as biochemical substrates in proteolysis reactions in the N cycle when released in soil after death of biota and lysis of the membranes since they have an average N content of 16%. Prion proteins are an infective agent of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Epidemiological studies of ovine scrapie in Europe and, more recently, the chronic wasting disease of wild cervids (deer, elk and moose) in North America, suggest the possible hori
蛋白质是土壤中的重要化合物，由肽键连接的单氨基酸组成，研究它们在土壤中的命运有几个原因:(i)它们的氨基酸是土壤氮的重要来源;(ii)土壤微生物、植物根系和土壤无脊椎动物肠道分泌的酶可以参与土壤有机质的生物地球化学循环(Quiquampoix, 2000;Quiquampoix和Mousain, 2005)， (iii)致病蛋白，如与传染性海绵状脑病有关的朊病毒(Brown和Gajdusek, 1991;Revault et al.， 2005)或转基因植物中表达的杀虫毒素(Tapp and Stotzky, 1998;Pagel-Wieder等人，2004)代表了日益增长的环境问题。蛋白质通常对土壤中所有类型的界面都有很强的亲和力，无论是土壤矿物质和有机胶体的固液界面，还是微孔系统中形成的依赖于土壤孔隙水含量的液气界面。对各种类型界面的亲和力源于多肽链的灵活性和20种氨基酸的多样性，这些氨基酸可以在电尺度上分为正电、中性或负电，在疏水尺度上从极性到非极性。这些性质引起了与土壤表面的各种各样的相互作用，这种关系可能由自由能的焓或熵贡献主导。蛋白质在土壤矿物相上的强烈且通常基本上不可逆的吸附不仅对它们的移动性有重要影响，而且对它们的抗分解性(蛋白质作为土壤中的N源)和功能活性(酶的催化作用，朊病毒的传染性，Bt蛋白的毒性)也有重要影响。胞外酶可由微生物分泌到土壤溶液中。这一过程使得土壤有机质的降解成为可能，因为聚合物通常不能通过微生物的膜，需要水解成可溶的低分子量化合物，这些化合物可以到达特定于单体(糖、氨基酸)或偶尔低聚物的膜透孔。因此，它们将在土壤中C、N、P、S的生物地球化学循环中发挥重要作用。这些细胞外酶在矿物表面吸附的结果是催化活性的最佳pH值向更碱性的值转移，并且它们的活性普遍降低。所有蛋白质的平均含氮量为16%，在生物群死亡和膜裂解后释放到土壤中，在N循环中的蛋白质水解反应中作为生化底物做出了重要贡献。朊蛋白是几种传染性海绵状脑病(TSE)的感染因子。对欧洲羊痒病的流行病学研究以及最近对北美野生动物(鹿、麋鹿和驼鹿)慢性消耗性疾病的研究表明，该病可能从土壤水库水平传播。
{"title":"Interaction with Soil Constituents Determines the Environmental Impact of Proteins","authors":"H. Quiquampoix","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000400012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000400012","url":null,"abstract":"Proteins are important compounds in soils, made up of monomeric amino acids joined by peptide bonds, and there are several reasons for studying their fate in soil: (i) their amino acids are an important source of soil nitrogen, (ii) enzymes secreted by soil microorganisms, plant roots and soil invertebrate guts can be involved in the biogeochemical cycles of soil organic matter (Quiquampoix, 2000; Quiquampoix and Mousain, 2005), (iii) pathogenic proteins such as prions involved in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (Brown and Gajdusek, 1991; Revault et al., 2005) or insecticidal toxins expressed in transgenic plants (Tapp and Stotzky, 1998; Pagel-Wieder et al;, 2004) represent a growing environmental concern. Proteins generally have a strong affinity for all types of interfaces found in soil, both the solid–liquid interfaces of soil minerals and organic colloids and the liquid–gas interfaces developed in a microporous system and dependent on the soil pore-water content. The affinity for various types of interfaces originates in the flexibility of the polypeptide chain and in the diversity of the 20 amino acids that can be classified on an electrical scale as positively, neutrally or negatively charged and on a hydrophobic scale from polar to non-polar. These properties give rise to a large variety of interactions with soil surfaces, relationships that may be dominated by enthalpic or entropic contributions to the free energy. The strong and often largely irreversible adsorption of proteins on the mineral phase of the soil has important consequences not only on their mobility, but also on their resistance to breakdown (proteins as N source in soil) and functional activity (catalylic for enzymes, infectious for prions, toxic for Bt proteins). Extracellular enzymes can be secreted into soil solution by microorganisms. This process makes possible the degradation of the soil organic matter since polymers cannot usually pass through the membranes of the microorganisms and need to be hydrolysed into soluble low molecular weight compounds which can reach membrane permeases specific for monomers (sugars, amino acids) or occasionally oligomers. For this reason, they will play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P and S in soil. A consequence of the adsorption of these extracellular enzymes on mineral surfaces is a shift of the optimal pH of the catalytic activity toward more alkaline values and a general decrease of their activity. All proteins can make an important contribution as biochemical substrates in proteolysis reactions in the N cycle when released in soil after death of biota and lysis of the membranes since they have an average N content of 16%. Prion proteins are an infective agent of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Epidemiological studies of ovine scrapie in Europe and, more recently, the chronic wasting disease of wild cervids (deer, elk and moose) in North America, suggest the possible hori","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"118 1","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77154180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000200007
C. Trasar-Cepeda, M. Leirós, F. Gil-Sotres
La actividad humana es una de las principales causas de la degradacion fisica, quimica y biologica de los suelos. Dicha degradacion implica un cambio en la calidad del suelo, ya que supone tanto una disminucion en la productividad como cambios en las funciones ecologicas del suelo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar el efecto del uso del suelo sobre las propiedades bioquimicas, con el fin de proporcionar datos que permitan estimar la utilidad de las actividades enzimaticas como indicadores de la calidad del suelo. Ademas de las propiedades fisicas y quimicas de los suelos, se analizaron diferentes hidrolasas implicadas en los ciclos del C, N, P y S, asi como otras propiedades bioquimicas tales como el carbono asociado a la biomasa microbiana o la respiracion basal del suelo. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron obtener diversas conclusiones en relacion a los principales procesos que afectan a las propiedades bioquimicas en los suelos afectados por la actividad humana.
{"title":"MODIFICATION OF BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES BY SOIL USE","authors":"C. Trasar-Cepeda, M. Leirós, F. Gil-Sotres","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000200007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000200007","url":null,"abstract":"La actividad humana es una de las principales causas de la degradacion fisica, quimica y biologica de los suelos. Dicha degradacion implica un cambio en la calidad del suelo, ya que supone tanto una disminucion en la productividad como cambios en las funciones ecologicas del suelo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar el efecto del uso del suelo sobre las propiedades bioquimicas, con el fin de proporcionar datos que permitan estimar la utilidad de las actividades enzimaticas como indicadores de la calidad del suelo. Ademas de las propiedades fisicas y quimicas de los suelos, se analizaron diferentes hidrolasas implicadas en los ciclos del C, N, P y S, asi como otras propiedades bioquimicas tales como el carbono asociado a la biomasa microbiana o la respiracion basal del suelo. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron obtener diversas conclusiones en relacion a los principales procesos que afectan a las propiedades bioquimicas en los suelos afectados por la actividad humana.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"81 1","pages":"53-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72691313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000200004
Marcela Hernández, V. Morgante, Cecilia Flores, P. Villalobos, Myriam González, P. Miralles, M. A. Dinamarca, M. Seeger
The extensive use of s-triazine herbicides in diverse countries causes environmental and health concern. Simazine and atrazine are s-triazines widely used in agriculture and forestry. Although, natural dissipation of s-triazines in soils by physicochemical processes has been described, the main mechanism for their removal is biological degradation by microorganisms. Bioremediation is a successful strategy for the removal of s-triazines in soil. For bioaugmentation processes, s-triazine-degrading bacteria are required, which isolation from agricultural soils was described in this report. Studies of s-triazine adsorption and leaching in soil are useful to determine the bioavailability of these herbicides. The detection of s-triazine-degrading catabolic activity by most-probable-number (MPN) and the reduction of the respiration indicator 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) were presented. The relative abundances of s-triazine catabolic genes in soil were analyzed by the MPNPCR technique. Culture-independent molecular methods such as FISH, T-RFLP and clone libraries are useful to study the effects of herbicide application and bioaugmentation on soil microbial communities and their dynamics. These experimental methods allow the design of biotechnological strategies for the clean-up of s-triazine contaminated soils.
{"title":"MODERN APPROACHES FOR THE STUDY OF s-TRIAZINE HERBICIDE BIOREMEDIATION IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS","authors":"Marcela Hernández, V. Morgante, Cecilia Flores, P. Villalobos, Myriam González, P. Miralles, M. A. Dinamarca, M. Seeger","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000200004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000200004","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive use of s-triazine herbicides in diverse countries causes environmental and health concern. Simazine and atrazine are s-triazines widely used in agriculture and forestry. Although, natural dissipation of s-triazines in soils by physicochemical processes has been described, the main mechanism for their removal is biological degradation by microorganisms. Bioremediation is a successful strategy for the removal of s-triazines in soil. For bioaugmentation processes, s-triazine-degrading bacteria are required, which isolation from agricultural soils was described in this report. Studies of s-triazine adsorption and leaching in soil are useful to determine the bioavailability of these herbicides. The detection of s-triazine-degrading catabolic activity by most-probable-number (MPN) and the reduction of the respiration indicator 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) were presented. The relative abundances of s-triazine catabolic genes in soil were analyzed by the MPNPCR technique. Culture-independent molecular methods such as FISH, T-RFLP and clone libraries are useful to study the effects of herbicide application and bioaugmentation on soil microbial communities and their dynamics. These experimental methods allow the design of biotechnological strategies for the clean-up of s-triazine contaminated soils.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"1 1","pages":"19-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78539747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000400014
N. Senesi, E. Loffredo
The purpose of this presentation is to firstly provide a general survey on the various phenomena that anthropogenic organic pollutants of various nature and origin are subjected in soils and on the specific role exerted by humic substances on these processes. The presentation will then focus on adsorption/desorption of two important classes of organic pollutants, that are some representative pesticides possessing endocrine disruptor activity and some properly active endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs), onto soil humic acids (HAs) that are the most chemically and biochemically active fractions of humic substances and natural soil organic matter.
{"title":"The Fate of Anthropogenic Organic Pollutants in Soil: Adsorption/Desorption of Pesticides Possessing Endocrine Disruptor Activity by Natural Organic Matter (Humic Substances)","authors":"N. Senesi, E. Loffredo","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000400014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000400014","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this presentation is to firstly provide a general survey on the various phenomena that anthropogenic organic pollutants of various nature and origin are subjected in soils and on the specific role exerted by humic substances on these processes. The presentation will then focus on adsorption/desorption of two important classes of organic pollutants, that are some representative pesticides possessing endocrine disruptor activity and some properly active endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs), onto soil humic acids (HAs) that are the most chemically and biochemically active fractions of humic substances and natural soil organic matter.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"917 1","pages":"92-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85518253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000200005
Luisa A Sepulveda-Cuevas, Elsa G Contreras-Villacura, Carolyn L Palma-Toloza
Turba magallanica (Sphagnum magallanicum) como adsorbente natural de colorantes sinteticos recalcitrantes ABSTRACT Colour abatement is a complex problem because the synthetic origin of the dyes used in the industry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using Magellan peat (Sphagnum magallanicum) as an adsorbent of textile dyes, determining the physical- chemical characteristics of the peat by measuring the adsorptive capacity of the dyes as well as exploring the degrading potential of the native microorganisms they contain. The results obtained indicate that the peat has a specific surface area (BET) and a volume of 144.3 m2 g-1 and 60% of meso- and macropores, respectively. The basicity of the peat surface is superior to acidity and the pH in which the neutrality is reached is about 3.1. Equilibrium concentrations for the basic, acid and reactive dyes in the solid and liquid phases were appropriately interpreted by the Langmuir model; however the maximum adsorption capacities of the first ones were significantly higher. If the solution pH is lower to pzpc, the absorption capacity of the acid dyes increases. Three different bacteria colonies with decolourization capacity were isolated. In conclusion, results indicate that the peat may be successfully applied in the detoxification of textile effluents.
{"title":"MAGELLAN PEAT (Sphagnum magallanicum) AS NATURAL ADSORBENT OF RECALCITRAN SYNTHETIC DYES","authors":"Luisa A Sepulveda-Cuevas, Elsa G Contreras-Villacura, Carolyn L Palma-Toloza","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000200005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000200005","url":null,"abstract":"Turba magallanica (Sphagnum magallanicum) como adsorbente natural de colorantes sinteticos recalcitrantes ABSTRACT Colour abatement is a complex problem because the synthetic origin of the dyes used in the industry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using Magellan peat (Sphagnum magallanicum) as an adsorbent of textile dyes, determining the physical- chemical characteristics of the peat by measuring the adsorptive capacity of the dyes as well as exploring the degrading potential of the native microorganisms they contain. The results obtained indicate that the peat has a specific surface area (BET) and a volume of 144.3 m2 g-1 and 60% of meso- and macropores, respectively. The basicity of the peat surface is superior to acidity and the pH in which the neutrality is reached is about 3.1. Equilibrium concentrations for the basic, acid and reactive dyes in the solid and liquid phases were appropriately interpreted by the Langmuir model; however the maximum adsorption capacities of the first ones were significantly higher. If the solution pH is lower to pzpc, the absorption capacity of the acid dyes increases. Three different bacteria colonies with decolourization capacity were isolated. In conclusion, results indicate that the peat may be successfully applied in the detoxification of textile effluents.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"78 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83707418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000200003
F. Borie, R. Rubio, Alfredo Morales
Soil aggregation is governed by several biotic and abiotic components including landuse management. Aggregation is essential to maintain soil physical properties and facilitate biogeochemical cycling. Hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered to be primary soil aggregators and there is a positively correlation between AMF hyphae and aggregate stability in natural systems. Recent evidence suggests that glomalin (GRSP), a glycoprotein produced by AMF hyphae which has a cementing capacity to maintain soil particles together, is mainly involved in such aggregation. However, recently controversial results together with reported shortcoming in glomalin determinat suggest to proceed with caution when studying glomalin in connection with soil aggregation. Relationships between glomalin and soil aggregates found in Chilean soils are discussed.
{"title":"ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND SOIL AGGREGATION","authors":"F. Borie, R. Rubio, Alfredo Morales","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000200003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000200003","url":null,"abstract":"Soil aggregation is governed by several biotic and abiotic components including landuse management. Aggregation is essential to maintain soil physical properties and facilitate biogeochemical cycling. Hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered to be primary soil aggregators and there is a positively correlation between AMF hyphae and aggregate stability in natural systems. Recent evidence suggests that glomalin (GRSP), a glycoprotein produced by AMF hyphae which has a cementing capacity to maintain soil particles together, is mainly involved in such aggregation. However, recently controversial results together with reported shortcoming in glomalin determinat suggest to proceed with caution when studying glomalin in connection with soil aggregation. Relationships between glomalin and soil aggregates found in Chilean soils are discussed.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"64 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84010360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000100003
Valdeci Orioli Júnior, Renato de Mello Prado, C. Leonel, Disnei Amélio Cazetta, César Martoreli da Silveira, Rafaela Josemara Barbosa Queiroz, Joani Cristina Húngaro Aires da Gama Bastos
Zinc application methods can affect the nutrition and the initial development of the wheat. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the different ways of Zn application in the soil, on nutrition and on dry matter production. A completely randomized experimental design with four replications was used. The experiment was composed by the following Zn application treatments: control (no zinc application); soil incorporation, furrow located, seeds treatment and leaf pulverization. The experimental unit was composed of a pot filled with 7 L of soil. Morphological traits for each plant were determined on 52 days after emergence by the evaluations of plant height, internodes number, tillers number and aerial part dry matter. Still, the soil and plant chemical analysis was accomplished. The furrow located method provided larger concentrations of the micronutrient available. The zinc application methods did not influence the initial growth of the wheat plants. The zinc concentration in leaves was influenced by the different application methods, being the leaf pulverization the one that was caused the largest zinc accumulation on aerial part dry matter
{"title":"MODOS DE APLICAÇÃO DE ZINCO NA NUTRICÃO E NA PRODUÇÃO DE MASSA SECA DE PLANTAS DE TRIGO","authors":"Valdeci Orioli Júnior, Renato de Mello Prado, C. Leonel, Disnei Amélio Cazetta, César Martoreli da Silveira, Rafaela Josemara Barbosa Queiroz, Joani Cristina Húngaro Aires da Gama Bastos","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000100003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000100003","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc application methods can affect the nutrition and the initial development of the wheat. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the different ways of Zn application in the soil, on nutrition and on dry matter production. A completely randomized experimental design with four replications was used. The experiment was composed by the following Zn application treatments: control (no zinc application); soil incorporation, furrow located, seeds treatment and leaf pulverization. The experimental unit was composed of a pot filled with 7 L of soil. Morphological traits for each plant were determined on 52 days after emergence by the evaluations of plant height, internodes number, tillers number and aerial part dry matter. Still, the soil and plant chemical analysis was accomplished. The furrow located method provided larger concentrations of the micronutrient available. The zinc application methods did not influence the initial growth of the wheat plants. The zinc concentration in leaves was influenced by the different application methods, being the leaf pulverization the one that was caused the largest zinc accumulation on aerial part dry matter","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"16 1","pages":"28-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88016472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000100001
D. Dec, J. Dörner, Orsolya Becker-Fazekas, R. Horn
In order to determine the effect of bulk density and soil structure on their hydraulic behaviour, undisturbed samples were collected and disturbed samples were prepared from a Luvisol. The experimental field, located in Harste/Goettingen, Germany, was cultivated with sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). The water retention curve (WRC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured on undisturbed samples and homogenized samples prepared at different bulk densities (1.2 -1.4 and 1.6 Mg m-3). To determine the effect of soil shrinkage on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k/ψ), the vertical deformation of the repacked samples was measured and relative water content differences (dθ)were determined. The hydraulic properties of soils with identical texture depend on bulk density (dB) and structure. The increasing bulk density not only induces changes in the pore-size distribution but also affects the ability of soil to shrink and to conduct water under unsaturated conditions. Greater shrinkage was observed for samples with lower dB as a consequence of reduction of coarse pores. The water content differences increase with decreasing bulk density, inducing an increasing error in the estimation of k/ ψ.
{"title":"EFFECT OF BULK DENSITY ON HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF HOMOGENIZED AND STRUCTURED SOILS","authors":"D. Dec, J. Dörner, Orsolya Becker-Fazekas, R. Horn","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000100001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000100001","url":null,"abstract":"In order to determine the effect of bulk density and soil structure on their hydraulic behaviour, undisturbed samples were collected and disturbed samples were prepared from a Luvisol. The experimental field, located in Harste/Goettingen, Germany, was cultivated with sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). The water retention curve (WRC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured on undisturbed samples and homogenized samples prepared at different bulk densities (1.2 -1.4 and 1.6 Mg m-3). To determine the effect of soil shrinkage on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k/ψ), the vertical deformation of the repacked samples was measured and relative water content differences (dθ)were determined. The hydraulic properties of soils with identical texture depend on bulk density (dB) and structure. The increasing bulk density not only induces changes in the pore-size distribution but also affects the ability of soil to shrink and to conduct water under unsaturated conditions. Greater shrinkage was observed for samples with lower dB as a consequence of reduction of coarse pores. The water content differences increase with decreasing bulk density, inducing an increasing error in the estimation of k/ ψ.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"83 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89660686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912007000100004
G. FernandoCosio, B. MaryNegrón, C. JuanGastó, G. JuanLuisVillate
The District and Sites of the dry and foggy summers of Mediterranean region of Chile (Templada Secoestival Nubosa) were determined and characterized in the context of the classification of eco-regions developed by Gasto et al. (1993). The land use capacity has a range from class V in the Depression District (1.8%), the Flat District, class I-IV (25%), the Undulating District land use IV-VI (32.4%), the Hilly District land use VII-VIII (39.6%) and finally the Mountain District land use VIII (1.3%). The Sites on the Depression District are mostly deep with permanent hydromorphism with high sodium salinity; the Flat District Sites are, in general, of medium depth and moderate drainage represented by marine terrances. The Undulating District is represented mostly by Sites of medium depth and texture with seasonal superficial hydromorphism, where the additional limitation is the slope. In the Hilly District, the Sites are shallow and light texture with moderate drainage; the main limitations are lack of fertility and occurrence of stones.
{"title":"DISTRITOS Y SITIOS DE LA PROVINCIA TEMPLADA SECOESTIVAL NUBOSA O VALPARAÍSO: SECANO DE LA COSTA","authors":"G. FernandoCosio, B. MaryNegrón, C. JuanGastó, G. JuanLuisVillate","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912007000100004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912007000100004","url":null,"abstract":"The District and Sites of the dry and foggy summers of Mediterranean region of Chile (Templada Secoestival Nubosa) were determined and characterized in the context of the classification of eco-regions developed by Gasto et al. (1993). The land use capacity has a range from class V in the Depression District (1.8%), the Flat District, class I-IV (25%), the Undulating District land use IV-VI (32.4%), the Hilly District land use VII-VIII (39.6%) and finally the Mountain District land use VIII (1.3%). The Sites on the Depression District are mostly deep with permanent hydromorphism with high sodium salinity; the Flat District Sites are, in general, of medium depth and moderate drainage represented by marine terrances. The Undulating District is represented mostly by Sites of medium depth and texture with seasonal superficial hydromorphism, where the additional limitation is the slope. In the Hilly District, the Sites are shallow and light texture with moderate drainage; the main limitations are lack of fertility and occurrence of stones.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"181 1","pages":"38-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80239817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912007000300001
Celerino Quezada, I. Vidal, Luis Lemus, H. Sánchez
The aim of the study was to present the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and the fruit quality in raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) cv. Heritage, submitted to drip irrigation. The field experiment was carried out on a silt loam soil (Typic Melanoxerands) during the growing season 2002-2003 in an second-year old orchard. Urea fertilizer was applied with the irrigation under two fertigation programs: permanent (doses fractioned 43 times) and single (doses applied at the beginning of growing season). The nitrogen rate applied in both systems was 0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha-1. The single fertigation with 100 kg ha-1 rate was the best treatment in yield and volume of exportable fruit, while the permanent fertigation with the same rate presented the highest fruit weight and diameter, as the smaller incidence of dropping and white drupelets. A clear response to the permanent fertigation is not presented, but with the increasing of the nitrogen rate is observed a positive effect in the majority of the evaluated parameters.
研究了施氮对覆盆子产量和果实品质的影响。传承，交给滴灌。田间试验于2002-2003年生长季在一个2年树龄果园的粉砂壤土(典型黑栎地)上进行。灌溉时施用尿素，分两种施肥方案:永久施肥(分43次施用)和单次施肥(生长期初施用)。施氮量分别为0、25、50和100 kg hm -1。输出果实产量和体积以100 kg hm -1的单次施肥处理最好，而相同速率的永久施肥处理果实重和直径最高，下落和白色小核发生率较小。对永久施肥没有明显的响应，但随着施氮量的增加，大多数评价参数都有积极的影响。
{"title":"EFECTO DE LA FERTILIZACIÓN NITROGENADA SOBRE RENDIMIENTO Y CALIDAD DE FRUTA EN FRAMBUESO (Rubus idaeus L.) BAJO DOS PROGRAMAS DE FERTIRRIGACIÓN","authors":"Celerino Quezada, I. Vidal, Luis Lemus, H. Sánchez","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912007000300001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912007000300001","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to present the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and the fruit quality in raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) cv. Heritage, submitted to drip irrigation. The field experiment was carried out on a silt loam soil (Typic Melanoxerands) during the growing season 2002-2003 in an second-year old orchard. Urea fertilizer was applied with the irrigation under two fertigation programs: permanent (doses fractioned 43 times) and single (doses applied at the beginning of growing season). The nitrogen rate applied in both systems was 0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha-1. The single fertigation with 100 kg ha-1 rate was the best treatment in yield and volume of exportable fruit, while the permanent fertigation with the same rate presented the highest fruit weight and diameter, as the smaller incidence of dropping and white drupelets. A clear response to the permanent fertigation is not presented, but with the increasing of the nitrogen rate is observed a positive effect in the majority of the evaluated parameters.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85626994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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