Ocean & Coastal Management最新文献

{"title":"Long-term spatiotemporal analysis of coastline morphological evolutions and their underlying mechanisms in the Pearl River Delta region of China","authors":"Zihao Ning ,&nbsp;Changbo Jiang ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhen Yao ,&nbsp;Yuan Ma ,&nbsp;Tianan Deng ,&nbsp;Yulin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coastline, the important geographical components bordering the land and ocean, reflects abundant information on morphological evolutions. However, it undergoes continuous changing due to the compound effects of both natural and anthropogenic factors with varying intensities. Changes in the coastline are important indicators of coastal erosion, environmental changes in the coastal zone, and the rise and fall of ecosystems. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region is rich in coastline resources, and the coastal evolution is extremely active with natural and human activities. In order to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the coastline evolutions in the PRD region, we quantitatively and qualitatively characterized the long-term alterations in coastline length, coastal development/decline, morphological structure, and the exploitation extent based on 9 satellite images of Landsat spanning from 1973 to 2021. Furthermore, we explored the driving factors of coastline change, with a view to providing some theoretical basis for the development, utilisation, protection and management of coastal resources and the sustainable development of the ecological environment in the PRD region. The findings reveal an outward expansion of coastline, resulting in a 587.49 km² increase of new land over the past 48 years. In addition, the total coastline length in this region has grown from 1477.93 to 1604.72 km, with artificial coastline contributing 61.55%, while the number of fractal dimensions suggest the further growth of coastline. Furthermore, the cause analysis identifies the morphological evolution in PRD as a multi-factor dynamic process following a “ternary-multivariate-single” pattern. Moreover, the population, GDP, precipitation, and sand transport are defined as the primary drivers, with socio-economic impacts overweighing natural conditions, and the interaction of any two drivers is greater than the effect of a single factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107426"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating sense of place into the management of marine protected areas: A case study from new South Wales, Australia","authors":"Joe Duggan ,&nbsp;Sarah Clement ,&nbsp;Christopher Cvitanovic ,&nbsp;Ingrid van Putten","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine social-ecological systems are experiencing rapid changes across the globe due to a range of threats such as climate change and exploitation (e.g. overfishing). Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one tool to support the sustainable management of marine systems and resources, however, they are often implemented with mixed success, with one of the key critiques being a lack of consideration of social dimensions. To address this, there have been increased calls for greater consideration of a broad range of social factors, alongside environmental factors in the planning and management of MPAs. One phenomenon that stands to greatly inform and influence the success of MPA management is Sense of Place (SoP), that is, an individual or groups' emotional bond with a given place. While the importance and relevance of SoP is beginning to be acknowledged in the environmental academic literature, there are no documented examples of the phenomenon being incorporated into marine policy or management in a meaningful way. This study seeks to explore why this is the case and how it may be addressed. We achieve this through a case study approach, conducting in depth interviews with decision-makers involved in the management of the New South Wales Marine Estate (i.e. MPA managers), exploring i) their understanding of SoP, ii) their experience in incorporating it into policy, iii) the barriers and iv) enablers in doing so. Results show that despite a limited understanding of SoP, most participants do consider it to be important for marine policy and management and many have attempted to include it in their management efforts, although these attempts are largely centred around general consideration of social values and including diverse voices in policy discussion, as opposed to direct inclusion of SoP per se. A broad range of barriers to incorporating SoP into MPA management were also identified with political barriers, the ambiguity of the concept and challenges in having social values ‘win out’ against economic realities being the most common. Enablers were less commonly identified by study participants, and included the use of SoP as a tool or boundary object to develop shared understandings between stakeholders. We conclude by emphasizing the need for further research on how to improve the incorporation of SoP into MPA management, and outline how this may be achieved through the study of bright spots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of multiple stressors on cultural and ecological values: A case study from Te Rerenga Parāoa (Whangārei Harbour), Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"D.M. Parsons ,&nbsp;T. Shirkey ,&nbsp;J. Chetham ,&nbsp;D. Milner ,&nbsp;R.H. Bulmer","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estuarine systems often have degraded ecology and functioning due to the multiple interacting stressors that they face. While conventional management might address such a situation with narrow focus, ecosystem based management provides a more holistic and adaptive option allowing for multiple objectives and values. Such an approach has some commonality with that of the Indigenous Māori of New Zealand, who have holistic, interconnected and intergenerational aspirations. In this study we utilised Te-Rerenga-Parāoa, Whangārei Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand as a case study to explore how ecological and Māori knowledge systems and approaches may align to address complex multi-stressor and multi-value scenarios common to estuarine systems. To achieve this we co-developed a Bayesian network heuristic modelling tool which provided a probabilistic framework to consider the relationship between stressors and the outcome states for ecological function and cultural values. The process of model development itself was a rewarding exercise of joint learning. For example, this process illustrated that while western ecological values can focus on endpoints such as abundance, cultural values were more diverse, experiential in nature, with value often centred on a cultural practise being enabled, not just the ecological component the value was connected to. Once the model was developed we considered three specific scenarios relating to harbour dredging, environmental degradation from land use changes, and fishery extraction. Model predictions for these scenarios generally matched expectations, but were generic in nature and could therefore benefit from more specificity relating to aspects such as spatial scale and context around cultural interpretation. Overall, the model demonstrated generic utility as an interactive educational tool for resource managers considering the broader impacts (on ecology and cultural values) of major societal challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating sea ice influence on water exchange dynamics through three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation in a semi-closed shallow sea","authors":"Na Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuaiqi Liang ,&nbsp;Keh-Han Wang ,&nbsp;Qinghe Zhang ,&nbsp;Ning Xu ,&nbsp;Ya Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Zhifa Wu ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To understand the capacity of water exchange of semi-closed nearshore shallow waters during winter, this study investigates the effect of sea ice on water exchange dynamics under extreme cold wave conditions by developing a coupled three-dimensional simulation tool and taking the Bohai Sea as a case study. This coupling model integrates the hydrodynamic model, wave model, sea ice model, and Lagrangian particle tracking model. The results demonstrate that sea ice inhibits water exchange in the northern Liaodong Bay due to a clockwise residual circulation. Conversely, sea ice enhances water exchange in the southwestern areas, specifically Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay. This conclusion is supported by further calculations and analyses of half-life time and volumetric flow rate. Considering the impact of adjacent bays, the percentage of residual particles in the southern area after simulating a severe ice period is 33.5% higher compared to scenarios without this consideration. Finally, the uncertainty of the model was evaluated by altering the quantity of tracer particles, and the validity of the model results was confirmed through comparisons with measured chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations. These findings are significant for management departments to develop effective strategies for pollutant prevention and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of lifeguards and beachgoers facing emerging cyanobacterial blooms washing ashore","authors":"Ana Lía Ciganda ,&nbsp;Cristina Zurbriggen ,&nbsp;Néstor Mazzeo ,&nbsp;Emiliano Álvarez ,&nbsp;Milena Holmgren ,&nbsp;Miquel Lürling","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107387","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107387"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial classification model of port facilities and energy reserve prediction based on deep learning for port management―A case study of Ningbo","authors":"Huixiang Huang ,&nbsp;Qiaoling Yan ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Yu Hu ,&nbsp;Shaohua Wang ,&nbsp;Qirui Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiao Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Port facilities and energy storage capacity significantly affect maritime logistics efficiency and supply chain security, necessitating accurate and timely port facility information. However, unavailable real-time open port data complicate effective quantitative evaluations of port development along the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. This research addresses these issues by combining deep learning with remote sensing, using image data from key ports. A method was proposed to classify port facilities and energy reserve information spatially. A multi-classification framework using U-Net semantic segmentation was developed to segment key facilities in remote sensing data sets. The You Only Look Once v8 (YOLOv8) model was applied to locate oil tanks within Ningbo Port. The actual roof area of oil tanks was then extracted using a deep learning model, facilitating statistical analysis and comparative studies with other major oil and gas ports. Additionally, the real-time remote sensing image index calculated oil tank heights based on shadow lengths for capacity measurement of floating roof tanks. Experimental results showed a pixel accuracy of 90% and an intersection over union of 84% for oil tank region extraction, with an oil tank recognition model achieving a mean average precision of 98.9%. Compared with traditional Hough transform methods, the average absolute error, average relative error, and standard deviation for tank roof area calculations were reduced by 229.18 m², 4.6%, and 81%, respectively. This framework effectively determined the number of oil tanks in various ports, enabling real-time reserve detection and providing a data foundation for energy port management and resilience research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107413"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The responses of ecosystem services in coastal cities to urbanization in 30 years: A case study of Qingdao City, China","authors":"Qingchun Guan ,&nbsp;Junwen Chen ,&nbsp;Chengyang Guan ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Xu Zhou ,&nbsp;Tianya Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal urban areas play a pivotal role in regional economic growth, yet they are also sensitive regions where the natural environment interacts with human activities. Rapid urbanization has led to ecological issues, such as the degradation of key ecosystem services (ESs) in coastal cities. Understanding the impact of urbanization on the supply and demand of ESs in coastal cities is crucial for ensuring the healthy and sustainable development of the socio-economy in these areas. This study takes the coastal city of Qingdao as a case study, with a focus on the supply and demand relationships of seven key ESs—carbon sequestration, food production, habitat quality, recreational capacity, soil retention, water yield and marine aquaculture—as well as their responses to population growth, economic development, and spatial expansion, which are three distinct aspects of urbanization. The findings indicate that: (I) From 1992 to 2022, the evolution of different ESs exhibited variability, all displaying notable spatial imbalances. (II) During this period, the urbanization process in Qingdao had a pronounced negative effect on the supply and demand of ESs. Spatial urbanization had the most significant impact on carbon sequestration, food production, habitat quality, water yield, and marine aquaculture, while population urbanization most notably affected recreational capacity. (III) The sensitivity of different types of ESs to population, economic, and spatial urbanization varies. Carbon sequestration, food production, recreational capacity, soil retention, water yield, and marine aquaculture were most sensitive to economic urbanization, whereas habitat quality was most sensitive to spatial urbanization. This research provides a basis for decision-making in the sustainable development and comprehensive management of coastal cities and their ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variation of community livelihood vulnerability at the interface of climatic variability and natural hazards in the Matla-Bidya Inter-estuarine Zone, Indian Sundarban","authors":"Soumen Ghosh,&nbsp;Biswaranjan Mistri","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The local communities of the Matla-Bidya Inter-estuarine Zone (MBI) are highly depended on natural resource-based activities. Many of these communities are also socio-economically marginalized, with high levels of poverty, limited access to education, and less accessibility to basic livelihood amenities. This marginalization further exacerbates their livelihood challenges due to frequent climatic hazards and drastic changes in climatic characteristics. Disruptions to the livelihoods have far-reaching consequences such as food insecurity, unemployment, low per capita income and out-migration. In view of that, the main objective of this study is to assess spatial variation of livelihood vulnerability of local communities at the village level based on collection of enormous primary survey data. To fulfil the aim of the research, field survey data were collected from door-to-door surveys conducted in 148 villages within the study area between 2020 and 2021, encompassing about 9216 households. Using these data, community livelihood vulnerability has been assessed based on the Composite Index Approach (CIA) and LVI-IPCC framework method. While LVI-CIA uses a single composite score, LVI-IPCC combines physical and socio-economic parameters. Despite this difference, LVI-CIA is a reliable proxy for a more comprehensive LVI-IPCC. The analysis revealed that livelihood vulnerability spatially varies from coast to interior villages of the MBI. The vulnerability is showing high to very high (&gt;0.47) for those who have limited access to resources and services as well as settle in physically challenging riverine villages, which account for almost 26.43% of the population. Contrarily, accessibility and well-connectedness with the mainland, alternate livelihood options, and infrastructural facilities help minimize livelihood vulnerability (LVI -&lt;0.061) of the communities living in inland villages (56%) of the northern part of the MBI. For achieving a sustainable livelihood, this study finds out the major factors of livelihood vulnerability and also suggests mitigation measures to address their specific needs and challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing best practices in small scale fisheries management: Evidence from a collaborative intervention in two marine protected areas of the central Mediterranean Sea","authors":"Serena Zampardi ,&nbsp;Claudia Scianna ,&nbsp;Antonio Calò ,&nbsp;Katie Hogg ,&nbsp;Marco Ranù ,&nbsp;Giorgio Aglieri ,&nbsp;Emanuela Di Meglio ,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Mangano ,&nbsp;Giulia Prato ,&nbsp;Teresa Romeo ,&nbsp;Francesco Colloca ,&nbsp;Giacomo Milisenda ,&nbsp;Antonio Di Franco","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adopting best practices (BPs) in small scale fisheries (SSF) is generally acknowledged to enhance ecological and social conditions, improving SSF management overall. Yet studies that empirically assess the effects of BPs on social-ecological outcomes (e.g., fishers' catches, revenues, and level of support towards management measures) remain limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of adopting BPs on catch per unit of effort (CPUE), revenue per unit of effort (RPUE) and small-scale fishers' perceptions in two Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Campania, Italy (Santa Maria di Castellabate (CAS-MPA) and Regno di Nettuno (NET-MPA)). Two BPs were implemented and tested in the two MPAs: i) five selective gears with three different mesh/hook sizes and ii) a participatory approach to increase dialogue between fishers and managers. The results from 36 surveys with small scale fishers and 158 SSF operations monitored using photo-sampling and image analysis techniques (between 2020 and 2022) are presented. Analyses of landings showed that significant differences in CPUE and RPUE between mesh/hook sizes were found in a limited number of cases (i.e., combination of fishing gears used in the 2 MPAs). Significant but divergent effects were found on CPUE in the two MPAs for gillnet used to target amberjack (GNA) only. RPUE was significantly higher in the NET-MPA when adopting the largest mesh size for GNA and the largest hook size for bottom longlines (BLL). When analyzing perceptions, fishers generally reported that the BPs adopted had a positive impact on their revenues, improved their relationship with MPA managers and increased their support for the MPA. In addition, eight stakeholder focus groups were held which helped investigators better understand the context, feedback the data gathered from the research and open up dialogue between the relevant stakeholders. The study concluded that increasing mesh/hook sizes, within the range tested here, does not negatively impact fishers’ revenues, while likely improving the status of target populations. Moreover, increasing dialogue between fishers and decision-makers can generate more positive perceptions towards the MPA and improve mutual understanding, helping to reconcile biodiversity conservation with human wellbeing for SSF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107397"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective ecological contributions of potential marine OECMs and MPAs to enhance marine conservation in Indonesia","authors":"Estradivari ,&nbsp;Indah Kartika ,&nbsp;Dedi S. Adhuri ,&nbsp;Luky Adrianto ,&nbsp;Firdaus Agung ,&nbsp;Gabby N. Ahmadia ,&nbsp;Sonia Bejarano ,&nbsp;Stuart J. Campbell ,&nbsp;Faridz Rizal Fachri ,&nbsp;Hari Kushardanto ,&nbsp;Cliff Marlessy ,&nbsp;Beby Pane ,&nbsp;Oscar Puebla ,&nbsp;Ray Chandra Purnama ,&nbsp;I Wayan Veda Santiadji ,&nbsp;Wahid Suherfian ,&nbsp;Mardha Tillah ,&nbsp;Hesti Widodo ,&nbsp;Christian Wild ,&nbsp;Sebastian C.A. Ferse","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) represent a new frontier in conservation, aiming to acknowledge efforts that contribute to biodiversity beyond marine protected areas (MPAs). Many nations, including Indonesia, are establishing country-specific criteria to define what qualifies as an OECM. However, demonstrating the biodiversity contributions of Indonesia's 382 identified potential OECMs (i.e., non-MPA areas, governed and managed, and likely contributing to biodiversity conservation) poses a challenge due to the absence of national monitoring systems outside MPAs. A spatial approach was used to provide an overview of the expected ecological contributions of potential OECMs upon formal recognition. Potential OECMs were, on average, five times smaller (26,838 ha) than MPAs (133,524 ha). Together with MPAs, they formed a denser conservation network, with many encompassing climate refugia reefs. Upon full recognition, potential OECMs could contribute to conserving &lt;1%, 12%, and 8% of the nation's mangroves, seagrass, and coral reef areas, respectively. Potential OECMs were restricted to coastal areas, and situated in various ecological contexts, including areas typically excluded from MPA designation, such as turbid reefs. Recognizing these OECMs could potentially add 10 million ha to national marine conservation areas. Collectively, MPAs and potential OECMs could contribute to conserving 13% of the nation's waters by 2030. Potential OECMs are effective locally and offer unique strengths, including diverse governance approaches, long-term presence, and potential socioeconomic benefits. Nonetheless, they face challenges from human pressures that may compromise their effectiveness. Formal recognition and strengthening of these areas could help mitigate these risks. This study highlights the potential of recognizing OECMs to enhance conservation efforts in Indonesia, complementing the existing MPA network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54698,"journal":{"name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107411"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}