Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2221196
Xinwei Liu, S. Su, Wen Wang, Junting Li, F. Zuo, Ruize Deng
ABSTRACT The detection and evaluation of corrosion defects take on a critical significance to ensure the service safety of steel structures in civil engineering. The quantitative evaluation of corrosion defects has not been well addressed though metal magnetic memory (MMM) testing technology has been investigated in steel corrosion problems. In this study, the Q345qD steel plates were taken as the specimens of MMM testing. Specimens with different corrosion degrees were developed through electrochemical corrosion, and the change laws of the MMM signals and the characteristics of different corrosion specimens were analyzed. A three-dimensional (3D) magnetic charge model of the corrosion area was built based on the magnetic charge theory, such that the change laws of the MMM signal in the corrosion area from the mechanism were explained. The finite element simulation results of the corrosion specimens were well consistent with the experimental and theoretical results. A quantitative evaluation method for corrosion defect depth was proposed in combination with finite element simulation and experimental data. Comparing the experimental data and the inversion data, the relative errors of the determined defect depth h were within 20%, suggesting that the proposed evaluation method is feasible for the quantitative evaluation of steel corrosion depth.
{"title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Corrosion Defects on Structural Steel Plates via Metal Magnetic Memory Method","authors":"Xinwei Liu, S. Su, Wen Wang, Junting Li, F. Zuo, Ruize Deng","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2221196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2221196","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The detection and evaluation of corrosion defects take on a critical significance to ensure the service safety of steel structures in civil engineering. The quantitative evaluation of corrosion defects has not been well addressed though metal magnetic memory (MMM) testing technology has been investigated in steel corrosion problems. In this study, the Q345qD steel plates were taken as the specimens of MMM testing. Specimens with different corrosion degrees were developed through electrochemical corrosion, and the change laws of the MMM signals and the characteristics of different corrosion specimens were analyzed. A three-dimensional (3D) magnetic charge model of the corrosion area was built based on the magnetic charge theory, such that the change laws of the MMM signal in the corrosion area from the mechanism were explained. The finite element simulation results of the corrosion specimens were well consistent with the experimental and theoretical results. A quantitative evaluation method for corrosion defect depth was proposed in combination with finite element simulation and experimental data. Comparing the experimental data and the inversion data, the relative errors of the determined defect depth h were within 20%, suggesting that the proposed evaluation method is feasible for the quantitative evaluation of steel corrosion depth.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"56 1","pages":"169 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83939934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-04DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2217094
James Earnest
ABSTRACT This study investigates a novel symbolic representation method based on Symbolic Aggregate Approximation (SAX) of time series that focuses on differential coil (D-coil) eddy current (EC) defect responses. The method uses the Sum of Gaussian (SoG) approximation of the defect response, Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering, and the extrema values in the approximation to provide a reduced representation that can effectively analyze possible fault conditions in the defect response. Comparisons to existing SAX methods are performed with the new method indicating significant classification accuracy improvement.
{"title":"Sum of Gaussian Feature-Based Symbolic Representations of Eddy Current Defect Signatures","authors":"James Earnest","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2217094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2217094","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates a novel symbolic representation method based on Symbolic Aggregate Approximation (SAX) of time series that focuses on differential coil (D-coil) eddy current (EC) defect responses. The method uses the Sum of Gaussian (SoG) approximation of the defect response, Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering, and the extrema values in the approximation to provide a reduced representation that can effectively analyze possible fault conditions in the defect response. Comparisons to existing SAX methods are performed with the new method indicating significant classification accuracy improvement.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"132 47 1","pages":"136 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83438575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2189338
Jing He, Z. Zeng, Jiayi Li, Yanfei Liao, Chenhao Zhang
ABSTRACT Multilayer metallic plate is made by stacking homogeneous or heterogeneous metallic plates and connecting them with fasteners. The air-gap thickness between the adjacent layers affects the performance of the plate structure. The eddy current testing (ECT) technology has been used for the nondestructive testing of multilayer plate. However, the effect of air gap on the characteristics of eddy current (EC) attenuation in multilayer plate remains unclear and the study of the relation between the response of the EC probe and the gap thickness is very limited. The computation results of the paper show that the air gap in a double-layer plate reduces the amplitude of EC density in the bottom layer and decreases the rate of EC attenuation in the top layer. The mechanism is revealed. The effect of gap thickness on probe response is investigated. It is found that the presence of air gap makes the EC response either larger or smaller, depending on the working frequency. The reason is explained based on the characteristics of EC attenuation. Thereupon, the experiment of measuring gap thickness using the ECT is carried out.
{"title":"Characteristics of Eddy Current Attenuation in Double-Layer Metallic Plate and Measurement of Gap Thickness","authors":"Jing He, Z. Zeng, Jiayi Li, Yanfei Liao, Chenhao Zhang","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2189338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2189338","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Multilayer metallic plate is made by stacking homogeneous or heterogeneous metallic plates and connecting them with fasteners. The air-gap thickness between the adjacent layers affects the performance of the plate structure. The eddy current testing (ECT) technology has been used for the nondestructive testing of multilayer plate. However, the effect of air gap on the characteristics of eddy current (EC) attenuation in multilayer plate remains unclear and the study of the relation between the response of the EC probe and the gap thickness is very limited. The computation results of the paper show that the air gap in a double-layer plate reduces the amplitude of EC density in the bottom layer and decreases the rate of EC attenuation in the top layer. The mechanism is revealed. The effect of gap thickness on probe response is investigated. It is found that the presence of air gap makes the EC response either larger or smaller, depending on the working frequency. The reason is explained based on the characteristics of EC attenuation. Thereupon, the experiment of measuring gap thickness using the ECT is carried out.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"19 1","pages":"51 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81378546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2195369
Dmitriy D. Bruder, Megan E. McGovern, R. James, Teresa Rinker, V. Gattani
ABSTRACT The feasibility of using laser-generated ultrasonic Total Focusing Method (TFM) was assessed for guided ultrasonic waves in finite plates. The application under consideration is for inspection of ultrasonically welded battery tab-to-electrode foil stack joints. The testing constraints for this weld necessitate couplant-free, remote, guided-wave conditions making laser ultrasonic TFM an ideal inspection technique. It was determined that laser-generated guided wave TFM can be used to remotely assess defects in a finite plate when the defects are strong reflectors in the plane of wave propagation. The finite dimensions of the tab require a strong understanding of the edge reflection effects on the TFM image. The guided wave modes used in this study were strongly affected by scattering due to the complex weld geometry, which most resembles that of a periodic triangular grated wave guide. Future work will investigate methods to compensate for the strong scattering/guided wave effects, the use of other guided wave geometries, out of plane TFM reconstruction for other weld defect types, as well as apodization effects.
{"title":"Assessment of Laser-Generated Ultrasonic Total Focusing Method for Battery Cell Foil Weld Inspection","authors":"Dmitriy D. Bruder, Megan E. McGovern, R. James, Teresa Rinker, V. Gattani","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2195369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2195369","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The feasibility of using laser-generated ultrasonic Total Focusing Method (TFM) was assessed for guided ultrasonic waves in finite plates. The application under consideration is for inspection of ultrasonically welded battery tab-to-electrode foil stack joints. The testing constraints for this weld necessitate couplant-free, remote, guided-wave conditions making laser ultrasonic TFM an ideal inspection technique. It was determined that laser-generated guided wave TFM can be used to remotely assess defects in a finite plate when the defects are strong reflectors in the plane of wave propagation. The finite dimensions of the tab require a strong understanding of the edge reflection effects on the TFM image. The guided wave modes used in this study were strongly affected by scattering due to the complex weld geometry, which most resembles that of a periodic triangular grated wave guide. Future work will investigate methods to compensate for the strong scattering/guided wave effects, the use of other guided wave geometries, out of plane TFM reconstruction for other weld defect types, as well as apodization effects.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"217 1","pages":"83 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74171543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2189761
F. Ahmadi, M.T. Al Qaseer, R. Zoughi
ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing (AM) remains to be a rapidly growing industry with applications that are extended beyond metals and to other materials, such as polymers, ceramics, and concrete, to name a few. However, advancement in the development of inspection techniques, particularly in-line nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, lags significantly. Most of the research in developing such methods has focused on metal-based AM. This paper investigates the efficacy of three high-resolution near-field millimeter-wave probes for detecting small voids in the feedstock polymeric filaments used for AM. The electromagnetic (EM) design and optimization of these probes are discussed in this paper. The design of the probes is based on concentrating the interrogating electric field of an open-ended waveguide in a small region corresponding to the area of a thin dielectric slab insert. This results in achieving a higher spatial resolution than when using only the open-ended waveguide. Extending the dielectric slab to an optimum value out of the waveguide makes the electric field more concentrated and potentially further improves the spatial resolution. These modifications also reduce the detection sensitivity as a function of increasing standoff distance. However, the spatial resolution of these probes varies more rapidly as the standoff distance increases. Subsequently, the efficacy of these three probes was studied and compared using a comprehensive set of numerical EM simulations at V-band (50–75 GHz). Afterward, three such probes were fabricated, at V-band (50–75 GHz), and were used to measure the reflection responses of the stock Polylactic Acid (PLA) filaments with a very small hemispherical surface void. Root-Mean-Squared-Error (RMSE), between reference and defective filaments and over the simulated and measured frequency range, was calculated as a criterion to compare the detection capability of the three probes in the entire frequency band. The results showed that at V-band (50–75 GHz) the spatial resolution of the standard open-ended rectangular waveguide is deemed sufficient detecting small surface voids of the stock PLA filaments.
{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Near-Field Evaluations of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Filament Used in Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing (AM)","authors":"F. Ahmadi, M.T. Al Qaseer, R. Zoughi","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2189761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2189761","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing (AM) remains to be a rapidly growing industry with applications that are extended beyond metals and to other materials, such as polymers, ceramics, and concrete, to name a few. However, advancement in the development of inspection techniques, particularly in-line nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, lags significantly. Most of the research in developing such methods has focused on metal-based AM. This paper investigates the efficacy of three high-resolution near-field millimeter-wave probes for detecting small voids in the feedstock polymeric filaments used for AM. The electromagnetic (EM) design and optimization of these probes are discussed in this paper. The design of the probes is based on concentrating the interrogating electric field of an open-ended waveguide in a small region corresponding to the area of a thin dielectric slab insert. This results in achieving a higher spatial resolution than when using only the open-ended waveguide. Extending the dielectric slab to an optimum value out of the waveguide makes the electric field more concentrated and potentially further improves the spatial resolution. These modifications also reduce the detection sensitivity as a function of increasing standoff distance. However, the spatial resolution of these probes varies more rapidly as the standoff distance increases. Subsequently, the efficacy of these three probes was studied and compared using a comprehensive set of numerical EM simulations at V-band (50–75 GHz). Afterward, three such probes were fabricated, at V-band (50–75 GHz), and were used to measure the reflection responses of the stock Polylactic Acid (PLA) filaments with a very small hemispherical surface void. Root-Mean-Squared-Error (RMSE), between reference and defective filaments and over the simulated and measured frequency range, was calculated as a criterion to compare the detection capability of the three probes in the entire frequency band. The results showed that at V-band (50–75 GHz) the spatial resolution of the standard open-ended rectangular waveguide is deemed sufficient detecting small surface voids of the stock PLA filaments.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"4 1","pages":"67 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87893896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2180122
A. Case, M.T. Al Qaseer, R. Zoughi
ABSTRACT Nondestructive testing (NDT) of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is a critical and ongoing topic of research and development. In particular, inspection techniques that determine the thickness of ceramic topcoat and thermally grown oxide (TGO) are of interest. This work investigates the utility of open-ended rectangular waveguide probes in the millimeter wave frequency range of 26.5–110 GHz for evaluation of topcoat and TGO thicknesses through a compressive set of electromagnetic (EM) simulations. In addition, these EM simulations are used to illustrate the influence of probe size and TBC substrate curvature on the complex reflection coefficient properties and the subsequent thickness estimation. The impact of volumetric porosity level on the same is also investigated. A standing-wave probe at V-band (50–75 GHz) is constructed and used to measure the topcoat thickness on three button-type TBC samples. This probe eliminates the need for using expensive and bulky vector network analyzers (VNA), which is quite desirous from a practical point-of-view. The experimental results indicate the capability of estimating the topcoat thickness to within ±15 μm (0.6 mils).
{"title":"Millimeter Wave Thickness Evaluation of Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) Using Open-Ended Waveguide Probes","authors":"A. Case, M.T. Al Qaseer, R. Zoughi","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2180122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2180122","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nondestructive testing (NDT) of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is a critical and ongoing topic of research and development. In particular, inspection techniques that determine the thickness of ceramic topcoat and thermally grown oxide (TGO) are of interest. This work investigates the utility of open-ended rectangular waveguide probes in the millimeter wave frequency range of 26.5–110 GHz for evaluation of topcoat and TGO thicknesses through a compressive set of electromagnetic (EM) simulations. In addition, these EM simulations are used to illustrate the influence of probe size and TBC substrate curvature on the complex reflection coefficient properties and the subsequent thickness estimation. The impact of volumetric porosity level on the same is also investigated. A standing-wave probe at V-band (50–75 GHz) is constructed and used to measure the topcoat thickness on three button-type TBC samples. This probe eliminates the need for using expensive and bulky vector network analyzers (VNA), which is quite desirous from a practical point-of-view. The experimental results indicate the capability of estimating the topcoat thickness to within ±15 μm (0.6 mils).","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"83 1","pages":"22 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75845625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2180560
Alex Vu, Yoganandh Madhuranthakam, Anish Poudel, S. Chakrapani
ABSTRACT Rolling Contact Fatigue or Damage (RCF/RCD) presents significant maintenance challenges to railroads across the globe. Quantifying RCF/RCD crack depths and density in rails is important for all railroads to manage their grinding programs effectively and efficiently and being able to conduct ultrasonic testing (UT) of rails for reliable detection of internal fatigue damage. This work focuses on the modeling of Rayleigh waves UT approach to detect and characterize RCF type of defects which can form as: vertical, oblique or branched shaped surface breaking defects in the rail head. Specifically, the transmission coefficient (Tc) of Rayleigh waves was studied using finite element analysis (FEA). The effect of crack tip geometry on Tc values is discussed. The results suggest that for oblique, and branch cracks, characterization based purely on the Tc can be challenging due to symmetric sinusoidal fluctuations in the Tc. A real crack using a micrograph image was also modeled to validate the Tc results for oblique and branched cracks. This points to the need for additional parameters to be identified for efficient and reliable characterization of RCF/RCD type of defects in rails.
{"title":"Numerical Study of Rayleigh Wave Interaction with Rolling Contact Fatigue Type of Defects","authors":"Alex Vu, Yoganandh Madhuranthakam, Anish Poudel, S. Chakrapani","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2180560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2180560","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rolling Contact Fatigue or Damage (RCF/RCD) presents significant maintenance challenges to railroads across the globe. Quantifying RCF/RCD crack depths and density in rails is important for all railroads to manage their grinding programs effectively and efficiently and being able to conduct ultrasonic testing (UT) of rails for reliable detection of internal fatigue damage. This work focuses on the modeling of Rayleigh waves UT approach to detect and characterize RCF type of defects which can form as: vertical, oblique or branched shaped surface breaking defects in the rail head. Specifically, the transmission coefficient (Tc) of Rayleigh waves was studied using finite element analysis (FEA). The effect of crack tip geometry on Tc values is discussed. The results suggest that for oblique, and branch cracks, characterization based purely on the Tc can be challenging due to symmetric sinusoidal fluctuations in the Tc. A real crack using a micrograph image was also modeled to validate the Tc results for oblique and branched cracks. This points to the need for additional parameters to be identified for efficient and reliable characterization of RCF/RCD type of defects in rails.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"68 1","pages":"38 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72861782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2022.2136808
Ali Zare Hosseinzadeh, D. Datta, F. Lanza di Scalea
ABSTRACT It is known in the railroad maintenance engineering community that the deflection of railroad ties is an indicator of the quality of the tie–ballast interface, whose deterioration may cause dangerous train derailments. A new technology is proposed to reconstruct the full-field deflection profile of railroad ties in-motion by means of non-contact ultrasonic testing and computer vision techniques. The sensing layout consists of an array of air-coupled capacitive transducers (operated in pulse-echo sonar-based ranging mode) and a high frame-rate camera, rigidly connected to the main frame of a moving train car. The acquisition system is programmed such that the synchronized waveforms and images are collected and saved as train car moves. In the processing stage, a supervised machine learning-based image classification approach is developed to demarcate the tie boundaries. For this purpose, the Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) and Bag of Visual Words (BOVW) algorithms are employed to encode images into condensed feature vectors, which are subsequently fed into the Support Vector Machine (SVM) to train a classifier. The relative deflections of the identified ties are eventually computed by tracking the time-of-flight of the reflected waves from the surfaces flagged as tie. An image processing technique is also developed to estimate the spatial resolution of the tracking system, required to reconstruct the full-field deflection profile of the scanned ties. The importance of such a technique is stressed if the test run is performed without any dedicated positioning system. The proposed ‘tie sonar’ system was prototyped and used to reconstruct the deflection profile of the ties scanned during a series of test runs conducted at slow (walking) speed at the Rail Defect Testing Facility (RDTF) of UC San Diego as well as a BNSF yard in San Diego, CA, with a realistic train load. Further developments of this system should include a performance evaluation at higher speeds (e.g., revenue speed).
摘要在铁路维修工程界，众所周知，钢轨的挠度是衡量系碴界面质量的一个指标，其恶化可能会导致危险的列车脱轨。提出了一种利用非接触式超声检测和计算机视觉技术重建运动中铁路枕木全场挠度曲线的新技术。传感布局由一组空气耦合电容式换能器(以脉冲回波声纳为基础的测距模式运行)和一个高帧率摄像机组成，牢固地连接到移动的火车车厢的主框架上。对采集系统进行了编程，使同步波形和图像在列车行驶时被采集和保存。在处理阶段，提出了一种基于监督机器学习的图像分类方法来划分边界。为此，采用加速鲁棒特征(SURF)和视觉词包(BOVW)算法将图像编码为浓缩特征向量，然后将其输入支持向量机(SVM)来训练分类器。通过跟踪从标记为领带的表面反射波的飞行时间，最终计算出已识别的领带的相对偏转。此外，还开发了一种图像处理技术，用于估计跟踪系统的空间分辨率，以重建扫描连杆的全场偏转轮廓。如果在没有任何专用定位系统的情况下进行测试，则强调了这种技术的重要性。在加州大学圣地亚哥分校(UC San Diego)的铁路缺陷测试设施(RDTF)和加州圣地亚哥的BNSF车场进行的一系列慢速(步行)测试中，提出的“tie声纳”系统原型用于重建扫描的tie偏转轮廓，并具有真实的列车负载。该系统的进一步发展应包括以更高的速度(例如，收入速度)进行业绩评价。
{"title":"In-Motion Railroad Tie Deflection Measurement via Ultrasonic Airborne Sonar and Computer Vision Techniques","authors":"Ali Zare Hosseinzadeh, D. Datta, F. Lanza di Scalea","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2022.2136808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2022.2136808","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is known in the railroad maintenance engineering community that the deflection of railroad ties is an indicator of the quality of the tie–ballast interface, whose deterioration may cause dangerous train derailments. A new technology is proposed to reconstruct the full-field deflection profile of railroad ties in-motion by means of non-contact ultrasonic testing and computer vision techniques. The sensing layout consists of an array of air-coupled capacitive transducers (operated in pulse-echo sonar-based ranging mode) and a high frame-rate camera, rigidly connected to the main frame of a moving train car. The acquisition system is programmed such that the synchronized waveforms and images are collected and saved as train car moves. In the processing stage, a supervised machine learning-based image classification approach is developed to demarcate the tie boundaries. For this purpose, the Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) and Bag of Visual Words (BOVW) algorithms are employed to encode images into condensed feature vectors, which are subsequently fed into the Support Vector Machine (SVM) to train a classifier. The relative deflections of the identified ties are eventually computed by tracking the time-of-flight of the reflected waves from the surfaces flagged as tie. An image processing technique is also developed to estimate the spatial resolution of the tracking system, required to reconstruct the full-field deflection profile of the scanned ties. The importance of such a technique is stressed if the test run is performed without any dedicated positioning system. The proposed ‘tie sonar’ system was prototyped and used to reconstruct the deflection profile of the ties scanned during a series of test runs conducted at slow (walking) speed at the Rail Defect Testing Facility (RDTF) of UC San Diego as well as a BNSF yard in San Diego, CA, with a realistic train load. Further developments of this system should include a performance evaluation at higher speeds (e.g., revenue speed).","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"76 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83849572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2175281
G. Zheng, Hao Dong, Ze Li, Songfeng Liu, Bin Wu, C. He
ABSTRACT In this study, a cylindrical test specimen with a 3D through-hole defect was processed, and the reflected echo data of the defect at different cross-sections were obtained by an ultrasonic testing detection system. On this basis, two data processing methods were designed to obtain two types of 3D reconstruction images of defects, and the reconstruction effects of two methods were compared using the real defects. In general, this study achieved a relatively accurate 3D reconstruction of through-hole defects at a low cost. Our methods provided lower cost than current state-of-the-art approaches.
{"title":"Shape Reconstruction of Columnar Structure Defect","authors":"G. Zheng, Hao Dong, Ze Li, Songfeng Liu, Bin Wu, C. He","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2175281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2175281","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, a cylindrical test specimen with a 3D through-hole defect was processed, and the reflected echo data of the defect at different cross-sections were obtained by an ultrasonic testing detection system. On this basis, two data processing methods were designed to obtain two types of 3D reconstruction images of defects, and the reconstruction effects of two methods were compared using the real defects. In general, this study achieved a relatively accurate 3D reconstruction of through-hole defects at a low cost. Our methods provided lower cost than current state-of-the-art approaches.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"391 1","pages":"277 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85626003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/09349847.2023.2180559
Ying Xu, X. Jiang, Tianrui Zhang, Gan Jin
ABSTRACT In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of corroded cracks detection and classification in reinforced concrete, a corroded cracks identification model Steel Corrosion Net (SCNet), based on deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), is proposed. Crack figures are collected by self-shooting, internet search and corrosion test, then the data set of 39,000 pictures is built by data enhancement. Afterward, a SCNet three-classification neural network model is built and tested using TensorFlow learning framework and Python. The SCNet combines massive initial data with a multi hidden layer neural network framework, and achieves feature learning and accurate classification through model training. According to the training and testing accuracy of the model, the structure and parameters of the SCNet network are optimized. The results of SCNet are compared with those obtained by two traditional testing methods. The results show that the proposed SCNet model achieves a classification accuracy of 96.8%, so it can effectively identify and classify the corroded cracks in reinforced concrete, with high accuracy and measurability. Under harsh condition of noise interference, such as shadows and distortions, the proposed SCNet model shows a relatively stable classification performance compared with two traditional methods.
{"title":"Identification of Corroded Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Based on Deep Learning SCNet Model","authors":"Ying Xu, X. Jiang, Tianrui Zhang, Gan Jin","doi":"10.1080/09349847.2023.2180559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09349847.2023.2180559","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of corroded cracks detection and classification in reinforced concrete, a corroded cracks identification model Steel Corrosion Net (SCNet), based on deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), is proposed. Crack figures are collected by self-shooting, internet search and corrosion test, then the data set of 39,000 pictures is built by data enhancement. Afterward, a SCNet three-classification neural network model is built and tested using TensorFlow learning framework and Python. The SCNet combines massive initial data with a multi hidden layer neural network framework, and achieves feature learning and accurate classification through model training. According to the training and testing accuracy of the model, the structure and parameters of the SCNet network are optimized. The results of SCNet are compared with those obtained by two traditional testing methods. The results show that the proposed SCNet model achieves a classification accuracy of 96.8%, so it can effectively identify and classify the corroded cracks in reinforced concrete, with high accuracy and measurability. Under harsh condition of noise interference, such as shadows and distortions, the proposed SCNet model shows a relatively stable classification performance compared with two traditional methods.","PeriodicalId":54493,"journal":{"name":"Research in Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"34 1","pages":"297 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89606027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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