Landscape and Urban Planning最新文献_第3页

Ecosystem restoration along the “pattern-process-service-sustainability” path for achieving land degradation neutrality 沿 "模式-过程-服务-可持续性 "路径恢复生态系统，实现土地退化中和

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105227

Caichun Yin , Wenwu Zhao , Paulo Pereira

Ecosystem restoration is critical in attaining land degradation neutrality (LDN) by fostering synergistic relationships between land use patterns, ecological processes, ecosystem services, and sustainable development, i.e., the “pattern-process-service-sustainability” cascading pathway. However, a comprehensive investigation examining the ecosystem restoration required to achieve LDN within the “pattern-process-service-sustainability” framework is yet to be undertaken. This study analysed the challenges associated with ecosystem restoration and proposed strategic approaches to promote restoration efforts aimed at LDN. Overall, various challenges exist encompassing trade-offs or conflicts between degradation and compensation, restoration and protection, area and structure, local and transboundary, as well as social and ecological factors. To address these challenges, potential restoration solutions for implementing LDN entail establishing restoration patterns that integrate conservation with restoration and co-manage plantations with natural ecosystems. Additionally, to foster resilient and self-regulating ecological processes, the focus is on improving ecological structure and harmonizing vegetation restoration with animal management. Enhancing overall ecosystem services requires reducing trade-offs within biophysical thresholds and compensating degraded land with equivalent quality land. Finally, integrating local livelihoods and well-being in ecosystem restoration and promoting transboundary land management are vital for fostering sustainability among social-ecological systems. This article underscores the practical significance of ecosystem restoration along the landscape pattern − ecological process − ecosystem services − sustainability continuum. The insights presented herein provide valuable support for enhancing global initiatives on ecosystem restoration, thereby facilitating the achievement of LDN and the SDGs.

通过促进土地利用模式、生态过程、生态系统服务和可持续发展之间的协同关系，即 "模式-过程-服务-可持续性 "的级联途径，生态系统恢复对于实现土地退化中性（LDN）至关重要。然而，在 "模式--过程--服务--可持续性 "框架内实现低密度土地网所需的生态系统恢复的全面调查尚未开展。本研究分析了与生态系统恢复相关的挑战，并提出了促进以 LDN 为目标的恢复工作的战略方法。总体而言，存在各种挑战，包括退化与补偿、恢复与保护、面积与结构、地方与跨界以及社会与生态因素之间的权衡或冲突。为应对这些挑战，实施 LDN 的潜在恢复解决方案需要建立将保护与恢复相结合的恢复模式，并对种植园与自然生态系统进行共同管理。此外，为了促进有弹性和自我调节的生态过程，重点是改善生态结构，协调植被恢复与动物管理。要增强生态系统的整体服务，就必须减少生物物理阈值内的权衡，并用同等质量的土地来补偿退化的土地。最后，将当地生计和福祉纳入生态系统恢复并促进跨界土地管理，对于促进社会生态系统的可持续性至关重要。本文强调了生态系统恢复在景观模式--生态过程--生态系统服务--可持续性这一连续统一体中的实际意义。本文提出的见解为加强生态系统恢复方面的全球倡议提供了宝贵的支持，从而促进了土地退化网络和可持续发展目标的实现。

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引用次数: 0

Urban Sprawl and Routing: A Comparative Study on 156 European Cities 城市无序扩张与路线选择：156 个欧洲城市比较研究

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105205

Roberto Maria Rosati

To address the growing challenges urban sprawl poses, it is essential to understand its influence on urban transportation, a primary source of economic, social, and environmental impact. This study fills this gap by quantifying the consequences of sprawl on transportation efficiency, proposing an interdisciplinary methodology that integrates knowledge from operations research.

Specifically, adopting a broad European perspective, we investigate how urban sprawl correlates with travel distances and optimal routes in 156 spatially heterogeneous cities across 28 European countries.

We discover a significant correlation between five sprawl indicators (Land usage, Gini coefficient, Shannon entropy, Moran I index, and Bribiesca index) and both travel distances and routes by car and bicycle: transportation is inherently less efficient in cities with higher levels of sprawl. Among the considered indicators, Shannon entropy emerges as the best predictor of route efficiency.

We offer insights into the geography of sprawl in Europe, finding that many Spanish cities stand out for their compactness and route efficiency, while hotspots of sprawl are present in many Western and Central European countries.

Our results underline the underestimated importance of addressing urban sprawl to reduce transportation’s economic, social, and environmental costs and encourage policymakers and urban planners to prioritize compact city development to foster sustainable urban growth.

为应对城市无计划扩展带来的日益严峻的挑战，必须了解其对城市交通的影响，因为城市交通是经济、社会和环境影响的主要来源。本研究通过量化无计划扩展对交通效率的影响来填补这一空白，并提出了一种整合了运筹学知识的跨学科方法。具体而言，我们采用广阔的欧洲视角，在 28 个欧洲国家的 156 个空间异质性城市中调查了城市无计划扩展与旅行距离和最佳路线之间的相关性。我们发现，五项无计划扩展指标（土地使用率、基尼系数、香农熵、莫兰 I 指数和布里比斯卡指数）与汽车和自行车的出行距离和路线之间存在明显的相关性：在无计划扩展程度较高的城市，交通效率必然较低。我们的研究结果强调了解决城市无计划扩展问题以降低交通的经济、社会和环境成本的重要性，并鼓励政策制定者和城市规划者优先发展紧凑型城市，以促进城市的可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Innovative communication strategies for promoting urban wildlife habitat conservation 促进城市野生动物栖息地保护的创新宣传战略

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105229

Mackenzie Waller , Michael V. Cove , Jaret C. Daniels , Ken P. Yocom

The emerging recognition of the importance of urban habitat and wildlife for increasing biodiversity, driven partly by responses to climate change and urbanization, presents critical opportunities for urban biodiversity conservation and species recovery. However, effectively communicating these benefits to the public and policymakers remains a challenge for scientists and landscape architects with public perceptions, often shaped by diverse socio-cultural factors, serving as obstacles for garnering support. Our research explores innovative communication strategies through an intersectional analysis of planning and design communications and theory in museology and presents a structured approach in the use of charismatic species within interpretive studies to enhance public empathy and the potential for action. This research offers a valuable foundation for planning and design professionals, guiding their efforts to promote urban wildlife habitat and bridge the gaps between scientific knowledge and public advocacy.

人们逐渐认识到城市生境和野生生物对增加生物多样性的重要性，这部分是由应对气候变化和城市化所驱动的，为城市生物多样性保护和物种恢复提供了重要机遇。然而，如何有效地向公众和政策制定者宣传这些益处仍然是科学家和景观设计师面临的一项挑战，因为公众的看法往往受各种社会文化因素的影响，成为争取支持的障碍。我们的研究通过对规划和设计交流以及博物馆学理论的交叉分析，探索了创新的交流策略，并提出了在解释性研究中使用魅力物种的结构化方法，以增强公众的共鸣和行动潜力。这项研究为规划和设计专业人员提供了宝贵的基础，指导他们努力促进城市野生动物栖息地的发展，弥合科学知识与公众宣传之间的差距。

引用次数: 0

Research Note: Multi-Algorithm-Based urban tree information extraction and Its applications in urban planning 研究说明：基于多算法的城市树木信息提取及其在城市规划中的应用

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105226

Chaowen Yao , Henna Fabritius , Pia Fricker , Fabian Dembski

Urban trees provide several vital social and environmental services. Within the field of urban planning, tree information is currently usually obtained through expensive and time-consuming fieldwork. This research presents a multi-algorithm methodology that extracts urban tree information, including tree location, absolute height, crown perimeter, and species (group) from airborne laser scanning (ALS) datasets and high-resolution aerial images. We first determine the location of trees from the ALS dataset. After a filtration step removing the erroneous tree locations, we simulate each location’s canopy based on aerial imagery. Finally, we utilize the extracted canopy images to perform tree species classification with deep learning. The validation assessment showed overall good credibility (>70 %) in urban areas and better performance (90 %) in street areas. Compared to other methods that require additional information collection, our methodology uses common data in city databases, enabling cities to collect and update large-scale tree information in a fast manner and supporting decision-makers with important information on understanding the value of urban green under the context of ecosystem services, urban heat islands, and CO2 mitigations.

城市树木提供了多种重要的社会和环境服务。在城市规划领域，目前通常通过昂贵而耗时的实地考察来获取树木信息。本研究提出了一种多算法方法，可从机载激光扫描（ALS）数据集和高分辨率航空图像中提取城市树木信息，包括树木位置、绝对高度、树冠周长和树种（群）。我们首先从 ALS 数据集中确定树木的位置。经过过滤步骤去除错误的树木位置后，我们根据航空图像模拟每个位置的树冠。最后，我们利用提取的树冠图像，通过深度学习进行树种分类。验证评估结果表明，在城市地区总体可信度较高（70%），而在街道地区表现更好（90%）。与其他需要额外收集信息的方法相比，我们的方法利用城市数据库中的常见数据，使城市能够快速收集和更新大规模树木信息，并为决策者提供重要信息，帮助他们了解生态系统服务、城市热岛和二氧化碳减排背景下的城市绿化价值。

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引用次数: 0

How small green spaces cool urban neighbourhoods: Optimising distribution, size and shape 小型绿地如何为城市街区降温：优化分布、大小和形状

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224

Yehan Wu , Agnès Patuano , Bardia Mashhoodi , Sanda Lenzholzer , Andy Acred , Laura Narvaez Zertuche

How can green spaces smaller than 1 ha improve outdoor thermal conditions in urban neighbourhoods? Considering the variability of cooling effects based on the relevant urban design parameters of size, shape, and spatial distribution, this study entailed development of different design scenarios combining these parameters for four neighbourhood typologies and simulates the thermal sensation of these scenarios using ENVI-met. Three aspects of cooling effects — the inside and outside cooling as well as the Park Cool Island (PCI) effects of the green spaces are separately analysed. The study shows that inside the small green spaces, the mean Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) of different cases can vary up to 4 ℃. Larger green spaces with a squared shape lead to cooler PET inside. For a good cooling outside the green spaces, a configuration of grouped small green areas can reduce the PET by 1.3 ℃, with distribution of the green spaces being the most influential factor. The PCI effect is mainly determined by size and shape of the green spaces, where a bigger size and squared shape leads to better cooling effects. But for neighbourhoods with radial streets, it is more related to the spatial distribution, which can result in a reduction of 10.2 ℃ in PCI for linear green spaces next to narrow streets. Guidelines for effective design scenarios are generated from this research, providing urban designers and planners with practical reference in neighbourhood greening projects for cooler cities.

小于 1 公顷的绿地如何改善城市街区的室外热量条件？考虑到基于大小、形状和空间分布等相关城市设计参数的降温效果的可变性，本研究需要针对四种街区类型，结合这些参数制定不同的设计方案，并使用 ENVI-met 对这些方案的热感觉进行模拟。分别分析了冷却效果的三个方面--内部和外部冷却以及绿地的公园凉岛（PCI）效果。研究表明，在小型绿地内，不同情况下的平均生理等效温度（PET）最多可相差 4 ℃。绿地面积越大，形状越方正，内部的 PET 越低。如果绿地外的降温效果较好，分组小绿地的配置可使 PET 降低 1.3 ℃，绿地的分布是影响最大的因素。PCI 效果主要取决于绿地的大小和形状，绿地面积越大、形状越方正，降温效果越好。但对于有放射状街道的街区，它与空间分布的关系更大，狭窄街道旁的线性绿地可使 PCI 降低 10.2 ℃。这项研究为有效的设计方案提供了指导，为城市设计师和规划师开展凉爽城市街区绿化项目提供了实际参考。

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引用次数: 0

Where to fly? Landscape influences on the movement and spatial ecology of a threatened apex predator 飞向何处？景观对一种濒危顶级掠食者的运动和空间生态的影响

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105218

Nicholas Carter , John G. White , William Bridgeman , Nick Bradsworth , Tobias A. Ross , Raylene Cooke

Effectively managing apex predators in human-modified landscapes poses considerable challenges. Habitat fragmentation disperses resources across wider expanses and undermines the ability of apex predators to reach isolated habitat patches as they traverse multi-tenured landscapes comprising unsuitable habitat. Understanding a species response to landscape configuration is key to informing effective management strategies, particularly for threatened, mobile and ecologically important species like apex predators. Here we use GPS tracking data collected from 37 powerful owls (Ninox strenua), an Australian threatened apex predator that occurs across the urban-agricultural-forest gradient, to investigate how landscape characteristics influence their spatial and movement behaviour. We demonstrate that as habitat fragmentation increases, the spatial requirements of powerful owls expand, their home-range shape becomes more intricate and individuals travel further each night, significantly adjusting their movement behaviours and spatial configurations to connect remaining habitat. Landscapes with unified and connected habitats, on the other hand, have smaller spatial requirements, likely due to greater habitat availability that minimises competition for essential resources. This facilitates the establishment of smaller home-ranges and consequently, the occurrence of more territories. Interestingly, landscape characteristics did not influence sequential nightly visitation behaviour, suggesting that powerful owls across all landscape types visit different portions of their home-range each night to exert an unpredictable hunting strategy regardless of local landscape conditions. Our research highlights the importance of integrating the influence of local landscape features and visitation behaviours into decision-making processes. This integration is crucial for informing effective conservation strategies aimed at supporting apex predator survival in disturbed landscapes.

在人类改造过的地貌中有效地管理顶级食肉动物面临着相当大的挑战。栖息地破碎化使资源分散在更广阔的范围内，削弱了顶级食肉动物到达孤立栖息地斑块的能力，因为它们要穿越由不适宜栖息地组成的多期景观。了解物种对景观配置的反应是制定有效管理策略的关键，尤其是对于像顶级食肉动物这样受到威胁、具有流动性和生态重要性的物种。在这里，我们利用从 37 只强大的猫头鹰（Ninox strenua）身上收集到的 GPS 跟踪数据来研究景观特征如何影响它们的空间和移动行为。我们的研究表明，随着栖息地破碎化程度的增加，强力猫头鹰的空间需求也随之扩大，它们的家园范围形状变得更加复杂，个体每晚都会走得更远，从而大大调整了它们的移动行为和空间配置，以连接剩余的栖息地。另一方面，栖息地统一且相互连接的地貌对空间的要求较小，这可能是由于栖息地的可用性更高，从而最大限度地减少了对基本资源的竞争。这有利于建立较小的家园范围，从而形成更多的领地。有趣的是，地貌特征并不影响夜访行为的先后顺序，这表明无论当地地貌条件如何，所有地貌类型的强力猫头鹰每晚都会访问其家域的不同部分，以实施不可预测的狩猎策略。我们的研究强调了将当地景观特征和拜访行为的影响纳入决策过程的重要性。这种整合对于制定有效的保护策略，支持顶级掠食者在受干扰地貌中生存至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Urban green space in transition: A cross-continental perspective from eight Global North and South cities 转型中的城市绿地：全球八个南北城市的跨洲视角

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105220

Ahmed Derdouri , Yuji Murayama , Takehiro Morimoto , Ruci Wang , Niloofar Haji Mirza Aghasi

Urban green space (UGS) plays a vital role in enhancing the resilience and livability of cities. However, the distribution and accessibility of these spaces often vary significantly within and between cities, raising concerns about environmental justice and social equity. This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of UGS and assess population exposure and equality implications across eight diverse cities from the Global North (GN) and Global South (GS) over the past three decades. Employing a multimethod approach combining geospatial analysis, remote sensing, and statistical techniques, this study reveals an alarming global trend of decreasing UGS, with GS cities experiencing more rapid decline than GN cities. The analysis of UGS exposure uncovers distinct trends and variations across cities, with GN cities generally having higher exposure but showing a concerning decline over time, while GS cities display mixed patterns. Arid-climate cities Phoenix and Riyadh have managed to maintain low but stable UGS levels despite their unique climatic challenges. Urbanization emerges as a dominant force driving the decline in UGS, with GS cities facing significantly higher pressures than GN cities. The findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive urban greening strategies that prioritize UGS protection and expansion, innovative policies, community engagement, and data-driven decision-making to promote equitable and sustainable urban environments. This study contributes to the growing research on urban greening by providing a comparative analysis of UGS trajectories and exposure equality implications across diverse cities, underscoring the importance of context-specific approaches and inclusive planning processes.

城市绿地（UGS）在提高城市的复原力和宜居性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，这些空间的分布和可达性在城市内部和城市之间往往存在很大差异，从而引发了人们对环境正义和社会公平的关注。本研究旨在分析 UGS 的时空动态，评估过去三十年来全球北方（GN）和全球南方（GS）八个不同城市的人口接触情况及其对平等的影响。这项研究采用了地理空间分析、遥感和统计技术相结合的多种方法，揭示了令人担忧的全球铀矿覆盖率下降趋势，其中全球南方城市的铀矿覆盖率下降速度比全球北方城市更快。对UGS暴露程度的分析揭示了不同城市之间的明显趋势和差异，GN城市的暴露程度通常较高，但随着时间的推移出现了令人担忧的下降，而GS城市则表现出不同的模式。干旱气候城市凤凰城和利雅得尽管面临独特的气候挑战，但仍能保持较低但稳定的 UGS 水平。城市化是导致城市地下水位下降的主要原因，一般地质条件城市面临的压力明显高于一般地质条件城市。研究结果突出表明，迫切需要制定全面的城市绿化战略，优先考虑保护和扩大 UGS、创新政策、社区参与和数据驱动决策，以促进公平和可持续的城市环境。本研究通过对不同城市的 UGS 轨迹和暴露平等影响进行比较分析，强调了因地制宜的方法和包容性规划过程的重要性，为城市绿化研究的不断发展做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling environmental inequalities in high-density Asian city: City-scaled comparative analysis of green space coverage within 10-minute walk from private, public, and rural housing 揭示高密度亚洲城市的环境不平等：从私人住宅、公共住宅和乡村住宅步行 10 分钟范围内绿地覆盖率的城市尺度比较分析

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105225

Ka Ying Sit , Wendy Y. Chen , Ka Yiu Ng , Keumseok Koh , Hongsheng Zhang

While increasing studies acknowledge the potential of green spaces to alleviate urban environmental problems in high-density cities, there is growing attention to the socio-spatial inequalities in green space allocation. Few studies have assessed these inequalities by considering the green space coverage along citizens’ walking trips from their homes within the context of pedestrian-centric and mixed-residential developments in high-density cities. Therefore, this study (1) evaluated green space coverage near home and within residents’ 10-minute walk from each residential building in Hong Kong, (2) estimated the population living in green space-deprived environments, and (3) explored their relationships with socioeconomic and built-environment characteristics. Results revealed that private housing residents living in lower-income and higher-density areas in the urban core were the most prone to low green space coverage. In contrast, public housing consistently offered medium levels of green space coverages regardless of community income and urban form. Additionally, high-density new town development demonstrated the potential for equitable green space allocation across different housing types. As cities increasingly embrace high-density development and promote active transportation, this study provides valuable insights for implementing housing and greening initiatives that foster healthy living environments in high-density cities.

虽然越来越多的研究承认绿地在缓解高密度城市环境问题方面的潜力，但人们也越来越关注绿地分配中的社会空间不平等问题。在高密度城市以步行者为中心的混合住宅开发项目中，很少有研究通过考虑市民从家步行出行沿途的绿地覆盖率来评估这些不平等现象。因此，本研究(1)评估了香港每栋住宅楼附近和居民步行 10 分钟范围内的绿地覆盖率，(2)估算了生活在绿地匮乏环境中的人口数量，(3)探讨了它们与社会经济和建筑环境特征之间的关系。结果显示，居住在城市核心地区低收入和高密度区域的私人住宅居民最容易出现绿地覆盖率低的问题。相比之下，无论社区收入和城市形态如何，公共住房的绿地覆盖率始终处于中等水平。此外，高密度的新城镇开发显示了在不同住房类型之间公平分配绿地的潜力。随着城市越来越多地采用高密度开发和推广主动交通，这项研究为在高密度城市实施促进健康生活环境的住房和绿化措施提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Marshes to mangroves: Residential surveys reveal perceived wetland trade-offs for ecosystem services 从沼泽到红树林：居民调查揭示了湿地对生态系统服务的权衡认知

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105203

Savannah H. Swinea , A. Randall Hughes , Michael J. Osland , Christine C. Shepard , Kalaina B. Thorne , Jahson B. Alemu I , Rémi Bardou , Steven B. Scyphers

Coastal landscapes are rapidly changing due to both climate change and the decisions of waterfront landowners. For instance, the climate-driven encroachment of woody mangrove species into grassy marshland areas is predicted to impact coastal ecosystems, with consequences for the ecosystem services these landscapes provide to people. However, there is a dearth of knowledge concerning coastal resident perceptions of the effects of mangrove expansion on wetlands and their ecosystem services, which may impact residents’ behavior around shorelines and landscape-level patterns. We surveyed waterfront residents in the northern Gulf of Mexico (USA) to understand perceptions of the relative performance of marshes and mangroves to deliver fisheries ecosystem services. Residential-scale shoreline condition and preference, recreational fishing activity, geography, and demographics were evaluated as potential predictors of resident perceptions through non-parametric comparisons across groups and ordered logit modeling. Significant predictors included area of residence, marsh shoreline condition, marsh shoreline preference, fishing frequency, and household income. Florida residents (where mangroves are most prevalent) and frequent recreational fishing participants exhibited stronger preference for mangroves. Unexpectedly, residents with marsh currently present on their shoreline also perceived that mangroves were better at delivering fisheries ecosystem services than marshes. Considering the important role that coastal residents play in shoreline management decisions, these results demonstrate how coastal resident attitudes may drive or mediate climate-driven processes in ways that are not evident by examining environmental conditions alone. Understanding social-ecological shifts due to climate change will be important to inform effective landscape management that promotes resilience in coastal ecosystems and societies.

由于气候变化和海滨土地所有者的决定，沿海景观正在迅速发生变化。例如，据预测，木质红树林物种对草地沼泽地的侵蚀将影响沿海生态系统，并对这些景观为人类提供的生态系统服务产生影响。然而，有关沿海居民对红树林扩张对湿地及其生态系统服务的影响的看法的知识还很匮乏，这可能会影响居民在海岸线周围的行为和景观层面的模式。我们调查了美国墨西哥湾北部的海滨居民，以了解他们对沼泽和红树林提供渔业生态系统服务的相对性能的看法。通过各组间的非参数比较和有序对数模型，我们评估了居民规模的海岸线条件和偏好、休闲渔业活动、地理位置和人口统计学，以此作为居民看法的潜在预测因素。重要的预测因素包括居住地区、沼泽海岸线状况、沼泽海岸线偏好、钓鱼频率和家庭收入。佛罗里达居民（红树林最普遍的地方）和经常参加休闲垂钓的人对红树林表现出更强烈的偏好。出乎意料的是，海岸线上目前有沼泽的居民也认为红树林比沼泽更能提供渔业生态系统服务。考虑到沿岸居民在海岸线管理决策中扮演的重要角色，这些结果表明，沿岸居民的态度可能会驱动或调节气候驱动的过程，而这一点仅考察环境条件是不明显的。了解气候变化引起的社会-生态变化，对于进行有效的景观管理，提高沿岸生态系统和社会的恢复能力非常重要。

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引用次数: 0

Sub-parcel scale analysis is needed to capture socially-driven canopy cover change in Baltimore, MD 要捕捉马里兰州巴尔的摩市由社会驱动的树冠覆盖变化，需要进行分地块尺度的分析

IF 7.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Landscape and Urban Planning

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105187

Dexter H. Locke , Alessandro Ossola , John Paul Schmit , J. Morgan Grove

Urban tree canopy (UTC) cover is rarely distributed equitably across social groups, space, and time. Over the past 20 years, research on the social, spatial, and temporal dynamics of UTC has grown considerably as municipalities adopt ambitious tree canopy cover goals. Yet less is known about how these three dimensions of tree canopy intersect. This paper brings these research areas together by examining i) which sets of social variables--population density, socioeconomic status, or lifestyle--are associated with UTC cover on residential lands, ii) how those relationships vary from front to back yard, and iii) how those relationships are associated with tree canopy cover changes in Baltimore, MD from 2013 to 2018, to more wholistically understand UTC. Socially, population density and social stratification predict tree canopy cover on residential lands, but not as well as lifestyle and life stage factors. More detailed and finer-grain social categories perform best. Spatially, models that explicitly separate front and backyards fit the data better than all-residential statistical models. Ignoring the front yard vs back yard distinction may hinder future theory development, limit the generalizability of empirical research findings, and prevent managers from realizing their canopy goals. Temporally, UTC across residential yards had a positive, though not significant, change likely from the relatively short period (5 y) considered. A fruitful next step could be to model how much planting, maintenance, and loss minimization is needed to achieve the city’s 40 % canopy goal with various scenarios for mortality, longevity, and removal over several timesteps.

城市树冠覆盖（UTC）很少在社会群体、空间和时间上公平分布。在过去的 20 年中，随着各城市纷纷制定了宏伟的树冠覆盖目标，有关 UTC 的社会、空间和时间动态的研究也有了长足的发展。然而，人们对树冠的这三个维度如何相互交织却知之甚少。本文将这些研究领域结合在一起，研究 i）哪些社会变量集（人口密度、社会经济地位或生活方式）与住宅用地的UTC覆盖率相关；ii）这些关系如何从前院到后院发生变化；iii）这些关系如何与马里兰州巴尔的摩市2013年至2018年的树冠覆盖率变化相关联，从而更全面地了解UTC。从社会角度来看，人口密度和社会分层可以预测居住地的树冠覆盖率，但不如生活方式和生命阶段因素预测得好。更详细、更细粒度的社会类别表现最佳。在空间上，明确区分前院和后院的模型比所有住宅统计模型更适合数据。忽视前院与后院的区别可能会阻碍未来的理论发展，限制经验研究结果的推广性，并妨碍管理者实现其树冠目标。从时间上看，各住宅庭院的UTC虽然变化不大，但在相对较短的时间内（5 年）可能出现了积极的变化。下一步富有成效的工作可能是建立模型，说明需要多少种植、维护和损失最小化才能实现城市 40% 的树冠目标，并在几个时间步骤中对死亡率、寿命和移除进行各种假设。

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