In response to rapid urbanisation, climate breakdown, and biodiversity loss, blue–green infrastructure (BGI) has emerged as a key strategy for addressing urban sustainability challenges. However, widespread adoption on private land remains limited, partly due to implementation barriers. Policymakers increasingly use incentive programs to overcome these barriers, yet their effectiveness is not well understood. This study addresses five research questions: (1) which types of incentives have been examined in the literature, either through model-based experiments and/or practical implementation, to promote BGI on private property; (2) how has the effectiveness of these programs been assessed; (3) who are the primary providers and target groups; and (4) which BGI types and ecosystem services are most frequently incentivised? We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, searching Web of Science and Scopus, which yielded 67 studies describing 104 incentive programs that met our inclusion criteria. The reviewed literature indicates a strong geographical bias towards North America and Europe, with limited evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Economic and fiscal instruments dominate the literature, while cooperative, agreement-based, and knowledge and communication instruments are less frequently examined. Publications further suggest that impact assessments often remain narrow in scope, with few studies evaluating long-term, social, or ecological outcomes. Evidence from the reviewed studies shows that private residential property owners were the most common target group, reflecting their central role in urban land management. The analysed publications reveal critical gaps in both geographic coverage and methodological rigour. We recommend that future research integrates more diverse incentive types and adopts standardised evaluation frameworks to strengthen the evidence base and support more effective BGI incentive design.
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