Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912009000100006
P. Cartes, Alejandra A. Jara, R. Demanet, M. Mora
Se realizaron estudios de incubacion para evaluar el efecto de la temperatura y niveles de suministro de urea sobre la actividad ureasa y la cinetica de mineralizacion de N en dos Andisoles del Sur de Chile. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la actividad ureasa fue mas alta en el suelo Piedras Negras (PNS) que en el suelo Freire (FS) a 24 y 48 h, y la enzima fue activada cuando la temperatura incremento desde 5 a 21 °C. La actividad ureasa siguio una cinetica simple de Michaelis-Menten. En PNS, la constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km) disminuyo, mientras que la velocidad maxima de reaccion de la enzima (Vmax) y la eficiencia catalitica aumentaron cuando la temperatura fue elevada hasta 21 °C a 24 y 48 h de incubacion del suelo. En FS, la actividad ureasa fue la mas alta a las 24 h, y esta disminuyo a las 48 h como consecuencia del agotamiento del sustrato. Por otra parte, los datos de cinetica de mineralizacion de N estrechamente se ajustaron a un modelo exponencial simple. A etapas tempranas de la incubacion, cantidades similares de N mineralizado (Nmin) fueron encontradas en ambos suelos. Sin embargo, Nmin fue 27 a 64 % mas alto en PNS que FS al final del experimento. Estos resultados tuvieron directa relacion con el contenido de materia organica del suelo, la temperatura y el nivel suministro de urea. En PNS, nosotros observamos que 47 a 80 % de Nmin permanecio como NH4+-N, mientras que en FS N03--N represento entre 80 y 96 %. Tales diferencias en la dinamica de transformacion de N estuvieron de acuerdo con la variacion del pH registrada durante el periodo experimental. Estos hechos tienen implicancias practicas para el manejo de los sistemas agricolas en una localidad en particular, debido a que la dinamica de la mineralizacion de N en Andisoles es principalmente controlada por el contenido de materia organica y las propiedades biologicas de suelos, asi como por la temperatura y el nivel de suministro de urea al sistema suelo-planta.
{"title":"UREASE ACTIVITY AND NITROGEN MINERALIZATION KINETICS AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE AND UREA INPUT RATE IN SOUTHERN CHILEAN ANDISOLS","authors":"P. Cartes, Alejandra A. Jara, R. Demanet, M. Mora","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912009000100006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912009000100006","url":null,"abstract":"Se realizaron estudios de incubacion para evaluar el efecto de la temperatura y niveles de suministro de urea sobre la actividad ureasa y la cinetica de mineralizacion de N en dos Andisoles del Sur de Chile. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la actividad ureasa fue mas alta en el suelo Piedras Negras (PNS) que en el suelo Freire (FS) a 24 y 48 h, y la enzima fue activada cuando la temperatura incremento desde 5 a 21 °C. La actividad ureasa siguio una cinetica simple de Michaelis-Menten. En PNS, la constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km) disminuyo, mientras que la velocidad maxima de reaccion de la enzima (Vmax) y la eficiencia catalitica aumentaron cuando la temperatura fue elevada hasta 21 °C a 24 y 48 h de incubacion del suelo. En FS, la actividad ureasa fue la mas alta a las 24 h, y esta disminuyo a las 48 h como consecuencia del agotamiento del sustrato. Por otra parte, los datos de cinetica de mineralizacion de N estrechamente se ajustaron a un modelo exponencial simple. A etapas tempranas de la incubacion, cantidades similares de N mineralizado (Nmin) fueron encontradas en ambos suelos. Sin embargo, Nmin fue 27 a 64 % mas alto en PNS que FS al final del experimento. Estos resultados tuvieron directa relacion con el contenido de materia organica del suelo, la temperatura y el nivel suministro de urea. En PNS, nosotros observamos que 47 a 80 % de Nmin permanecio como NH4+-N, mientras que en FS N03--N represento entre 80 y 96 %. Tales diferencias en la dinamica de transformacion de N estuvieron de acuerdo con la variacion del pH registrada durante el periodo experimental. Estos hechos tienen implicancias practicas para el manejo de los sistemas agricolas en una localidad en particular, debido a que la dinamica de la mineralizacion de N en Andisoles es principalmente controlada por el contenido de materia organica y las propiedades biologicas de suelos, asi como por la temperatura y el nivel de suministro de urea al sistema suelo-planta.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"12 1","pages":"69-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86693569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912009000300003
J. Dörner, D. Dec, Xinhua Peng, R. Horn
Los suelos volcanicos del sur de Chile constituyen cerca del 60% del suelo arable del pais. Estos suelos se encuentran bajo un amplio rango de usos desde sistemas pristinos hasta otros con un uso intensivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto del cambio de uso de suelo sobre: i) la estabilidad del suelo frente a presiones externas e internas; ii) la conductividad hidraulica y iii) su resiliencia funcional. Muestras disturbadas y no disturbadas de suelo fueron recolectadas a 5, 20, 40 cm de profundidad en un suelo Andisol (Typic Hapludand) bajo un renoval de bosque nativo (NF), una pradera de 50 anos (P50) y otra de 1 ano de uso (Pl). Se determino la curva de retencion de agua, contraccion y consolidacion, la conductividad hidraulica saturada (Ks), permeabilidad de aire (Ka), contenidos de carbono organico (CO), textura y alofan. Se estimo la conductividad hidraulica no saturada (Ku) de acuerdo al modelo propuesto por van Genuchten (1980). Se definieron indices de deformacion de suelo como consecuencia de estreses mecanicos (COELm) e hidraulicos (COELh). El suelo estudiado esta sujeto a constantes cambios en su estructura como consecuencia de estreses mecanicos e hidraulicos afectando la distribucion de los poros y su funcionalidad. La magnitud de estos cambios disminuye con el incremento de la intensidad de uso del suelo. La gran capacidad de contraccion del suelo puede traer consecuencias en su comportamiento hidraulico dependiendo de la intensidad del secado a traves de la formacion de grietas y vias de flujo de preferencial. Finalmente, los poros del suelo son capaces de recuperar su integridad funcional despues de una compactacion, lo que esta estrechamente relacionado con los contenidos de materia organica.
{"title":"EFECTO DEL CAMBIO DE USO EN LA ESTABILIDAD DE LA ESTRUCTURA Y LA FUNCIÓN DE LOS POROS DE UN ANDISOL (TYPIC HAPLUDAND) DEL SUR DE CHILE","authors":"J. Dörner, D. Dec, Xinhua Peng, R. Horn","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912009000300003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912009000300003","url":null,"abstract":"Los suelos volcanicos del sur de Chile constituyen cerca del 60% del suelo arable del pais. Estos suelos se encuentran bajo un amplio rango de usos desde sistemas pristinos hasta otros con un uso intensivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto del cambio de uso de suelo sobre: i) la estabilidad del suelo frente a presiones externas e internas; ii) la conductividad hidraulica y iii) su resiliencia funcional. Muestras disturbadas y no disturbadas de suelo fueron recolectadas a 5, 20, 40 cm de profundidad en un suelo Andisol (Typic Hapludand) bajo un renoval de bosque nativo (NF), una pradera de 50 anos (P50) y otra de 1 ano de uso (Pl). Se determino la curva de retencion de agua, contraccion y consolidacion, la conductividad hidraulica saturada (Ks), permeabilidad de aire (Ka), contenidos de carbono organico (CO), textura y alofan. Se estimo la conductividad hidraulica no saturada (Ku) de acuerdo al modelo propuesto por van Genuchten (1980). Se definieron indices de deformacion de suelo como consecuencia de estreses mecanicos (COELm) e hidraulicos (COELh). El suelo estudiado esta sujeto a constantes cambios en su estructura como consecuencia de estreses mecanicos e hidraulicos afectando la distribucion de los poros y su funcionalidad. La magnitud de estos cambios disminuye con el incremento de la intensidad de uso del suelo. La gran capacidad de contraccion del suelo puede traer consecuencias en su comportamiento hidraulico dependiendo de la intensidad del secado a traves de la formacion de grietas y vias de flujo de preferencial. Finalmente, los poros del suelo son capaces de recuperar su integridad funcional despues de una compactacion, lo que esta estrechamente relacionado con los contenidos de materia organica.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"40 1","pages":"190-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75135729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912009000200004
Y. Juan, Lijun Chen, Z. Wu, R. Wang
With black soil (Pachic Udic Argiboroll) of Northeastern China as the test object, an incubation test was conducted to investigate the effects of urease inhibitors, hydroquinone (HQ), phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) and N-(n-Butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), on the kinetic characteristics of soil urease under normal moisture and waterlogged conditions, aimed to study the changes of catalytic potential of soil urease and the inhibition mechanisms. The results showed that test urease exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviors, and all test inhibitors increased the Km and decreased the Vmax of soil urease, behaving as mixed inhibitors to soil urease. Under both normal and waterlogged conditions, compared with HQ, PPD and NBPT made Km increase and Vmax and Vmax/Km decrease more greatly, and the duration of these effects was longer (ca. 30 days vs. 10 days). Under water-logging, PPD made more increment of Km and more decrement of Vmax and Vmax/Km than NBPT, compared with that under normal soil moisture condition, suggesting that NBPT was more available under normal soil moisture condition, while PPD was promising under water-logging condition. To apply urease inhibitors and to control soil moisture condition could be a feasible way in increasing fertilizer N use efficiency affected by soil urease.
以东北黑土(Pachic Udic Argiboroll)为试验对象，通过培养试验研究了脲酶抑制剂对苯二酚(HQ)、苯基磷酸二酯(PPD)和N-(正丁基)硫磷三酰胺(NBPT)在正常水分和涝渍条件下对土壤脲酶动力学特性的影响，旨在研究土壤脲酶催化电位的变化及其抑制机制。结果表明，试验脲酶表现出典型的Michaelis-Menten动力学行为，各试验抑制剂均能提高土壤脲酶的Km，降低土壤脲酶的Vmax，表现为混合抑制剂。在正常和涝渍条件下，与HQ相比，PPD和NBPT的Km增加幅度更大，Vmax和Vmax/Km降低幅度更大，且持续时间更长(约30 d vs. 10 d)。在涝渍条件下，PPD比NBPT增加Km、减少Vmax和Vmax/Km，表明NBPT在涝渍条件下更有效，而PPD在涝渍条件下更有发展前景。施用脲酶抑制剂和控制土壤水分条件是提高脲酶对氮肥利用效率的可行途径。
{"title":"KINETICS OF SOIL UREASE AFFECTED BY UREASE INHIBITORS AT CONTRASTING MOISTURE REGIMES","authors":"Y. Juan, Lijun Chen, Z. Wu, R. Wang","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912009000200004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912009000200004","url":null,"abstract":"With black soil (Pachic Udic Argiboroll) of Northeastern China as the test object, an incubation test was conducted to investigate the effects of urease inhibitors, hydroquinone (HQ), phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) and N-(n-Butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), on the kinetic characteristics of soil urease under normal moisture and waterlogged conditions, aimed to study the changes of catalytic potential of soil urease and the inhibition mechanisms. The results showed that test urease exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviors, and all test inhibitors increased the Km and decreased the Vmax of soil urease, behaving as mixed inhibitors to soil urease. Under both normal and waterlogged conditions, compared with HQ, PPD and NBPT made Km increase and Vmax and Vmax/Km decrease more greatly, and the duration of these effects was longer (ca. 30 days vs. 10 days). Under water-logging, PPD made more increment of Km and more decrement of Vmax and Vmax/Km than NBPT, compared with that under normal soil moisture condition, suggesting that NBPT was more available under normal soil moisture condition, while PPD was promising under water-logging condition. To apply urease inhibitors and to control soil moisture condition could be a feasible way in increasing fertilizer N use efficiency affected by soil urease.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"77 1","pages":"125-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75730392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912009000300002
J. Junod, Erick Zagal, M. Sandoval, A. Venegas, J. Campos, R. Radrigan, Ricardo Barra, G. Vidal
El presente estudio tiene por objetivo probar mediante ensayos supervisados la variabilidad de los residuos de clorpirifos (CHP) asociados a una metodologia de muestreo validada en terreno, al aplicar el ingrediente activo (IA) en huerto de manzanos, con dos diferentes metodologias de aspersion y en epocas diferentes de desarrollo vegetativo. Se estudio la persistencia al aplicar 1,8 kg ha -1(Lorsban 50%WP®, Dow AgroScience, USA), mediante nebulizadora con bomba de espalda con motor (NBEM) y con nebulizadora de alto volumen (NAV). Se evaluo el modelo que representa el mejor ajuste de la declinacion de los residuos a traves de regresion no lineal. Los resultados muestran altos coeficientes de variacion (CV) en ambos metodos de aplicacion, NBEM (69%) y NAV (43%). La variabilidad del muestreo de manzanas contribuye con un 99.3% con NBEM y 97.7% con NAV. Los resultados muestran una disminucion inicial rapida del CHP, con una vida media para manzanas, hojas y suelo de 5,0; 2,3 y 4,5 dias para NBEM y de 8,3; 2,7 y 11,2 dias para NAV, respectivamente. El modelo de declinacion ajustado para cada sustrato no permite modelar la degradacion de los residuos de CHP a traves de un modelo simple.
本研究旨在通过监测试验测试毒死蜱(CHP)残留的变异性，并在田间验证了有效成分(ai)在苹果园的应用，采用两种不同的喷洒方法和营养发育的不同时期。采用电动背泵喷雾器(NBEM)和高容量喷雾器(NAV)，对1.8 kg ha -1(Lorsban 50%WP®，Dow AgroScience, USA)的持久性进行了研究。本文提出了一种非线性回归模型，该模型代表了残差下降的最佳拟合。结果表明，NBEM(69%)和NAV(43%)两种方法的变异系数(CV)都很高。苹果取样变异性对NBEM的贡献为99.3%，对NAV的贡献为97.7%。结果表明，苹果、叶片和土壤的CHP初始降低迅速，半衰期为5.0;NBEM为2.3天和4.5天，8.3天;NAV分别为2.7天和11.2天。每个基质的赤纬调整模型不允许用一个简单的模型来模拟CHP残基的降解。
{"title":"VARIABILIDAD ASOCIADA A LA DETERMINACIÓN DE RESIDUOS DE CLORPIRIFOS AL SER APLICADO EN UN HUERTO DE MANZANOS","authors":"J. Junod, Erick Zagal, M. Sandoval, A. Venegas, J. Campos, R. Radrigan, Ricardo Barra, G. Vidal","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912009000300002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912009000300002","url":null,"abstract":"El presente estudio tiene por objetivo probar mediante ensayos supervisados la variabilidad de los residuos de clorpirifos (CHP) asociados a una metodologia de muestreo validada en terreno, al aplicar el ingrediente activo (IA) en huerto de manzanos, con dos diferentes metodologias de aspersion y en epocas diferentes de desarrollo vegetativo. Se estudio la persistencia al aplicar 1,8 kg ha -1(Lorsban 50%WP®, Dow AgroScience, USA), mediante nebulizadora con bomba de espalda con motor (NBEM) y con nebulizadora de alto volumen (NAV). Se evaluo el modelo que representa el mejor ajuste de la declinacion de los residuos a traves de regresion no lineal. Los resultados muestran altos coeficientes de variacion (CV) en ambos metodos de aplicacion, NBEM (69%) y NAV (43%). La variabilidad del muestreo de manzanas contribuye con un 99.3% con NBEM y 97.7% con NAV. Los resultados muestran una disminucion inicial rapida del CHP, con una vida media para manzanas, hojas y suelo de 5,0; 2,3 y 4,5 dias para NBEM y de 8,3; 2,7 y 11,2 dias para NAV, respectivamente. El modelo de declinacion ajustado para cada sustrato no permite modelar la degradacion de los residuos de CHP a traves de un modelo simple.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"1 1","pages":"176-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78386682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912009000300007
Thomaz Figueiredo Lobo, H. G. Filho
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting chemical nitrogen (N) fertilization for equivalent N levels from sewage sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) on sunflower plant development. Nutrient levels in physiologically mature leaves and seeds, besides nutrient exportation during a 130-day assay, were also assessed. The experiment was carried out in 100 m 2 permanent plots at Sao Manuel Farm, which belongs to School of Agronomical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University- UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The farm is located in the municipality of Sao Manuel, Sao Paulo State. Experimental design was in randomized blocks including 5 treatments and 5 replicates. Treatments were: T1 - chemical N fertilization according to the recommendation for the culture; T2 - 50% N from sewage sludge and 50% N from chemical fertilization; T3 - 100% N from sewage sludge; T4 - 150% N from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% N from sewage sludge. For all treatments, equal amounts of P and K fertilization were applied. Treatments differed for plant height from 21 to 64 days, stem diameter from 28 to 57 days, and leaf number from 21 to 38 days. Seed nutrient levels slightly varied; however, the quantities of exported N, P, Mg, Fe and Zn varied as sewage sludge levels increased.
{"title":"SEWAGE SLUDGE LEVELS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITION OF SUNFLOWER PLANTS","authors":"Thomaz Figueiredo Lobo, H. G. Filho","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912009000300007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912009000300007","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting chemical nitrogen (N) fertilization for equivalent N levels from sewage sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) on sunflower plant development. Nutrient levels in physiologically mature leaves and seeds, besides nutrient exportation during a 130-day assay, were also assessed. The experiment was carried out in 100 m 2 permanent plots at Sao Manuel Farm, which belongs to School of Agronomical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University- UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The farm is located in the municipality of Sao Manuel, Sao Paulo State. Experimental design was in randomized blocks including 5 treatments and 5 replicates. Treatments were: T1 - chemical N fertilization according to the recommendation for the culture; T2 - 50% N from sewage sludge and 50% N from chemical fertilization; T3 - 100% N from sewage sludge; T4 - 150% N from sewage sludge; T5 - 200% N from sewage sludge. For all treatments, equal amounts of P and K fertilization were applied. Treatments differed for plant height from 21 to 64 days, stem diameter from 28 to 57 days, and leaf number from 21 to 38 days. Seed nutrient levels slightly varied; however, the quantities of exported N, P, Mg, Fe and Zn varied as sewage sludge levels increased.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"9 1","pages":"245-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88945276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000300006
C. Inostroza-Blancheteau, B. Soto, P. Ulloa, Felipe Aquea, M. Reyes-Díaz
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the main factors limiting crop productivity in acid soils around the world. In cereals, this problem can affect between 30 and 40% of crop yields. One way to reduce the toxic effect of Al is to neutralize the acidity with calcareous amendments. However, this practice is demanding and not very effective. An alternative is the search for genetic variability in the genome of cropping grasses and/or their wild relatives to resist Al. The development of biotechnology and molecular genetics approach has facilitated the understanding of the physiological, genetic and molecular bases in the process of ameliorating these species. This review presents the main physiological mechanisms of Al resistance and the genetic and molecular bases that explain the degree of resistance between different cereals species.
{"title":"RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF ALUMINUM (Al3+) PHYTOTOXICITY IN CEREALS: PHYSIOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BASES","authors":"C. Inostroza-Blancheteau, B. Soto, P. Ulloa, Felipe Aquea, M. Reyes-Díaz","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000300006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000300006","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the main factors limiting crop productivity in acid soils around the world. In cereals, this problem can affect between 30 and 40% of crop yields. One way to reduce the toxic effect of Al is to neutralize the acidity with calcareous amendments. However, this practice is demanding and not very effective. An alternative is the search for genetic variability in the genome of cropping grasses and/or their wild relatives to resist Al. The development of biotechnology and molecular genetics approach has facilitated the understanding of the physiological, genetic and molecular bases in the process of ameliorating these species. This review presents the main physiological mechanisms of Al resistance and the genetic and molecular bases that explain the degree of resistance between different cereals species.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"81 1","pages":"57-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74544690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000400005
P. Huang
The soil root interface (the rhizosphere) plays a vital role in sustaining life in the terrestrial ecosystem in the Earth’s Critical Zone (CZ). The CZ is defined as the volume extending from the upper limit of vegetation down to the lower limit of groundwater (Anderson et al., 2004). The CZ is the system of coupled chemical, biological, physical, and geological processes operating together to support life at the Earth’s surface (Brantley et al., 2007). While our understanding of this zone has increased over the last hundred years, further advance requires scientists to cross disciplines and scales to integrate understanding of processes in the CZ, ranging in scale from the mineral-organic matter-organism-water-air interfaces at a molecular level to the globe. Soil is the central organizer in the CZ. The rhizosphere is a hot spot of activity within soils. The rhizosphere is the ‘bottle neck” of the supply of vital elements to sustain ecosystem productivity and integrity and food security. The rhizosphere is also the “bottle neck’ of the contamination of the terrestrial food chain by inorganic and organic pollutants to endanger human and animal health.
土壤根界面(根际)在地球临界带陆地生态系统的生命维持中起着至关重要的作用。CZ被定义为从植被上限向下延伸到地下水下限的体积(Anderson et al.， 2004)。CZ是一个耦合的化学、生物、物理和地质过程共同作用的系统，以支持地球表面的生命(Brantley et al.， 2007)。虽然我们对这一区域的了解在过去的一百年中有所增加，但进一步的进展需要科学家跨学科和尺度来整合对CZ过程的理解，范围从分子水平的矿物-有机物-生物-水-空气界面到全球。土壤是CZ的中心组织者。根际是土壤中活动的热点。根际是维持生态系统生产力和完整性以及粮食安全的关键要素供应的“瓶颈”。根际也是陆地食物链受到无机和有机污染物污染、危害人类和动物健康的“瓶颈”。
{"title":"Soil Physicochemical and Biological Interfacial Interactions in the Rhizosphere: Impacts on Food Security and Ecosystem Integrity","authors":"P. Huang","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000400005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000400005","url":null,"abstract":"The soil root interface (the rhizosphere) plays a vital role in sustaining life in the terrestrial ecosystem in the Earth’s Critical Zone (CZ). The CZ is defined as the volume extending from the upper limit of vegetation down to the lower limit of groundwater (Anderson et al., 2004). The CZ is the system of coupled chemical, biological, physical, and geological processes operating together to support life at the Earth’s surface (Brantley et al., 2007). While our understanding of this zone has increased over the last hundred years, further advance requires scientists to cross disciplines and scales to integrate understanding of processes in the CZ, ranging in scale from the mineral-organic matter-organism-water-air interfaces at a molecular level to the globe. Soil is the central organizer in the CZ. The rhizosphere is a hot spot of activity within soils. The rhizosphere is the ‘bottle neck” of the supply of vital elements to sustain ecosystem productivity and integrity and food security. The rhizosphere is also the “bottle neck’ of the contamination of the terrestrial food chain by inorganic and organic pollutants to endanger human and animal health.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"46 1","pages":"23-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81341891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000300004
Diego Wyllyam do Vale, Renato de Mello Prado, W. Natale, Adriana Ursulino Alves
The effect of the application of three doses N, P and K on substrates on the nutritional status of root stock of 'Citrumelo' lemon (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) was evaluated. The experiment followed a fully randomized factorial design (3x3) (three nutrients x three doses plus a control) with three replicates. The treatments consisted of Dl = half standard dose, D2 = one standard dose and D3 = twice standard dose, in addition to the control that did not received fertilization at all. At four months after the emergence of the root stock of lemon 'Citrumelo' the plants tissue (leaves) were determined for nutrients analysis to obtain its accumulation. The results showed that plants of lemon 'Citrumelo' 'Swingle' are responsive to the application of N, P and K. The application of nitrogen showed a linear accumulation pattern of N and K, while the applications of phosphorus and potassium provided a quadratic response.
{"title":"RESPOSTA NUTRICIONAL DO PORTA-ENXERTO DELIMOEIRO 'CITRUMELO' Á APLICACÃO DE NITROGÊNIO, FÓSFORO E POTÁSSIO","authors":"Diego Wyllyam do Vale, Renato de Mello Prado, W. Natale, Adriana Ursulino Alves","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000300004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000300004","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the application of three doses N, P and K on substrates on the nutritional status of root stock of 'Citrumelo' lemon (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) was evaluated. The experiment followed a fully randomized factorial design (3x3) (three nutrients x three doses plus a control) with three replicates. The treatments consisted of Dl = half standard dose, D2 = one standard dose and D3 = twice standard dose, in addition to the control that did not received fertilization at all. At four months after the emergence of the root stock of lemon 'Citrumelo' the plants tissue (leaves) were determined for nutrients analysis to obtain its accumulation. The results showed that plants of lemon 'Citrumelo' 'Swingle' are responsive to the application of N, P and K. The application of nitrogen showed a linear accumulation pattern of N and K, while the applications of phosphorus and potassium provided a quadratic response.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"42 1","pages":"40-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85828829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000300003
Daniel Negreiros, Mateus Lanna Borges de Moraes, G. W. Fernandes
The goal of the present study was to characterize the nutritional quality of the soils colonized by four endemic leguminous shrubs of Serra do Cipo, southeastern Brazil: Calliandra fasciculata Benth., Chamaecrista ramosa (Vog.), Collaea cipoensis Fortunato and Mimosa foliolosa Benth. A mixed soil sample collected between 0 and 15cm depth was obtained in four subpopulations of each species. Each mixed sample resulted from the combination of 20 simple samples (four samples of five adult individuals) in each subpopulation. Routine, organic matter, micronutrients, and granulometric analysis were performed for each sample. The soils colonized by the four species were sandy, acidic, deficient in all macronutrients, and with high aluminum saturation. However, the levels of organic matter, zinc, iron, and bore ranged from medium to high. There was no significant difference in organic matter, phosphorus, iron, bore, sulphur, potential acidity, and granulometric parameters among the soils of the four species. The results of the present study corroborate previous studies in rupestrian field soils of Serra do Cipo. Management plans and land rehabilitation programs should keep the conditions of low soil fertility because the endemic flora adapt well on these soils and may have increased competitive ability under these nutritional ranges.
本研究的目的是表征巴西东南部Serra do Cipo四种特有豆科灌木:Calliandra fasciculata Benth的土壤营养质量。(1)、红叶含羞草(Mimosa fololosa);在每个物种的4个亚种群中采集0 ~ 15cm深度的混合土壤样品。每个混合样本由每个亚群中20个简单样本(4个样本，5个成年个体)的组合而成。对每个样品进行常规、有机物、微量元素和颗粒分析。4种植物所定殖的土壤均为砂质、酸性、所有常量养分缺乏、铝饱和度高的土壤。然而，有机质、锌、铁和钻孔的含量从中等到高不等。四种土壤的有机质、磷、铁、孔、硫、潜在酸度和粒度参数均无显著差异。本研究的结果证实了以前在西波山脉的古农田土壤中的研究。管理计划和土地恢复计划应该保持低土壤肥力的条件，因为特有植物群在这些土壤上适应得很好，并且在这些营养范围下可能具有更高的竞争能力。
{"title":"CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA FERTILIDADE DOS SOLOS DE QUATRO LEGUMINOSAS DE CAMPOS RUPESTRES, SERRA DO CIPÓ, MG, BRASIL","authors":"Daniel Negreiros, Mateus Lanna Borges de Moraes, G. W. Fernandes","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000300003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000300003","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the present study was to characterize the nutritional quality of the soils colonized by four endemic leguminous shrubs of Serra do Cipo, southeastern Brazil: Calliandra fasciculata Benth., Chamaecrista ramosa (Vog.), Collaea cipoensis Fortunato and Mimosa foliolosa Benth. A mixed soil sample collected between 0 and 15cm depth was obtained in four subpopulations of each species. Each mixed sample resulted from the combination of 20 simple samples (four samples of five adult individuals) in each subpopulation. Routine, organic matter, micronutrients, and granulometric analysis were performed for each sample. The soils colonized by the four species were sandy, acidic, deficient in all macronutrients, and with high aluminum saturation. However, the levels of organic matter, zinc, iron, and bore ranged from medium to high. There was no significant difference in organic matter, phosphorus, iron, bore, sulphur, potential acidity, and granulometric parameters among the soils of the four species. The results of the present study corroborate previous studies in rupestrian field soils of Serra do Cipo. Management plans and land rehabilitation programs should keep the conditions of low soil fertility because the endemic flora adapt well on these soils and may have increased competitive ability under these nutritional ranges.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"26 1","pages":"30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86916624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912008000400015
A. Violante, M. Pigna
Trace elements may be present in solution with positive or negative charges and in different redox state. They occur predominantly in cationic form (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Hg, Cr(III), Co) but some trace elements are present in anionic form (As, Se, Cr(VI), Mo and B). In soil environments, sorption/desorption reactions on/from inorganic and organic sorbents control the concentration of metals and metalloids in solution and affect their bioavailability, leaching and toxicity. Sorption-desorption processes of elements in cationic form differ greatly from those in anionic form. These reactions are affected by many factors, such as pH, nature of the sorbents, presence and concentration of organic and inorganic ligands, including humic and fulvic acids, root exudates and nutrients. Furthermore, redox reactions, both biotic and abiotic, are of great importance in controlling the oxidation state and thus, the mobility, the phytoavailability and the toxicity of many elements, such as Cr, Se, Co, Pb, As, Ni and Cu (Kabata-Pendias, 2001; Huang and Germida, 2002; Violante et al., 2002; Sparks, 2003; Huang and Gobran, 2005; Violante et al., 2007). The aim of this presentation is to provide information on the factors which affect the mobility of trace elements. Special attention is devoted to the influence of inorganic and organic ligands, including nutrients and root exudates, on the sorption/desorption processes of trace elements in cationic and anionic forms on/from soil components, soils and selected synthetic minerals (double layered hydroxides, the so called “anionic clays”). The soil components responsible for trace element sorption include, soil humic substances, phyllosilicates, carbonates and variable charge minerals (constituents such as Fe, Al, Mn and Ti oxides, short-range ordered aluminosilicates as well as phyllosilicates coated by OH-Al or OH-Fe species whose charge varies with the pH of the soil solution). Recently, evidence on the sorption of heavy metals on microorganisms have been reported (Jackson, 1998). Soil components differ greatly in their sorption capacities, their cation and anion exchange capacities, and the binding energies of their sorption sites. Trace element sorption kinetics depend on the type of surface and trace element, but generally are rapid. Half times for bivalent cations, such as Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd, sorption on peat range from 5 to 15 seconds. Except for some noncrystalline minerals that have very high specific surface charge density with highly reactive sites, humic substances appear to have the greatest capacity for sorption of trace elements in cationic form. A body of evidence has demonstrated that humic matter and metal oxides are much more effective scavengers of trace elements in cationic form, than even the most efficient sorbent among phyllosilicates, indicating that specific sorption and other complexation processes are the dominant binding mechanisms (Jackson, 1998; Huang and Germida, 2002; Spark, 2003). Compl
微量元素可以带正电荷或负电荷，以不同的氧化还原状态存在于溶液中。它们主要以阳离子形式存在(Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Hg, Cr(III)， Co)，但也有一些微量元素以阴离子形式存在(As, Se, Cr(VI)， Mo和B)。在土壤环境中，无机和有机吸附剂的吸附/解吸反应控制了溶液中金属和类金属的浓度，并影响其生物有效性，淋溶性和毒性。阳离子形式元素的吸附-解吸过程与阴离子形式元素的吸附-解吸过程有很大不同。这些反应受到许多因素的影响，如pH值、吸附剂的性质、有机和无机配体(包括腐植酸和黄腐酸)的存在和浓度、根渗出物和营养物质。此外，生物和非生物氧化还原反应在控制氧化状态以及许多元素(如Cr、Se、Co、Pb、as、Ni和Cu)的迁移性、植物可利用性和毒性方面具有重要意义(Kabata-Pendias, 2001;Huang and Germida, 2002;Violante et al.， 2002;火花,2003;Huang and Gobran, 2005;Violante et al.， 2007)。本报告的目的是提供有关影响微量元素迁移的因素的信息。特别注意无机和有机配体，包括营养物和根渗出物，对阳离子和阴离子形式的微量元素在土壤成分、土壤和选定的合成矿物(双层氢氧化物，即所谓的"阴离子粘土")上/从土壤中吸附/解吸过程的影响。负责微量元素吸附的土壤成分包括土壤腐殖质、层状硅酸盐、碳酸盐和可变电荷矿物(如Fe、Al、Mn和Ti氧化物、短程有序铝硅酸盐以及被OH-Al或OH-Fe包覆的层状硅酸盐，其电荷随土壤溶液的pH值而变化)。最近，有证据表明微生物对重金属的吸附作用(Jackson, 1998)。土壤组分的吸附能力、阳离子和阴离子交换能力以及吸附位点的结合能差异很大。微量元素的吸附动力学取决于表面和微量元素的类型，但通常是快速的。对于二价阳离子，如Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd，在泥炭上的吸附时间为5至15秒。除了一些非晶矿物具有非常高的比表面电荷密度和高活性位点外，腐殖质物质对阳离子形式的微量元素的吸附能力最大。大量证据表明，腐殖质和金属氧化物是阳离子形式微量元素的更有效清除剂，甚至比层状硅酸盐中最有效的吸附剂还要有效，这表明特定的吸附和其他络合过程是主要的结合机制(Jackson, 1998;Huang and Germida, 2002;火花,2003)。络合反应有以下作用:1)防止金属离子析出;Ii)络合剂可作为土壤溶液中微量元素的载体;Iii)它们的毒性常因络合作用而降低。
{"title":"Sorption-Desorption Processes of Metals and Metalloids in Soil Environments","authors":"A. Violante, M. Pigna","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912008000400015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912008000400015","url":null,"abstract":"Trace elements may be present in solution with positive or negative charges and in different redox state. They occur predominantly in cationic form (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Hg, Cr(III), Co) but some trace elements are present in anionic form (As, Se, Cr(VI), Mo and B). In soil environments, sorption/desorption reactions on/from inorganic and organic sorbents control the concentration of metals and metalloids in solution and affect their bioavailability, leaching and toxicity. Sorption-desorption processes of elements in cationic form differ greatly from those in anionic form. These reactions are affected by many factors, such as pH, nature of the sorbents, presence and concentration of organic and inorganic ligands, including humic and fulvic acids, root exudates and nutrients. Furthermore, redox reactions, both biotic and abiotic, are of great importance in controlling the oxidation state and thus, the mobility, the phytoavailability and the toxicity of many elements, such as Cr, Se, Co, Pb, As, Ni and Cu (Kabata-Pendias, 2001; Huang and Germida, 2002; Violante et al., 2002; Sparks, 2003; Huang and Gobran, 2005; Violante et al., 2007). The aim of this presentation is to provide information on the factors which affect the mobility of trace elements. Special attention is devoted to the influence of inorganic and organic ligands, including nutrients and root exudates, on the sorption/desorption processes of trace elements in cationic and anionic forms on/from soil components, soils and selected synthetic minerals (double layered hydroxides, the so called “anionic clays”). The soil components responsible for trace element sorption include, soil humic substances, phyllosilicates, carbonates and variable charge minerals (constituents such as Fe, Al, Mn and Ti oxides, short-range ordered aluminosilicates as well as phyllosilicates coated by OH-Al or OH-Fe species whose charge varies with the pH of the soil solution). Recently, evidence on the sorption of heavy metals on microorganisms have been reported (Jackson, 1998). Soil components differ greatly in their sorption capacities, their cation and anion exchange capacities, and the binding energies of their sorption sites. Trace element sorption kinetics depend on the type of surface and trace element, but generally are rapid. Half times for bivalent cations, such as Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd, sorption on peat range from 5 to 15 seconds. Except for some noncrystalline minerals that have very high specific surface charge density with highly reactive sites, humic substances appear to have the greatest capacity for sorption of trace elements in cationic form. A body of evidence has demonstrated that humic matter and metal oxides are much more effective scavengers of trace elements in cationic form, than even the most efficient sorbent among phyllosilicates, indicating that specific sorption and other complexation processes are the dominant binding mechanisms (Jackson, 1998; Huang and Germida, 2002; Spark, 2003). Compl","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"102 1","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87749813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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